Choudhry v. Sinha

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE
CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING
EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 268(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals

Neelu Choudhry, Respondent,

v.

Viresh Sinha, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2017-001082

Appeal From Richland County
Gwendlyne Y. Jones, Family Court Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2020-UP-262
Submitted April 1, 2020 – Filed September 9, 2020
Withdrawn, Substituted, and Refiled December 16, 2020

AFFIRMED

Viresh Sinha, of Columbia, pro se.

William Benito Fortino, of Moore Taylor Law Firm,
P.A., of West Columbia, for Respondent.

Richard Giles Whiting, of Law Offices of Richard
Whiting, of Columbia, as the Guardian ad Litem.

PER CURIAM: Viresh Sinha (Father) appeals the family court's order modifying
a prior order to award Neelu Choudhry (Mother) sole custody of their minor child
(Child), awarding Mother attorney's fees, holding Father in contempt for failing to
pay child support, refusing to hold Mother in contempt for failing to allow
FaceTime calls, and ordering Father to pay child support. On appeal, Father
argues the family court erred in (1) not allowing evidence of a prior agreement, (2)
denying Father's motion for a continuance, (3) holding Father in contempt for not
paying child support and denying his oral motion to amend his pleadings to include
a cause of action to recalculate his child support, (4) imputing income to Father for
purposes of child support and not finding Mother and her attorney committed
fraud, (5) awarding attorney's fees and not finding Mother's current attorney,
Mother's previous attorney, and the guardian ad litem (GAL) unduly delayed the
case, (6) not holding Mother in contempt for not allowing FaceTime calls and
failing to follow a February 2016 order, (7) not finding the GAL committed fraud,
(8) refusing to allow Father to amend his pleadings, (9) relying on certain
witnesses' testimonies, and (10) modifying child custody and making its factual
findings. We affirm.

1. The family court did not abuse its discretion in not admitting testimony
regarding a prior agreement under Rule 408, SCRE. See Stoney v. Stoney
(Stoney I), 422 S.C. 593, 594 n.2, 813 S.E.2d 486, 486 n.2 (2018) (stating an
appellate court reviews the family court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion); Reiss v. Reiss, 392 S.C. 198, 208, 708 S.E.2d 799, 804 (Ct. App. 2011)
("An abuse of discretion occurs when the family court's ruling is controlled by an
error of law or based upon findings of fact that are without evidentiary support.").
Evidence of prior agreements or negotiations are not admissible under Rule 408,
SCRE, except to show another purpose, such as bias or prejudice, to negate an
allegation of undue delay, or to prove an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation.
Because Father's purpose to admit evidence about the agreement is insufficient
under the rule, the family court properly excluded testimony about the agreement.
See Hunter v. Hyder, 236 S.C. 378, 387, 114 S.E.2d 493, 497 (1960)
("[C]ompromises are favored and evidence of an offer or attempt to compromise or
settle a matter in dispute cannot be given in evidence against the party by whom
such offer or attempt was made."); Rule 408, SCRE ("Evidence of conduct or
statements made in compromise negotiations is . . . not admissible."); id. (stating
Rule 408 "does not require exclusion when the evidence is offered for another
purpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, negativing a contention of
undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or
prosecution"). Additionally, Father's arguments that Mother and her attorney
committed fraud and the family court violated Father's First Amendment rights by
not allowing him to testify about the agreement are not preserved. See Doe v. Doe,
370 S.C. 206, 212, 634 S.E.2d 51, 54 (Ct. App. 2006) ("To preserve an issue for
appellate review, the issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal, but must
have been raised to and ruled upon by the trial court.").

2. The family court did not abuse its discretion in denying Father's motion for a
continuance. Prior to trial, the family court inquired about Father's ability to
represent himself, and Father stated he understood he would be held to the same
standards as an attorney. Father moved for a continuance on the third day of trial
to hire an attorney.1 Based on the family court's inquiry and Father actively
participating in trial, we find the family court did not abuse its discretion in
denying his motion for a continuance. See Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 594 n.2, 813
S.E.2d at 486 n.2 (stating an appellate court reviews the family court's procedural
rulings for an abuse of discretion); Rule 40(i)(1), SCRCP ("As actions are called,
counsel may request that the action be continued. If good and sufficient cause for
continuance is shown, the continuance may be granted by the court."); S.C. Dep't
of Soc. Servs. v. Broome, 307 S.C. 48, 51, 413 S.E.2d 835, 838 (1992) ("The
granting or denial of a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial [court]
and is reviewable on appeal only when an abuse of discretion appears from the
record."); S.C. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Laura D., 386 S.C. 382, 385, 688 S.E.2d 130,
132 (Ct. App. 2009) ("The denial of a motion for a continuance 'will not be upset
unless it clearly appears that there was an abuse of discretion to the prejudice of
appellant.'" (quoting Williams v. Bordon's, Inc., 274 S.C. 275, 279, 262 S.E.2d 881,
883 (1980))).

