State v. B.S.S.

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
October 12, 2022
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2021AP2174 Cir. Ct. No. 2018JV62

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II

IN THE INTEREST OF B.S.S., A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER,

V.

B.S.S.,

RESPONDENT.

APPEAL from orders of the circuit court for Manitowoc County:
MARK ROHRER, Judge. Affirmed.
2021AP2174

¶1 GROGAN, J.1 B.S.S. appeals from orders2 denying her motion to
stay the requirement that she register as a juvenile sex offender. She argues that
she is entitled to a new hearing on her motion to stay in front of a different judge
because: (1) the circuit court’s comments about ordering her to register during an
earlier hearing evidenced the circuit court’s actual bias, which should have
triggered recusal; and (2) the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion in
denying her motion to stay because it failed to link her risk of re-offending to its
consideration of the need to protect the public. This court affirms.

I. BACKGROUND

¶2 In April 2018, the State filed a delinquency petition against B.S.S. in
Manitowoc County alleging she committed two counts of first-degree sexual
assault against a child under the age of thirteen. At the time the State filed the
petition, B.S.S. was fifteen years old, and her victim was an eight-year-old boy
who had reported that B.S.S. had been sexually assaulting him since he was four
or five years old. B.S.S. (whose mother was good friends with the victim’s
mother) began assaulting the victim by showing him a pornographic video and
teaching him how to kiss like the people in the video. The assaults then
progressed to touching each other sexually and culminated in sexual intercourse.

1
This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(e) (2019-20).
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise noted.
2
Specifically, she appeals from the August 21, 2019 Dispositional Order and the
November 24, 2021 order denying her postdispositional motion to modify the Dispositional
Order.

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These assaults occurred over four years in three different counties,3 either when
B.S.S. lived with the victim’s family or nearby. The victim reported that B.S.S.
told him not to tell anyone.

¶3 After a series of delays not pertinent here, B.S.S. entered no-contest
pleas to reduced charges on June 4, 2019. She pled to third-degree sexual assault,
contrary to WIS. STAT. § 940.225(3), and exposing genitals to a child, contrary to
WIS. STAT. § 948.10(1)(b), and the circuit court thereafter entered an order
adjudicating B.S.S. delinquent under WIS. STAT. § 938.12. At the plea hearing,
after the circuit court accepted B.S.S.’s pleas, the prosecutor and B.S.S.’s lawyer
disagreed about whether the circuit court should immediately proceed to
disposition. B.S.S.’s lawyer wanted to delay disposition to obtain a psychosexual
evaluation from an expert. The prosecutor objected because this case had been
pending for over one year and because the court would likely have the Manitowoc
County Human Services Department (Department) conduct an evaluation
regardless of what the defense expert concluded. The circuit court denied the
defense request for delay, noting the Department would do an evaluation, but not
until after disposition, and because it was concerned about the victim’s rights due
to the case having been pending for “a significant period of time[.]” The circuit
court explained that “under the law [B.S.S. is] required to report” to the sex

3
The three counties were Manitowoc, Kewaunee, and Washington. This court notes that
B.S.S., in both her first brief and her Reply brief, incorrectly identifies this case as arising in
Milwaukee County, and in her first brief lists this case as “On Appeal from Order Terminating
Parental Rights[.]” Although this court certainly understands that attorneys need not create every
cover sheet from scratch, it is important to make sure the first page of the brief correctly identifies
the appeal. Additionally, the court acknowledges B.S.S.’s complaint in her Reply brief about
careful attention to detail—particularly the State’s repeated failure to properly format and cite
quotations and cases referenced throughout its brief—and assures B.S.S. that this court gives
every appellant and respondent its careful attention. That said, parties filing briefs in appellate
courts should take the time to properly format work product and follow applicable citation rules.

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offender registry and that any dispositional order could be amended later by
motion. B.S.S.’s lawyer indicated he “want[ed] the [c]ourt to have some expert
opinion on [B.S.S.’s] level of risk before it decides whether or not to stay the [sex
offender] reporting.” The circuit court set the disposition date for June 28th.

¶4 At a hearing on June 11, 2019, the circuit court addressed B.S.S.’s
request to provide funding for her to obtain a psychosexual evaluation. The circuit
court seemingly saw B.S.S.’s request as unnecessary because the statutes required
it to make B.S.S. “subject to the [sex offender] registry[,]” specifically noting that,
based on “the charge that has been pled to and the age” of the victim, the statutory
exceptions to sex offender registration in WIS. STAT. § 301.45(1m) did not apply
in this case. When B.S.S.’s lawyer explained he wanted the evaluation because he
planned to ask the court to stay the sex-offender-registration requirement, the State
responded that, based on B.S.S.’s adjudication of third-degree sexual assault, this
case falls under WIS. STAT. § 938.34(15m)(bm), which says “the court shall
require the juvenile to comply with the reporting requirements,” and the only way
to avoid that mandate is through “a motion made by the juvenile[.]” Id. The
circuit court agreed that in order to stay B.S.S.’s sex-offender-registration
requirement, she would need to file a motion “requesting that [she] not be subject
to the sex offender registry[.]”

