Morrissey v. Wood

VERMONT SUPERIOR COURT CIVIL DIVISION
Orange Unit Case No. 24-CV-04467
5 Court Street
Chelsea VT 05038
802-685-4610
www.vermontjudiciary.org

John Morrissey v. Christopher Wood

ENTRY REGARDING MOTION
Title: Motion for Default Judgment; Motion for Judgment; Motion for Default Judgment;
Motion for Judgment ; and Fees; of utilities motion; utilities costs since date of filing (Motion: 1; 2;
3; 4)
Filer: Sheilagh C. Smith; Sheilagh C. Smith; Sheilagh C. Smith; Sheilagh C. Smith
Filed Date: December 24, 2024; December 24, 2024; December 24, 2024; December 24, 2024

The Judicial Asst shall schedule a motion hearing.
Plaintiff John Morrissey filed the present verified complaint seeking ejectment under 12
V.S.A. § 4761 based on termination of Defendant Wood’s tenancy of a dwelling unit located at 1453
Chelsea Road in Williamstown, Vermont. Plaintiff’s complaint is premised on a termination of the
tenancy under 9 V.S.A. § 4467(b)(2). This provision allows a landlord to terminate a residential
tenancy with 14 days of notice for criminal activity and illegal drug activity.

In this case, Plaintiff has provided copies of the supporting affidavits and the criminal
information filed against Defendant Wood by the Orange County State’s Attorney, which allege that
Defendant Wood was involved in criminal and drug activity at the dwelling unit, which have
threatened the health and safety of other residents at the dwelling unit and in the surrounding area.

Plaintiff filed the present complaint on November 4, 2024, and he caused Defendant Wood
to be served on November 14, 2024. In the complaint, Plaintiff admits that there is no written lease,
and the nature of the parties’ relationship appears to be outside of the normal landlord-tenant
relationship envisioned or covered by the Vermont Residential Rental Act. Specifically, the
complaint indicates that Plaintiff owns raw land with utilities and a hook-up at 1453 Chelsea Road in
Williamstown, Vermont. In June of 2023, Plaintiff agreed to allow Defendant to place a mobile
home on the property and begin to reside at the property. There was no written lease or agreement,
and there was no arrangement for monthly rent. Instead, Plaintiff indicates that Defendant agreed
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to reimburse Plaintiff for all utilities used at the property. When the complaint was filed, the
amount of the unpaid utilities was $4,670.41. Plaintiff through more recent motions indicates that
the amount has increased by $204.91 to $4,875.32. Plaintiff also seeks his attorney’s fees and court
costs involved in this process. To date, Defendant Wood has not filed an answer, a notice of
appearance, a dispositive motion (such as a motion to dismiss), or otherwise asserted or defended
his interests in the present case within the 21 days allowed under V.R.C.P. 12(a). Plaintiff has filed
for default judgment under V.R.C.P. 55(c), and he seeks judgment on all claims.

There are several problems with the present motion. First, the Vermont Residential Rental
Act (9 V.S.A.§§ 4451–4468a), by definition, applies to rental agreements formed between landlords
and tenants for dwelling units as these terms are defined under 9 V.S.A. § 4451. Under these terms,
a landlord is defined as the owner of a dwelling unit held out for rent. The tenant is person entitled
to occupy a residential dwelling unit. A rental agreement means a written or oral agreement
embodying terms and conditions concerning the use and occupancy of a dwelling unit and premises.
A dwelling unit is defined as “a building or part of a building that is used as a home, residence, or
sleeping place by one or more person . . . .” 9 V.S.A. § 4451(3). In this case, Plaintiff Morrissey is
not Based on the verified complaint and Defendant Wood’s failure to respond, Plaintiff Morrissey
is not the owner of the dwelling unit at issue. He is the owner of real property on which Defendant
Wood has located his mobile home, but the nature of the relationship is more consistent with a
mobile home park owner than a residential landlord under 9 V.S.A. § 4451.

Under the plain language of the statute, the parties’ agreement was not a “rental agreement”
as that term is defined in the Vermont Residential Rental Act. Plaintiff Morrissey is also not a
“landlord,” and Defendant Wood is not a “tenant” as those terms are used and defined under the
Vermont Residential Rental Act. Therefore, the provisions of the Vermont Residential Rental Act
are not strictly applicable to the parties or to their lease, and neither Morrissey, nor Wood are bound
to the specific statutory terms and obligations of the Act, including but not limited to the
requirements of notice and termination under 9 V.S.A. § 4467. 9 V.S.A. § 4453. While Morrissey
appears to have complied with these provisions, the Court cannot proceed or analyze this
relationship under the Residential Rental Act because it does not apply.

