State v. Christopher William John Caley

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
April 20, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2019AP665-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2015CF1336

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

CHRISTOPHER WILLIAM JOHN CALEY,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and orders of the circuit court for
Brown County: KENDALL M. KELLEY, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).

¶1 PER CURIAM. Christopher Caley appeals from a judgment of
conviction for eleven counts of capturing an image of nudity on camera without
No. 2019AP665-CR

consent of the victims, contrary to WIS. STAT. § 942.09(2)(am)1. (2019-20),1 and
for one count of disorderly conduct. Caley also appeals an order denying his
postconviction motion seeking sentence modification, or, in the alternative,
resentencing. Caley contends the circuit court erred at sentencing by relying on
speculative testimony that overstated the number of potential victims to Caley’s
crimes. Caley also contends the State violated its discovery obligations by not
disclosing to him prior to sentencing the basis for its witness’s testimony
estimating the number of his victims. Finally, Caley claims that there were
actually a lower number of victims than was evidenced at sentencing, which is a
new factor justifying a modification of his sentence. We reject Caley’s arguments
and affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 A tanning salon employee made a report to the Brown County
Sheriff’s Office that Caley had tried to take a picture of a female salon customer
while she was undressing in a tanning room. Caley was charged with one count of
capturing an image of nudity without consent, and with one count of disorderly
conduct. The Brown County Sheriff’s Office subsequently obtained warrants to
search Caley’s electronic devices and discovered they contained a large number of
recordings and images of naked women—taken at tanning salons or at Caley’s
apartment. Given the nature of the recordings, they appeared to have been made
without the victims’ consents. As a result, the State charged Caley with ten

1
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise
noted.

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additional counts of capturing an image of nudity without consent. Caley pled no
contest to all twelve charges.

¶3 The lead investigator on the case, sergeant Zachary Holschbach,
testified at Caley’s sentencing hearing. Holschbach testified that once Caley’s
charges became known to the public, Holschbach was inundated with
communications from victims and potential victims of Caley’s crimes—receiving
hundreds of phone calls, emails, and in-person visits regarding Caley’s actions.
Holschbach testified that he was still being contacted by victims “to this day.”

¶4 Holschbach went on to describe the large number of nude photos and
videos of apparent victims that were found on Caley’s phones and laptop—but
noted that his department had not been able to identify all of the people involved.
The district attorney followed up, asking, “Approximately how many victims,
based on what you viewed, would you say there were?” Holschbach replied, “I
could safely say there was over a hundred. There was hundreds, in excess of 200
different videos.” Holschbach further stated that some victims appeared in more
than one video. Holschbach also testified that it was safe to say that based on the
people who had been identified or had contacted him that “more people did not
want to be involved than did.” Holschbach testified that he determined Caley had
been engaging in this behavior since at least 2012.

¶5 After hearing testimony from other witnesses, the circuit court
discussed its sentencing objectives. It explained that its most important general
objective was the protection of the community, but that it had also considered
deterrence, punishment, and rehabilitation in crafting Caley’s sentence. The court
then considered the “aggravated nature of these offenses,” stating that they were:

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Aggravated substantially by the sheer volume of what is
involved here. Stunning level of victims, particularly
looking in terms of the lack of a prior record, and so it is
clearly aggravating to each offense that this was a pattern
and practice or even a lifestyle, so that is, from the court’s
consideration, an aggravating factor.

¶6 The circuit court further explained the harmful impact that Caley’s
actions had on the community and on his unsuspecting and unwilling victims,
many of whom would be affected for life. The court clarified that the uncharged
offenses and potential victims disclosed in Holschbach’s testimony helped in
“providing context” when considering Caley’s charges, but the court made it clear
that it did not rely on those uncharged offenses as factual “because they’re not
actually before the court today.” The court imposed a sentence consisting of a
total of eight years’ initial confinement and fourteen years’ extended supervision.