¶5 B.S.S. did not file a motion to stay the sex-offender-registration
requirement at the June 11, 2019 hearing, but instead filed a motion to adjourn the
June 28th disposition date, so she “could obtain a sex offender psychosexual
evaluation[.]” B.S.S. acknowledged that the only way she could avoid registering
as a sex offender was if the circuit court stayed the requirement pursuant to WIS.

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STAT. § 938.34(16)4 because: (1) her crime fell under § 938.34(15m)(bm),5 which
says “the court shall require the juvenile to comply with the reporting
requirements” (emphasis added); and (2) B.S.S.’s victim was under twelve years
old at the time she assaulted him, and therefore the statutory exceptions in WIS.
STAT. § 301.45(1m) allowing a sexual offender to avoid registration do not apply.

¶6 On June 14, 2019, the State objected to B.S.S.’s motion. It said the
statutes required B.S.S. to file a motion to stay if she wanted to ask the circuit

4
WISCONSIN STAT. § 938.34(16), which addresses staying an order, states that:

After ordering a disposition under this section, [the court may]
enter an additional order staying the execution of the
dispositional order contingent on the juvenile’s satisfactory
compliance with any conditions that are specified in the
dispositional order and explained to the juvenile by the court. If
the juvenile violates a condition of his or her dispositional order,
the agency supervising the juvenile or the district attorney or
corporation counsel in the county in which the dispositional
order was entered shall notify the court and the court shall hold a
hearing within 30 days after the filing of the notice to determine
whether the original dispositional order should be imposed,
unless the juvenile signs a written waiver of any objections to
imposing the original dispositional order and the court approves
the waiver. If a hearing is held, the court shall notify the parent,
juvenile, guardian, and legal custodian, all parties bound by the
original dispositional order, and the district attorney or
corporation counsel in the county in which the dispositional
order was entered of the time and place of the hearing at least 3
days before the hearing. If all parties consent, the court may
proceed immediately with the hearing. The court may not
impose the original dispositional order unless the court finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that the juvenile has violated a
condition of his or her dispositional order.
5
B.S.S. pled to third-degree sexual assault, contrary to WIS. STAT. § 940.225(3), which
is listed in WIS. STAT. § 938.34(15m)(bm) (“If the juvenile is adjudicated delinquent on the basis
of a violation … of s. … 940.225 (1), (2), or (3) … the court shall require the juvenile to comply
with the reporting requirements under s. 301.45 unless the court determines, after a hearing on a
motion made by the juvenile, that the juvenile is not required to comply under s. 301.45 (1m).”).

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court to stay her sex-offender-registration requirements under WIS. STAT.
§ 938.34(16).

¶7 The circuit court held a hearing on June 14, 2019 to address B.S.S.’s
motion to adjourn for the purpose of obtaining a psychosexual evaluation, and the
circuit court ultimately denied the request. It found that B.S.S. did not file a
motion to stay the sex-offender-registration requirement, but in deciding the
motion to adjourn, the court nevertheless discussed the law pertinent to what
factors a circuit court looks at when evaluating a motion to stay sex offender
registration. After listing all the factors, the circuit court noted B.S.S.’s request for
a psychosexual evaluation would address only one of the factors a court is
required to consider—namely, B.S.S.’s “likeliness to reoffend.” See WIS. STAT.
§ 938.34(15m)(c)5 (“The probability that the juvenile will commit other violations
in the future.”). The circuit court then, “purely for the sake of this record,”
concluded that even if it assumed a psychosexual evaluation resulted in the “best
case scenario” for B.S.S.—that she would “not reoffend in the future”—this single
factor could not overcome the court’s “concern about protecting the public” based
on the “other factors” it would be required to consider, including “the seriousness
of the offense.” It explained:

Let’s focus on the seriousness of the offense. We have a
situation here where in the beginning of this situation, there
was grooming behavior going on by the juvenile against a
young person around four to five years of age. At the time,
that made her roughly about 12. That type of behavior is
very serious and very concerning, because this isn’t just
someone just trying to experiment. There’s grooming
going on when saying where to hide the [pornography] tape
and educating a child about this, and telling the child to be
quiet, as has been said in the complaint, if I recall.

Next, continuing with the seriousness of the offense, we
have a situation here where these assaults are occurring
over a number of years and in two different residences,

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minimum, where this took place. Again, escalating the
seriousness of the offense.

The type of behavior that was involved involved both
sexual assaults involving oral sex between the parties, both
vaginal and penile, but penile to vaginal intercourse as
well. Again, the multiple types of actions taking place also
enhances and aggravates the seriousness of the offense.

The difference in age between the juvenile and the
victim is significant as is supposed to be looked at by factor
one, which would warrant a finding of being appropriate to
register for the sex offender registry.

The relationship between the juvenile and the victim of
the violation. It’s almost as if this young person, this
juvenile, befriended this young boy and took advantage of
him. Again, under that factor, another reason why she
would register.