The Court has also examined whether the parties’ relationship is governed by the Vermont
Mobile Home Act. Given that Morrissey does not appear to operate a mobile home park as that
term is defined, the statutes applying to ejectment actions with mobile homes under the Act do not
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apply to the present action. 10 V.S.A. § 6201 (defining “mobile home park” to mean a parcel where
two or more lots are rented for mobile home use and occupancy) and 10 V.S.A. § 6237 (applying to
evictions of leaseholders in mobile home parks). The Court will further note that the agreement
between the parties was oral, and under Vermont law, a party seeking to enforce an agreement that
lasts for one year or more must put that agreement in writing. 12 V.S.A. § 181. As an oral
agreement for an extended lease, the parties have not established the necessary writing, on which the
Court can base either the enforcement or denial of specific terms and provisions. Id.; see also 27
V.S.A. § 302 (requiring long-term leases to be recorded in the land records to be enforceable against
third-parties).

Given that neither the Residential Rental Act, the ejectment provisions of the Vermont
Mobile Home Act, or even certain provisions of contract law do not apply to the present matter, the
Court must look to the common law for the framework in which to evaluate the parties’ lease for
land and to define the parties’ relationship and rights. In this respect, the Court recognizes that the
parties’ actions created a lease for land and a landlord/tenant relationship. In this respect, the cause
of action here more closely resembles a cause of action for entry and detainer under 12 V.S.A. §
4921. Under the common law concept of tenancy and entry and detainer, a party need only show
that they communicated the end of the tenancy to the tenant, and that the tenant has remained in
possession of the property. 12 V.S.A. § 4921; Toussaint v. Stone¸ 116 Vt. 425, 428 (1951).

A tenancy at will may, as the definition implies, be terminated at any time by either
the landlord or tenant. It can be terminated by any act or declaration inconsistent
with the voluntary relationship of landlord and tenant, as notice to quit, threat of
legal means to recover possession, anything that amounts to demand of possession,
the bringing of an action to recover possession which fails.

Id. at 428–29.

In this respect, Morrissey’s complaint shows that he no longer wishes to be in a rental
relationship with Wood, and his further verified pleadings indicate that Wood has remained on the
property with his possessions, despite this notice. What Morrissey’s complaint and motions do not
answer is how much time Wood would need to remove his mobile home and possessions. As

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Toussaint, indicates even an at-will tenant is “entitled to a reasonable time after the termination of the
tenancy in which to procure other accommodations and remove his property.” Id at 429.1

Given the issues that the Court has raised with Morrissey’s complaint and cause of action,
and the additional information necessary, a default judgment at this time is inappropriate.
Nevertheless, these issues can likely be addressed at a hearing under V.R.C.P. 55(c)(3).

As to the damages that Plaintiff seeks, the Court understands that the basis for the utilities
arises from the parties’ oral agreement and constitute part of the consideration for the lease
relationship. As such, they are allowable under contract law, 12 V.S.A. § 4917 and 12 V.S.A. § 4854.
Plaintiff’s request for court costs and service fees will follow under V.R.C.P. 54(d) if and when he is
entitled to a final judgment. As to Plaintiff’s request for attorney’s fees, 12 V.S.A. § 4854 does not
allow attorney’s fees unless there is a written lease to the contrary. Without statutory authority, a
request for attorney’s fees falls under the American Rule, which does not allow a party to recovery
attorney’s fees, except under specific circumstances that have not been plead or shown in this case.
Knapmiller v. Bove, 2012 VT 38, ¶ 4. Given the lack of such basis, Plaintiff’s request for Attorney’s
fees is Denied.

ORDER

Based on the foregoing, the Court will set this matter for a 30-minute hearing under
V.R.C.P. 55(c)(3) to allow testimony from Plaintiff regarding the nature of the rental relationship
and its termination as well as the options for Defendant to remove his personal property. At such
hearing, Plaintiff may submit additional evidence and testimony regarding his damages and the right
to possession that he seeks from the Court in this matter.

Electronically signed on 12/26/2024 6:01 PM pursuant to V.R.E.F. 9(d)

__________________________________
Daniel Richardson
Superior Court Judge

1 As a practical matter, Plaintiff will need to address what options exist for Defendant to remove his mobile home

from the property as well as a reasonable timeframe. If Defendant appears at the hearing, the Court will allow him
to testify on these matters as the Court will have to make findings and an order concerning this personal property.

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