¶7 Caley then sought postconviction relief challenging the circuit
court’s sentence and requesting discovery of the evidence that supported
Holschbach’s testimony that Caley had victimized over one hundred women.
Caley made three claims: (1) that the court relied on inaccurate information as a
result of Holschbach’s testimony that Caley had victimized “over a hundred
women”; (2) that the State violated Caley’s constitutional rights by not disclosing
the basis for Holschbach’s estimate before the sentencing hearing; and (3) that
Caley’s not having actually victimized over one hundred women is a new factor
warranting a modification of his sentence.

¶8 In response to Caley’s discovery request and before the motion
hearing, the State provided Caley’s investigators with access to all of its recovered
media, totaling “237 videos and 113 pictures.” The State confirmed to Caley’s
attorney that “[f]rom these videos/photos alone, we identified 78 independent

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victims.” Of those, the sheriff’s department was able to positively identify
twenty-four of the victims.

¶9 After Caley’s investigators viewed the discovery, the circuit court
held a hearing on Caley’s motion, and Holschbach testified for a second time.
Holschbach explained that his testimony in the sentencing hearing was merely an
estimate based on the large number of victims involved in the case, and that it was
not exclusively based upon what was identified on the review of Caley’s devices.
Holschbach emphasized that his estimate was based on “all the materials [he]
viewed,” which included the people who “called, emailed, [and] came into the
lobby.” He testified that he believed there were more than just the seventy-eight
victims identified by the State from Caley’s devices.

¶10 The circuit court rejected Caley’s arguments. The court first
determined that Holschbach was asked to estimate “approximately” how many
victims were involved in the case, and that Holschbach’s estimate was close to the
number of victims identified in the State’s discovery review. The court then found
that it would have considered the number of victims an aggravated factor on
sentencing even with numbers far fewer than what either party had identified. The
court stated that although Holschbach’s testimony had provided context for its
sentencing decision, the court did not rely upon the specific number to which
Holschbach testified. The court further stated that it would not have made sense in
an ongoing investigation to demand an exact number of victims on an issue
providing context for the court’s sentencing decision.

¶11 The circuit court went on to note that the “uncontroverted” number
of victims was at least seventy-eight based on both parties’ arguments. Being an
approximate number, the court stated that “100, frankly, isn’t that far from 78,

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especially for this type of an offense [which is] a violation of the dignity of
people.” The court explained“[a]nything over 40, in the court’s view, is stunning.
41 would be stunning. 50 would be stunning. 78 would be stunning. 100 would
be stunning. 200 would be stunning.” According to the court, any of those high
numbers of victims transformed the offense from being the result of “one or two
decisions” or “just a bad day” into engaging in “the lifestyle of violating the
interests of other people, of violating the dignity of other people.” Even twenty
identifiable victims “would easily have supported the sentence that the court has
ordered.” Accordingly, the court denied Caley’s motion, and this appeal follows.

DISCUSSION

I. Reliance on Inaccurate Information at Sentencing

¶12 Caley claims he is entitled to resentencing because the circuit court
actually relied on Holschbach’s estimate of the number of affected victims, an
estimate Caley alleges to be inaccurate. A defendant is entitled to resentencing if
he or she can show by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the information at
the original sentencing was inaccurate; and (2) the court actually relied on the
inaccurate information at sentencing. State v. Tiepelman, 2006 WI 66, ¶26, 291
Wis. 2d 179, 717 N.W.2d 1. A defendant has a constitutionally protected due
process right to be sentenced upon accurate information, and whether a defendant
has been denied that right is a constitutional issue that we review de novo. Id., ¶9.

¶13 Caley argues that because the State only discerned seventy-eight
unique victims when looking at his seized equipment, Holschbach’s testimony that
there were safely “over a hundred victims” must be inaccurate. The record shows,
however, that Caley fails to meet the first prong of the Tiepelman test as he has

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not shown by clear and convincing evidence that Holschbach’s testimony was
inaccurate.

¶14 Holschbach testified to the approximate number of victims affected
by Caley’s actions when asked to give an estimate by the district attorney.
Although the State identified seventy-eight unique victims in its review of the
discovery materials, that fact did not preclude Holschbach from including other
victims identified by him from different sources in his approximation. Indeed,
Holschbach later testified that his estimate was based on “the entire investigation,”
and that it considered the large numbers of emails, calls, and in-person visits that
he fielded during the investigation. Caley does not argue that Holschbach lacked
personal knowledge of the investigation or its results.