There is no bodily harm. The Court at this time is not
aware of mental illness or deficiency on this young man.
But even without that, again, based on as I go through these
factors and the seriousness of the offense, the Court is
going to require her to register.

Next, the probability that the juvenile will commit other
violations in the future. Not only do we have this victim on
multiple occasions being subject to sexual assaults by this
juvenile, she also has been charged and she’s currently
under a consent decree in Washington County for another
offense, a sexual offense.[6]

.…

Again, any other factor that I deem relevant.… I would
deem the multitudes of the assaults, the multiple locations
where they took place, the grooming behavior.

And as such, again, even if, best case scenario, this
Court would receive a report from [B.S.S.’s] expert stating
that there’s a substantial or significant likelihood that she
would not reoffend in the future, even in spite of that, the

6
At the time of this hearing, the circuit court mistakenly believed the victim in
Washington County was a different person. It was not. At the dispositional hearing, the circuit
court had the correct information.

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Court when analyzing these factors and the seriousness of
the offense, would require her to register as a sex offender.

As a result of that, the Court feels it would not be
necessary to have a psycho-sex evaluation prior to
disposition.

¶8 The circuit court emphasized that “for the sole purposes of” deciding
B.S.S.’s motion to adjourn disposition to allow time for a psychosexual report, it
would assume that report would be favorable to B.S.S. (that B.S.S. is “low risk,
not going to offend, public not in danger”). It confirmed that even with such a
report, it would require B.S.S. to register because “the seriousness of the offense”
and all the other factors would outweigh a favorable psychosexual report.

¶9 B.S.S.’s lawyer then requested that the circuit court allow B.S.S. to
file a motion to stay sex offender registration even though it appeared “the Court
has indicated some prejudgment on this issue.” The circuit court responded:

It’s not a prejudgment, it’s an analysis of the factors.
Prejudgment means like I’ve decided this case before I
walked out here and was going to do whatever I wanted no
matter what. I made a judgment based upon what is
contained in that complaint, based upon this juvenile’s
history.

Again, maybe the parties can explain to me at a later
date, because I’m not going to grant the expert to do a
psycho-sex evaluation for the reasons stated on this record.

¶10 After “an extensive conference with the attorneys off the record,” the
State recounted what the circuit court agreed to do. First, B.S.S. could file a
motion to stay pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 938.34(16). Second, it ordered the
Department to do a psychosexual evaluation. Third, the parties would meet the
week of June 24th for the court “to enter a scheduling order with strict timelines”
for the stay motion and to set a disposition date.

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¶11 The dispositional hearing was set for August 21, 2019. On
August 14, 2019, after the parties met with the circuit court to confirm the hearing
date, B.S.S. filed two motions: (1) a motion to stay sex offender reporting under
WIS. STAT. § 938.34(16); and (2) a motion for recusal under WIS. STAT. § 757.19.
The State responded with a letter on August 15, 2019, noting that during the
August 14th meeting with the circuit court, B.S.S. “never mentioned the filing of
[these two] motions which would possibly delay the proceedings” and requested
“that the court address these matters prior to the hearing so that the State may give
the crime victims appropriate information as to what matters will be taken up next
week.” On August 20, 2019, B.S.S. sent a letter to the court requesting it not rely
on the psychosexual report from the court-appointed evaluator, Jane Lepak-
Jostsons. Lepak-Jostsons’ report noted that, although “[t]here is no actuarial
instrument for juvenile females to predict recidivism[,]” it was her opinion that
B.S.S. “is at high-risk [to] commit another sexual assault or other criminal
activity.”

¶12 At the August 21, 2019 dispositional hearing, the circuit court began
by addressing B.S.S.’s additional motions. First, it denied B.S.S.’s motion for
recusal, finding there were no grounds for it to conclude it could not be impartial.
Second, it ruled it would follow the law as to whether to consider Lepak-Jostsons’
report and determine what weight to afford it during the dispositional hearing.
Third, it explained it would address B.S.S.’s motion to stay sex offender
registration later during the dispositional portion of the hearing.

¶13 During the dispositional hearing, the victim’s mother addressed the
circuit court. She explained to the circuit court that the “extremely graphic” nature
of B.S.S.’s assaults on her son, which began “when he was three or four years
old[,]” was “quite horrifying[.]” She said her “eight year old had experienced”

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things that she, even though she was in her “late 30’s,” had not experienced. She
reported that she has “an all-horrifying fear that some day [her son] might himself
become an offender” and has her son in counseling, hoping “to stop this cycle of
abuse dead in its tracks.” She said B.S.S. assaulted her son at the same time
B.S.S. “had a boyfriend who was 17 or 18 years old[.]” She told the court that if
she had known about the “youthful predator right in my own home I would have
done more to protect my child. And I think there, I think other children need
protection as well.” She recounted that they did not see B.S.S. for a period of two
years, but when they moved back to Manitowoc, “the abuse had picked up right
back where it left off after a couple years separation. That fact was very
significant for me.”

