State v. Michael S. Greenwald

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
November 21, 2019
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2018AP2426-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2015CF73

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

MICHAEL S. GREENWALD,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Waushara County:
GUY D. DUTCHER, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Blanchard, Kloppenburg and Graham, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2018AP2426-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Michael Greenwald appeals a judgment of
conviction for felony bail jumping, forgery, uttering a forgery, identity theft, and
other crimes. Greenwald argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him
of the felony bail jumping charge. He also argues that the circuit court erred in
admitting other acts evidence. We reject these arguments and affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Greenwald was formerly employed as a herdsman on a dairy farm
owned by R.S. The charges for forgery, uttering a forgery, and identity theft were
all based on allegations that Greenwald used signed blank checks from R.S.’s farm
to purchase heifers for Greenwald’s own personal gain. After being charged with
these crimes, Greenwald was released on bond and, as a condition of bond, he was
required to appear at all court dates. Greenwald subsequently failed to appear at a
status conference and was charged with felony bail jumping.

¶3 The State moved to admit evidence that in a different case,
Greenwald had entered a no-contest plea to a theft charge for stealing personal
property from R.S.’s farm. The circuit court concluded that the evidence was
admissible on multiple grounds, including as other acts evidence under State v.
Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d 768, 576 N.W.2d 30 (1998), to prove motive, intent, and
identity. The court further concluded that the probative value of the evidence
outweighed the risk of unfair prejudice.

¶4 Greenwald testified at trial. On the bail jumping charge, he admitted
that he knew of the scheduled status conference beforehand and that a condition of
his bond was to appear at all court dates. He testified that he failed to appear at
the status conference because his attorney advised him that she could handle the

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No. 2018AP2426-CR

status conference while he attended a court hearing in Florida. The jury found
Greenwald guilty on all counts.

DISCUSSION

¶5 Greenwald makes two arguments on appeal. Greenwald first argues
that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of the felony bail jumping
charge. “[A]n appellate court may not reverse a conviction unless the evidence,
viewed most favorably to the state and the conviction, is so insufficient in
probative value and force that it can be said as a matter of law that no trier of fact,
acting reasonably, could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.
Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d 493, 501, 451 N.W.2d 752 (1990).

¶6 Felony bail jumping has three elements: “first, that the defendant
was either arrested for, or charged with, a felony …; second, that the defendant
was released from custody on a bond, under conditions established by the [circuit]
court; and third, that the defendant intentionally failed to comply with the terms of
his or her bond.” State v. Dawson, 195 Wis. 2d 161, 170, 536 N.W.2d 119 (Ct.
App. 1995); see also WIS. STAT. § 946.49(1) (2013-14).1

¶7 Greenwald challenges the sufficiency of the evidence only as to the
third element. He argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that he
intentionally failed to comply with his bond because the State offered no evidence
to rebut his testimony that he failed to appear based on the advice of his attorney.

1
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2013-14 version unless otherwise
noted. When citing the statutes under which Greenwald was charged, we reference the version
that applied at the time of Greenwald’s crimes.

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No. 2018AP2426-CR

We disagree that such rebuttal evidence was necessary. The jury was free to
disbelieve Greenwald’s testimony regarding his attorney’s advice, and the jury
could reasonably infer that Greenwald was not being truthful on the topic and
acted intentionally. “The function of the jury is to decide which evidence is
credible and which is not.” Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d at 503.

¶8 We turn to Greenwald’s second argument, that the circuit court erred
in admitting other acts evidence relating to his alleged theft of personal property
from R.S.’s farm. “[T]he decision to admit other-acts evidence is reviewed for an
erroneous exercise of discretion.” State v. Lock, 2012 WI App 99, ¶43, 344
Wis. 2d 166, 823 N.W.2d 378. We generally look for reasons to sustain the circuit
court’s discretionary decisions. Id.

¶9 In addressing the circuit court’s decision to admit other acts
evidence, we follow the three-prong test from Sullivan. First, we ask whether the
evidence is “offered for an acceptable purpose under WIS. STAT. § (Rule)
904.04(2), such as establishing motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d at
772. Second, we ask whether the evidence is relevant. Id. Finally, we consider
whether “the probative value of the other acts evidence [is] substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence. See WIS. STAT. § (Rule) 904.03.” Id. at
772-73.

¶10 “Unfair prejudice results when the proffered evidence has a tendency
to influence the outcome by improper means or if it appeals to the jury’s
sympathies, arouses its sense of horror, provokes its instinct to punish or otherwise

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No. 2018AP2426-CR

causes a jury to base its decision on something other than the established
propositions in the case.” Id. at 789-90. The party opposing admission of the
evidence carries the burden on the third prong of the Sullivan test. See State v.
Hunt, 2003 WI 81, ¶53, 263 Wis. 2d 1, 666 N.W.2d 771.

¶11 Applying the first two prongs of the Sullivan test, we agree with the
State that the circuit court reasonably concluded that the evidence of Greenwald’s
theft of personal property from R.S.’s farm was offered to prove, and relevant to,
Greenwald’s intent and identity for purposes of the forgery, uttering a forgery, and
identity theft charges. First, all of these charges have an intent element, see WIS.
STAT. §§ 943.201(2)(a) and 943.38(1)-(2), and the evidence was at least somewhat
probative of Greenwald’s intent to interfere with R.S.’s property rights without
R.S.’s consent. Second, the evidence was highly relevant to show that Greenwald,
rather than someone else, was the individual who used R.S.’s checks to purchase
the heifers. Finally, the evidence pertained to events that were relatively close in
time, place, and circumstance to the charged crimes. See Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d at
786 (probative value may depend on “the other incident’s nearness in time, place
and circumstances to the alleged crime”).

¶12 Turning to the third prong of the Sullivan test, we agree with the
State that Greenwald has not met his burden to show that the probative value of
the evidence was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Greenwald did not demonstrate in the circuit court, and does not demonstrate now,

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No. 2018AP2426-CR

that the evidence was likely to “appeal[] to the jury’s sympathies, arouse[] its
sense of horror, [or] provoke[] its instinct to punish.” 2 See id. at 789-90.

¶13 Greenwald argues on appeal that the danger of unfair prejudice was
high because the circuit court did not provide a cautionary instruction regarding
the other acts evidence. However, Greenwald does not show that he requested
such an instruction. Accordingly, we consider his argument regarding the
cautionary instruction forfeited, and we address it in the framework of ineffective
assistance of counsel. Greenwald’s challenge fails because he does not show that
there is a reasonable probability that providing a cautionary instruction would
have led to a different result. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
694 (1984) (setting forth standards for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel).

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5. (2017-18).

2
When he objected to the other acts evidence in the circuit court, Greenwald’s primary
argument appeared to be that it would be unhelpful and inappropriate to relitigate the facts of the
prior theft case. That argument did not establish unfair prejudice.

6