¶15 Moreover, at no time did Holschbach testify to a concrete number, or
explain a specific calculation or methodology that he used to estimate the number
of affected victims, and he was not asked to do so. This type of exact calculation
would not have fit with the purpose of the district attorney’s questions at
sentencing, which were intended to provide general context for Caley’s crimes.
The circuit court noted that it would not expect the sheriff’s department—already
having obtained a conviction—to use resources to calculate an exact number of
victims, especially given that the nature of the evidence did not lend itself to a
concrete figure. There were no counting errors or mistaken calculations that Caley
proved inaccurate by clear and convincing evidence, because Holschbach’s
testimony was not made with that level of specificity.

¶16 Caley further argues that Holschbach’s testimony was inaccurate
because he was “speculating as to the number of victims” of Caley’s crimes. But
the district attorney asked Holschbach to make an approximation, and Holschbach

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No. 2019AP665-CR

did so. This was apparent to the circuit court, who explicitly stated it understood
Holschbach’s statement to have been an estimate. Although Caley claims that
Holschbach’s estimate was speculative and without support, the record makes it
evident that the number was an approximation, one based on underlying facts and
circumstances Holschbach directly observed. Caley cannot show that
Holschbach’s general estimate was inaccurate, because Holschbach was being
asked to relay his perception of part of his entire investigation, and not an absolute
fact. Accordingly, the court properly concluded that Holschbach did not provide
inaccurate information at sentencing regarding the estimated number of Caley’s
victims.

¶17 Even if we were to conclude that Holschbach’s estimate at
sentencing of the number of Caley’s victims was in some way inaccurate, Caley
further fails to prove the second prong of Tiepelman, as the record shows that the
circuit court did not “actually rely” on Holschbach’s estimate in its sentencing
decision. A court relies on inaccurate information by giving “explicit attention” or
“specific consideration” to the inaccurate information, so that the inaccurate
information “form[s] part of the basis for the sentence.” State v. Travis, 2013 WI
38, ¶28, 347 Wis. 2d 142, 832 N.W.2d 491 (citation omitted).

¶18 At the sentencing hearing, the circuit court did not give “explicit
attention” to the number of victims in Holschbach’s estimate, nor did it make any
determination as to the number of victims of Caley’s crimes aside from those
included in the charges for which Caley had been convicted. When the court
described the factors that contributed to its characterization of Caley’s crimes as
“aggravated,” it did not rely on a specific number in doing so. Instead, the court
held that the “stunning” number of victims made it clear that “this was a pattern
and practice or even a lifestyle.” In fact, the court specifically noted at sentencing

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that although Holschbach’s testimony provided context to Caley’s crimes, it did
not rely on the number of victims as factual because it related to uncharged
matters “not actually before the court.”

¶19 Contrary to Caley’s claim, the hearing transcript is not permeated
with references to Holschbach’s estimate such that it is evident that the circuit
court relied on it. Holschbach’s testimony provided context regarding the
numerous methods by which Holschbach received information about Caley’s
potential victims. It provided the general impression that there were a large
number of victims, but not that Holschbach was aware of the exact number. Both
parties agreed that there were at least seventy-eight victims identified in the videos
and media on Caley’s devices alone, which supported the court’s general
conclusion that there were a large number of victims outside of those identified in
the charges brought against Caley.

¶20 Moreover, in addressing the arguments raised in Caley’s
postconviction motion, the circuit court specifically concluded it had not relied on
Holschbach’s testimony, clarifying that Holschbach’s one-hundred-victim
estimate was not testimony that had influenced its decision. Instead, the court
stated its decision was driven by the “stunning” number of victims in the case,
clarifying that “[a]nything over 40, in the court’s view, is stunning. 41 would be
stunning. 50 would be stunning. 78 would be stunning. 100 would be stunning.
200 would be stunning.” In the court’s opinion, any of those large numbers show
a “lifestyle of violating the interests [and] dignity of other people.” The court
noted that even twenty identifiable victims “would easily have supported the
sentence that the court has ordered.” These statements clearly show the court did
not rely upon Holschbach’s estimate of the number of victims when sentencing

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No. 2019AP665-CR

Caley. The court properly denied Caley’s postconviction motion for resentencing
as it did not rely upon inaccurate information.