¶14 B.S.S.’s lawyer then renewed the request for their own psychosexual
evaluation and to adjourn disposition. The circuit court denied the request, noting
it appointed a neutral examiner to perform the evaluation. Next, the circuit court
asked B.S.S. what she was disputing with regard to disposition. Her lawyer
explained that all the dispositional requests were joint, except that B.S.S.
requested that the circuit court stay the sex-offender-registration requirement
“until close to the end of her supervision[.]”

¶15 The State asked the circuit court to deny the request to stay sex
offender registration. It focused on the seriousness of the offenses, the lengthy
period of time over which the abuse occurred, and the fact that B.S.S. “sexually
abuse[d] a much younger boy” whom she lived with at times “in different homes
and different locations throughout this county and throughout the state.” The State
acknowledged that B.S.S. had been victimized herself, that she was in treatment,
and that she herself was a juvenile. But, it emphasized that none of those factors
changed the seriousness of the offense, the harm to this victim, the ongoing abuse

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that did not stop until the victim reported it, and that it involved sexual intercourse
with an eight-year old. Further, the State pointed out that although B.S.S. may do
well while in a treatment center, “[h]er issues are deep [seated] and long term, and
they are not going to disappear over night and they are not going to disappear
during the length of the juvenile court order[,]” and in relatively short order,
B.S.S. would be on her own in the community. The State argued that keeping
B.S.S. on the juvenile sex offender registry would protect the public by limiting
her ability to reside in “certain shelters and certain areas where people could be at
risk” and would allow law enforcement and others to “keep tabs” on her. The
State also argued keeping B.S.S. on the juvenile sex offender registry “would
provide an additional protection to the community, and tool for law enforcement.”
The State reminded the circuit court that B.S.S. “has the burden to prove by clear
and convincing evidence that based on the factors enumerated … a stay should be
granted in her case.”

¶16 B.S.S.’s lawyer acknowledged the seriousness of the offenses, the
aggravating nature of the age difference, and the fact that the victim’s young age
could be considered a mental deficiency. B.S.S.’s lawyer, however, wanted to
focus on “any other factor” and “the probability that the juvenile will commit
other violations in the future.” He then discussed B.S.S.’s troubled childhood and
how the assaults perpetrated on her normalized sexual assault. He argued that
registering as a juvenile sex offender does not decrease recidivism and that
registration would not give B.S.S. any ongoing support—it might actually make it
harder for her to find housing, get a job, or go to college. He pointed out that
B.S.S.’s social worker described B.S.S. as “well behaved” and that, by waiting a
year, the circuit court would be able to better gauge whether B.S.S. would be a
risk to the public such that she should be ordered to register as a sex offender.

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¶17 The circuit court asked B.S.S. if she would like to make a statement
before it made its decision, but B.S.S. declined. The circuit court then addressed
all the pertinent factors. First, it noted if this occurred in adult court, B.S.S. would
be looking at potentially “60 years in a prison setting.” The court saw B.S.S.’s
offenses as very serious, noting they took place “over a significant period of time”
and started when the victim “was four to five years of age … until he was about
eight or nine -- roughly from 2012 to 2017.” It found it aggravating that the
assaults involved “multiple forms,” including “both intercourse and oral
intercourse”; occurred in different places in different counties; involved “a
relationship of trust … developed over a period of time”; and involved “the
closing of doors,” which demonstrated B.S.S. planned to commit acts she knew to
be wrong. The court believed the “grooming process” that “[s]tarted with viewing
pornography to then eventually progressing to intercourse” increased the “gravity
of the offense.”

¶18 Next, the circuit court noted the mitigating factors, including that
B.S.S.: (1) was herself a victim of sexual assault; (2) had experienced horrible
things; and (3) was making progress, going to school, participating in sports, and
participating in treatment. But, it was concerned by B.S.S.’s lack of empathy,
particularly because she herself was a sexual abuse victim.

¶19 The circuit court, finding that “the needs of the community would be
[met by] requiring the juvenile to be adjudicated for a sex offender offense as she
has been, [and] that she [be] placed on an order with conditions,” adopted the
conditions for disposition set forth in the court report. Next, it turned to B.S.S.’s
request to stay sex offender registration. In analyzing that request, the court
addressed each of the WIS. STAT. § 938.34(15m)(c) factors that our supreme court
concluded should be considered in deciding a § 938.34(16) motion to stay sex

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offender registration. See State v. Cesar G., 2004 WI 61, ¶50, 272 Wis. 2d 22,
682 N.W.2d 1. First, it saw the offenses as very serious. Second, it saw the
significant age gap (six-to-seven years), the victim’s young age (four-to-five years
old) when the assaults began, the lengthy period of time over which the assaults
occurred (four years), and the continuation of the assaults on the victim when he
was eight—despite fifteen-year-old B.S.S. having a boyfriend—as weighing in
favor of ordering registration. The court explained that the age difference that
allowed B.S.S. to befriend this young child, gain his trust, groom him by first
exposing him to pornography and then engaging in sexual intercourse for her
sexual gratification, “warrant[ed] a finding of not granting the stay.”

¶20 Third, the circuit court found that bodily harm did not occur, so this
factor weighed in favor of granting the stay. Fourth, the court saw the mental
deficiency factor as neutral because it was unsure whether the victim’s young age
could be considered a mental deficiency. Fifth, in addressing the probability the
juvenile would re-offend, the court observed that the psychosexual evaluation
acknowledged there is no “actuarial instrument to predict recidivism” for juvenile
sex offenders. Based on that, it concluded this factor would not weigh in favor of
or against the requested stay.

¶21 Sixth, the circuit court addressed the “any other factor” catchall
consideration. Here, it considered “the length of time [the assaults] went on, the
planning that went on, the grooming that went on, and the lack of empathy[.]” It
saw these factors as favoring denial of the stay. Finally, the court discussed the
protection of the public, concluding that putting B.S.S. on the “registry will have
some type of effect on protecting the public.” It found the burden for imposing the
stay rested with B.S.S., and in looking at the factors, it found B.S.S. failed to meet

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the burden. The court entered the Dispositional Order on August 22, 2019, and it
required B.S.S. to register as a juvenile sex offender.

¶22 In January 2021, B.S.S. filed a postdisposition motion seeking to
modify the Dispositional Order and asking the circuit court to conduct another
hearing on her motion to stay sex offender registration. Her grounds for the
motion rested in a postdisposition psychosexual evaluation conducted by
Dr. Dawn M. Pflugradt, who concluded that B.S.S. was a low risk to re-offend. In
May 2021, the circuit court held a hearing to take Dr. Pflugradt’s testimony.
Dr. Pflugradt testified that she met with B.S.S. for eighty minutes and found her to
be at low risk to commit another sexual offense because she is similar to most
female sex offenders, who have a base rate of re-offending of “about 1.5 percent
over three years and about seven percent over 18 years.” Dr. Pflugradt admitted
that much of B.S.S.’s information came from self-reporting and that she did not
view the age difference or the relationship as risk factors. In Dr. Pflugradt’s
experience, very few female sex offenders re-offend after getting caught. She
confirmed that her report acknowledged there is no instrument in use for analyzing
recidivism rates in females.

¶23 In November 2021, the circuit court rendered an oral decision
denying B.S.S.’s motion. It noted it had reviewed the transcript from the
August 21, 2019 dispositional hearing and its conclusion that B.S.S. “failed to
prove by clear and convincing evidence that a stay from the sex offender registry
was appropriate.” It adopted its previous analysis from the August 21st decision
and explained that, based on the statute and Cesar G., the risk of re-offending
factor is simply one of the factors a court considers—a court is not obligated to
find it is the most weighty factor or that it outweighs all the other factors. It
explained that Dr. Pflugradt’s testimony regarding the absence of any instrument

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to measure female recidivism was consistent with the information the court had
when it made its decision in August 2019. It noted that Dr. Pflugradt based her
opinion on B.S.S.’s self-reporting and found Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion about
B.S.S.’s “low risk to re-offend” not as credible because of her reliance on self-
reporting. The court was also troubled by Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion that the
significant age difference was “not pertinent in determining whether [B.S.S.]
should be subject to the [sex offender] registry.” Finally, the court decided that
even if it accepted Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion that B.S.S. was a low risk to re-offend,
“this evidence would not overcome the other factors this Court examined under
Cesar G. that support the conclusion that she should be subject to the sex offender
registry[,]” and it therefore denied B.S.S.’s motion to modify the
Dispositional Order. The circuit court entered a written order denying the motion.

¶24 B.S.S. filed a motion requesting the circuit court to reconsider its
decision and provided an additional “affidavit”7 from Dr. Pflugradt. The court
denied the reconsideration motion. B.S.S. now appeals.

II. DISCUSSION

¶25 B.S.S. makes two arguments on appeal: (1) the circuit court should
have recused itself based on actual bias; and (2) the circuit court erroneously
exercised its discretion by denying her stay request without connecting her
re-offending risk to a need to protect the public. This court rejects both
contentions.

7
This document is titled “affidavit,” but appears to be a supplemental letter report.

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A. Actual Bias

¶26 B.S.S. contends the circuit court evidenced a great risk of actual bias
during its hearing on her motion requesting funding to obtain a psychosexual
evaluation before disposition. She says the court’s comments about requiring her
to register as a sex offender even if an evaluator concluded she was a low risk
constituted prejudgment. She also asserts the court treated her unfairly when it:
(1) found the re-offense risk factor to be neutral at the dispositional hearing
because it lacked sufficient information to assess risk; (2) rejected Dr. Pflugradt’s
report because Dr. Pflugradt had not read the police reports and relied on self-
reporting; and (3) relied on all the statutory factors except for re-offense risk.