II. New Factor

¶21 Caley next argues that the State’s postsentencing discovery proves
that he did not victimize more than one hundred people, and is therefore a new
factor justifying sentence modification. To obtain sentence modification based on
the showing of a new factor, a defendant must demonstrate by clear and
convincing evidence that a new factor exists, and that the new factor justifies
sentence modification. State v. Harbor, 2011 WI 28, ¶¶36-38, 333 Wis. 2d 53,
797 N.W.2d 828. A new factor is “a fact or set of facts highly relevant to the
imposition of [a] sentence” that was not known to the sentencing court either
because it was not in existence at the time of sentencing, or because it was
unknowingly overlooked by both parties. Id., ¶40 (citation omitted). Whether a
fact or set of facts presented by the defendant constitutes a new factor is a question
of law we review de novo, but whether that new factor justifies sentence
modification is a decision left to the discretion of the circuit court, which we
review for an erroneous exercise of discretion. Id., ¶33.

¶22 Caley has not met this burden on his new factor claim. First, for the
reasons discussed above, Caley fails to provide evidence of a new factor—that
there were actually fewer than one hundred victims—as he incorrectly equates the
State’s report analyzing one part of discovery with a final count of the victims.

¶23 Second, as previously explained, the circuit court did not rely on the
precise number of Caley’s victims in making its sentencing decision, and
therefore, whether that number was one hundred, seventy-eight, forty or less, it
could not have been highly relevant to the sentence imposed. At the

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postconviction hearing, the court stated that it considered Caley’s crimes as
aggravated with as few as twenty victims. Furthermore, given that the exact
number of Caley’s victims was not highly relevant to the court on sentencing, it
properly exercised its discretion in denying Caley’s postconviction motion.

III. Discovery Violation

¶24 Finally, Caley contends that the State violated both
WIS. STAT. § 971.23 and its obligations under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83
(1963), by failing to disclose the basis for Holschbach’s testimony prior to the
sentencing hearing. Whether a discovery violation has occurred because the State
failed to disclose required information under § 971.23(1) is a question of law we
review without deference to the circuit court. See State v. Rice, 2008 WI App 10,
¶14, 307 Wis. 2d 335, 743 N.W.2d 517 (2007).

¶25 Caley’s claim of a discovery violation fails for two reasons. First,
although WIS. STAT. § 971.23 creates a duty to disclose witness statements, it does
so only for witnesses that the State plans to call at trial. Because this appeal
concerns evidence at a sentencing hearing, and not a trial, § 971.23 does not apply.
The State did not violate the statute by failing to provide evidence concerning the
basis for Holschbach’s testimony before sentencing.

¶26 Second, the State did not violate its discovery obligations under
Brady. Under Brady, the State must turn over to a defendant evidence that is
material to either guilt or punishment. State v. Harris, 2004 WI 64, ¶12, 272
Wis. 2d 80, 680 N.W.2d 737. “[E]vidence is material only if there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id., ¶14 (citation omitted).

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¶27 The evidence to which Caley points—i.e., Holschbach’s estimate of
the number of victims—relates to matters external to the charged crimes, and so
there is no reasonable probability that the evidence would have mitigated Caley’s
guilt or affected the finding of guilt. Although evidence contributing to an
enhanced sentence might be material to the “punishment” aspect of sentencing
under Brady, we have already determined that the circuit court did not rely on
Holschbach’s testimony as to the number of victims when crafting its sentence.
Accordingly, there is no reasonable probability that the result of the sentencing
would have been different if Caley had been provided with the basis for
Holschbach’s testimony before sentencing. Since the evidence was not material to
either guilt or punishment, the State did not violate its Brady obligations.

¶28 Ultimately, Caley has not met his burden of proving that the circuit
court relied on inaccurate information at sentencing, that a new factor exists
warranting sentence modification, or that the State committed a discovery
violation. As such, the circuit court did not err by denying Caley’s motion for
postconviction relief. We therefore affirm.

By the Court.—Judgment and orders affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

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