¶27 “The right to an impartial judge is fundamental to our notion of due
process.” State v. Goodson, 2009 WI App 107, ¶8, 320 Wis. 2d 166, 771 N.W.2d
385. In reviewing bias claims, this court presumes “that a judge has acted fairly,
impartially, and without prejudice.” State v. Herrmann, 2015 WI 84, ¶24, 364
Wis. 2d 336, 867 N.W.2d 772. “To overcome that presumption, the burden is on
the party asserting judicial bias to show bias by a preponderance of the evidence.”
Miller v. Carroll, 2020 WI 56, ¶16, 392 Wis. 2d 49, 944 N.W.2d 542. “If a party
rebuts this presumption and shows a due process violation, the error is structural
and not subject to a harmless error analysis.” Id. This court’s review is de novo.
Goodson, 320 Wis. 2d 166, ¶7.

¶28 Here, B.S.S. alleges the circuit court was objectively biased.
“Objective bias can exist in two situations: (1) where there is an appearance of
bias; and (2) where objective facts demonstrate that a judge treated a party
unfairly.” State v. Marcotte, 2020 WI App 28, ¶17, 392 Wis. 2d 183, 943 N.W.2d
911. The appearance of bias is sufficient when it “reveals a great risk of actual

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bias.” Herrmann, 364 Wis. 2d 336, ¶67. “[C]omments indicating a circuit court
has prejudged a defendant’s sentence can give rise to objective bias.” Marcotte,
392 Wis. 2d 183, ¶20. The test is whether a reasonable person would conclude
prejudgment from the comments, “not what a reasonable trial judge, a reasonable
appellate judge, or even a reasonable legal practitioner would conclude.” State v.
Gudgeon, 2006 WI App 143, ¶26, 295 Wis. 2d 189, 720 N.W.2d 114.

¶29 B.S.S. failed to show actual bias or a great risk of actual bias. First,
despite B.S.S.’s claim, the circuit court’s comments during the hearing on her
motion for funding, which ultimately related to the stay factors the court would
have to address if and when B.S.S. filed a motion to stay the juvenile sex-
offender-registration requirement,8 do not demonstrate prejudgment or a risk of
bias as to disposition or as to a yet-to-be-filed motion to stay juvenile sex offender
registration. This is so because the comments B.S.S. complains about arose in the
context of the circuit court explaining why it was denying B.S.S.’s request for
funding after B.S.S.’s lawyer repeatedly argued the psychosexual evaluation was
needed in order to support a future motion to stay sex offender registration
because an evaluation would specifically address B.S.S.’s likelihood of
re-offending (one of the stay factors). Thus, in this context, the court’s analysis as
to whether it would grant the funding request was necessarily intertwined with its
ultimate analysis of the factors it would be required to consider in addressing a
future motion to stay.

8
The comments at issue occurred at a June 14, 2019 hearing, and disposition did not
occur until August 21, 2019. Additionally, B.S.S. had not yet filed a motion to stay. The text of
WIS. STAT. § 938.34(16) itself refers to the circuit court imposing a stay “[a]fter ordering a
disposition[.]” (Emphasis added.)

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¶30 In explaining its rationale, which was premised on an assumption that
the evaluation B.S.S. sought would be favorable to her and indicate a low
likelihood of re-offending, the circuit court aptly provided its reasons for denying
funding for the psychosexual evaluation. Thus, in this context—which was
necessitated by B.S.S.’s own argument as to why funding for the evaluation was
necessary—the circuit court’s analysis of the stay factors did not constitute
prejudgment or actual bias. Rather, the court’s analysis, which was based on both
its assumption that B.S.S. would not re-offend and its consideration of the other
pertinent factors, led it to conclude that because it would not grant a stay as to the
sex-offender-registration requirement, it was unnecessary to grant the funding
request. Accordingly, the circuit court’s comments related to the stay factors were
appropriate here because they related directly to its reason for denying B.S.S.’s
funding request. Under these circumstances, a reasonable person who reviewed
the Record in this case would not conclude that the circuit court acted with bias.9

¶31 B.S.S. also claims the circuit court treated her unfairly after denying
her request for a psychosexual evaluation because, at the dispositional hearing, it
said the re-offense risk factor was neutral because it did not have sufficient
information to determine B.S.S.’s risk. B.S.S. contends that if the circuit court

9
B.S.S. relies on multiple cases, including State v. Marcotte, 2020 WI App 28, 392
Wis. 2d 183, 943 N.W.2d 911; State v. Goodson, 2009 WI App 107, 320 Wis. 2d 166, 771
N.W.2d 385; and State v. Gudgeon, 2006 WI App 143, 295 Wis. 2d 189, 720 N.W.2d 114, but
those cases are distinguishable and do not control. Here, unlike in those cases, the circuit court
largely had the information relevant to disposition and a motion to stay before it when it analyzed
the stay factors, all of which were part of the Record, in addressing B.S.S.’s funding request. To
the extent that it did not have information from a psychosexual evaluation, it assumed the
evaluation would be favorable to B.S.S. for the purpose of its analysis. Moreover, the court’s
comments arose in the context of B.S.S’s funding argument, which was indisputably intertwined
with the factors a court must consider when addressing a motion to stay juvenile sex offender
registration.

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would have granted her motion to obtain an evaluation before the dispositional
hearing, the court would have had Dr. Pflugradt’s report with her opinion on the
probability B.S.S. would re-offend.

¶32 This court rejects B.S.S.’s contention. The circuit court’s statements
regarding risk assessment at the dispositional hearing related to the undisputed fact
that no actuarial instrument exists to assess recidivism in female juvenile
offenders. This information came from Lepak-Jostsons’ report as well as an
article B.S.S. submitted that said the same thing as to juveniles more generally.
Dr. Pflugradt’s report likewise agreed there is no instrument to evaluate a female
juvenile’s risk of re-offending. The court’s comments that B.S.S. complains about
do not show unfairness; rather, they show the court acknowledged an undisputed
fact. Further, Lepak-Jostsons’ report opined that B.S.S. was a high risk to
re-offend. The circuit court ignored that opinion because of the lack of an
actuarial instrument.

¶33 Likewise, this court rejects B.S.S.’s claim that the circuit court
treated her unfairly in its assessment of Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion. Dr. Pflugradt
testified that she relied on B.S.S.’s self-reports in forming her opinions and told
the circuit court she did not read the police reports. Thus, it was entirely
reasonable for the court to consider those facts in deciding whether Dr. Pflugradt’s
opinion should change the court’s previous decision about denying B.S.S.’s stay
motion. “[T]he trier of fact is the sole arbiter of the credibility of witnesses and
alone is charged with the duty of weighing the evidence.” State v. Below, 2011
WI App 64, ¶4, 333 Wis. 2d 690, 799 N.W.2d 95. This court will not substitute its
judgment for the circuit court’s unless the evidence it relied on was “inherently or
patently incredible—that kind of evidence [that] conflicts with the laws of nature

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or with fully-established or conceded facts.” State v. Tarantino, 157 Wis. 2d 199,
218, 458 N.W.2d 582 (Ct. App. 1990).

¶34 B.S.S. believes the circuit court acted unfairly because it did not see
Dr. Pflugradt’s opinions as a reason to exclude B.S.S. from the sex offender
registry. But, there is nothing in the Record to suggest the court’s credibility
determinations were wrong. Rather, what the Record reflects is that the court
believed both Lepak-Jostsons’ and Dr. Pflugradt’s representations that there is no
instrument upon which a juvenile female’s recidivism risk may be assessed. As a
result, the circuit court did not accept either evaluator’s opinion about B.S.S.’s risk
of re-offending. Lepak-Jostsons opined that B.S.S.’s risk was high, and
Dr. Pflugradt opined that B.S.S.’s risk was low. Instead of accepting one over the
other, the circuit court disregarded both because everyone agreed there is no
reliable instrument to determine B.S.S.’s risk. Even still, the circuit court said
that, even if it were to accept that B.S.S. was low risk, given all the other relevant
factors it was required to consider, B.S.S. failed to establish by clear and
convincing evidence that her required sex offender registration should be stayed.

¶35 B.S.S.’s final unfairness contention is that the circuit court ignored
the risk of re-offense factor at the dispositional hearing, but then at the
postdisposition hearing said it could not ignore the other pertinent factors. This
court disagrees with B.S.S.’s characterization. The circuit court did not ignore any
of the factors it was required to consider—to the contrary, it carefully analyzed
each of them. The fact that the circuit court found the risk of re-offense factor to
be neutral because there is no actuarial assessment to reliably determine risk does
not support B.S.S.’s contention.

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B. Erroneous Exercise of Discretion

¶36 B.S.S. also contends the circuit court erroneously exercised its
discretion when it refused to excuse her from the sex-offender-registration
requirement without “connecting her risk of reoffending sexually to a need to
protect the public.” She believes that a circuit court cannot deny a motion to stay
sex offender registration unless the court finds the juvenile has an elevated risk of
re-offending because, absent an elevated risk, having B.S.S. on the registry does
not protect the public. This court disagrees.

¶37 A circuit court’s discretionary decision is reviewed under the
erroneous exercise of discretion standard. Cesar G., 272 Wis. 2d 22, ¶42. “An
appellate court will affirm a circuit court’s discretionary decision as long as the
circuit court ‘examined the relevant facts, applied a proper standard of law, and,
using a demonstrated rational process, reached a conclusion that a reasonable
judge could reach.’” Id. (citation omitted).

¶38 Although B.S.S.’s argument may be logical in a practical sense, our
supreme court in Cesar G. plainly held that “when deciding whether to stay its sex
offender registration order under [WIS. STAT.] § 938.34(16)[,]” “the circuit court
should consider the seriousness of the offense, as well as the factors listed in WIS.

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STAT. § 938.34(15m)(c) and repeated in [WIS. STAT.] § 301.45(1m)(e)[.]”10
Cesar G., 272 Wis. 2d 22, ¶¶47, 49. This is exactly what the circuit court did.

¶39 WISCONSIN STAT. § 938.34(15m)(c) provides:

In determining under par. (am)1. whether it would be in the
interest of public protection to have the juvenile report
under s. 301.45, the court may consider any of the
following:

1. The ages, at the time of the violation, of the juvenile
and the victim of the violation.

2. The relationship between the juvenile and the victim
of the violation.

3. Whether the violation resulted in bodily harm, as
defined in s. 939.22 (4), to the victim.

4. Whether the victim suffered from a mental illness or
mental deficiency that rendered him or her temporarily or
permanently incapable of understanding or evaluating the
consequences of his or her actions.

5. The probability that the juvenile will commit other
violations in the future.

7.[11] Any other factor that the court determines may be
relevant to the particular case.

10
WISCONSIN STAT. § 938.34(15m)(c) and WIS. STAT. § 301.45(1m)(e) contain
essentially the same factors except that § 301.45(1m)(e) lists one additional factor not applicable
here. Section 938.34(15m)(c) relates to violations under § 938.34(15m)(am) where the statutory
text does not mandate sex offender reporting, but leaves registration to the discretion of the circuit
court. Our supreme court, in deciding State v. Cesar G., 2004 WI 61, 272 Wis. 2d 22, 682
N.W.2d 1, concluded that circuit courts should also use the § 938.34(15m)(c) factors in
mandatory reporting § 938.34(15m)(bm) cases where the juvenile filed a motion to stay the
registration requirements. Section 301.45(1m)(e) covers cases involving § 301.45(1m)
exceptions.
11
The numbering in this statute skips number six.

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¶40 In making both the original decision to deny B.S.S.’s motion to stay
sex offender registration and its postdisposition decision, the circuit court
addressed each of the factors from the statutory list. The circuit court started with
the seriousness of the offense, noting how very serious B.S.S.’s offenses were. It
considered the significant age difference and the relationship to be aggravating
factors weighing against a stay. It noted the absence of bodily harm weighed in
favor of a stay, and the mental deficiency factor was not a part of this case. With
respect to the probability of re-offending, the circuit court relied on the
representations that there is no actuarial test to assess recidivism for female
juvenile offenders. Finally, it looked at other factors it decided were relevant and
concluded they weighed in favor of retaining the mandatory reporting
requirement. It determined that keeping B.S.S. on the sex offender registry would
provide some protection of the public.

¶41 Although B.S.S. certainly would have preferred a circuit court that
placed more weight on Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion than on any other factor, the circuit
court’s decision not to do so is not an erroneous exercise of discretion. First, if the
legislature wanted circuit courts to make these decisions based solely on an
expert’s opinion on risk of re-offending, it could have said so. It did not. It listed
a variety of factors, and our supreme court in Cesar G. agreed that a circuit court
should consider the seriousness of the offense and the statutorily enumerated
factors in deciding a stay motion. Cesar G., 272 Wis. 2d 22, ¶50. Second, the
circuit court looked at the pertinent facts, applied the correct law by considering
all of the statutory factors, and reached a reasonable determination in denying
B.S.S.’s request to avoid sex offender registration. In making these types of
discretionary decisions, circuit courts are free to give more weight to some factors
and less weight to others. See, e.g., LeMere v. LeMere, 2003 WI 67, ¶25, 262

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Wis. 2d 426, 663 N.W.2d 789 (recognizing that when statute lists factors to
consider, circuit court may give “greater weight” to some and conclude that “some
factors may not be applicable at all”); Ocanas v. State, 70 Wis. 2d 179, 185, 233
N.W.2d 457 (1975) (“The weight which is to be attributed to each factor is a
determination which appears to be particularly within the wide discretion of the
sentencing judge.”).

¶42 The circuit court’s focus on the seriousness of B.S.S.’s violations, the
significant age difference, the very young age of the victim when the assaults
began, the lengthy duration of the ongoing assaults, and the other factors,
particularly since B.S.S. pled to a crime the legislature determined warranted
mandatory reporting, constituted a proper exercise of discretion. This is not a
situation where a circuit court gave too much weight to one factor and ignored
other relevant factors, which could be an erroneous exercise of discretion. See,
e.g., Harris v. State, 75 Wis. 2d 513, 518, 250 N.W.2d 7 (1977) (recognizing “‘too
much weight given to one factor in the face of other contravening considerations’”
may constitute an erroneous exercise of discretion (citation omitted)). The circuit
court here explained why it did not credit Dr. Pflugradt’s opinion on re-offense
risk and why it thought the other factors controlled. The circuit court’s decision
was reasonable. Circuit courts are not required to accept every expert opinion
presented. State v. Kienitz, 221 Wis. 2d 275, 303, 585 N.W.2d 609 (Ct. App.
1998), aff’d, 227 Wis. 2d 423, 597 N.W.2d 712 (1999) (“The fact-finder may
accept certain portions of an expert’s testimony while rejecting other portions.”).
Here, both expert reports agreed there is no actuarial instrument to determine
female juvenile recidivism risk. Moreover, Dr. Pflugradt testified that she assigns
a low risk of re-offending to any woman offender who “look[s] like a typical
female sex offender.” Given the difficulty in determining a female juvenile

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offender’s recidivism risk, it was not an erroneous exercise of discretion for the
circuit court to rely on the other pertinent factors and to conclude that B.S.S. failed
to meet her burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that she should be
excused from the mandatory juvenile sex-offender-registration requirement.

By the Court.—Orders affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.

25