3. The family court did not err in finding Father in willful contempt for failing to
pay child support because Father admitted he never paid child support even though
the court ordered him to do so. See Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 595-96, 813 S.E.2d at 487
(stating an appellate court reviews the family court's factual and legal issues de
novo); Stoney v. Stoney (Stoney II), 425 S.C. 47, 76, 819 S.E.2d 201, 217 (Ct. App.
2018) ("Contempt results from the willful disobedience of an order of the court."
(quoting Bigham v. Bigham, 264 S.C. 101, 104, 212 S.E.2d 594, 596 (1975))), cert.
denied Stoney v. Stoney, S.C. Sup. Ct. Order dated Jun. 28, 2019; Miller v. Miller,
375 S.C. 443, 454, 652 S.E.2d 754, 760 (Ct. App. 2007) ("In a proceeding for
contempt for violation of a court order, the moving party must show the existence
of a court order and the facts establishing the respondent's noncompliance with the
order." (quoting Hawkins v. Mullins, 359 S.C. 497, 501, 597 S.E.2d 897, 899 (Ct.
App. 2004))); Wilson v. Walker, 340 S.C. 531, 538, 532 S.E.2d 19, 22 (Ct. App.
2000) ("Before a party may be found in contempt, the record must clearly and

1
The family court relieved Father's attorney in August 2016 and gave Father time
to obtain new counsel at that time. However, Father proceeded pro se at trial.
specifically show the contemptuous conduct."). Although Father testified about his
reasons for not paying child support, we find these reasons do not justify his failure
to pay when the testimony at trial showed he had the ability to pay child support,
including Father's testimony that he deposited money into his bank accounts and
chose to pay other bills. See Miller, 375 S.C. at 454, 652 S.E.2d at 760 ("Once the
moving party has made out a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the
respondent to establish his or her defense and inability to comply with the order."
(quoting Widman v. Widman, 348 S.C. 97, 120, 557 S.E.2d 693, 705 (Ct. App.
2001))). Additionally, the family court did not abuse its discretion in denying his
oral motion to amend his pleadings to include a cause of action to recalculate his
child support. See Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 594 n.2, 813 S.E.2d at 486 n.2 (stating an
appellate court reviews the family court's procedural rulings for an abuse of
discretion); Rule 15(a), SCRCP (permitting a party to amend his or her pleading
"once as a matter of course at any time before or within 30 days after a responsive
pleading is served"); id. (stating "leave shall be freely given when justice so
requires and does not prejudice any other party"); Skydive Myrtle Beach, Inc. v.
Horry County, 426 S.C. 175, 182, 826 S.E.2d 585, 588 (2019) ("A trial court has
discretion to deny a motion to amend if the party opposing the amendment can
show a valid reason for denying the motion.").

4. The family court did not err in imputing income to Father for purposes of child
support based on the testimony presented at trial. Although Father testified that he
had no income, which the family court found unreliable, Father's bank statements
reflected numerous deposits into his personal account. Father also had the ability
to earn additional income. See Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 595-96, 813 S.E.2d at 487
(stating an appellate court reviews the family court's factual and legal issues de
novo); Marchant v. Marchant, 390 S.C. 1, 9, 699 S.E.2d 708, 712-13 (Ct. App.
2010) (stating the family court has the authority to impute income to a payor
spouse or a supported spouse based on their earning capacity); S.C. Code Ann.
Regs. 114-4720(A)(5) (Supp. 2019) ("If the court finds that a parent is voluntarily
unemployed or underemployed, it should calculate child support based on a
determination of potential income which would otherwise ordinarily be available
to the parent."); Marchant, 390 S.C. at 10, 699 S.E.2d at 713 (stating that although
a court may impute income, "courts are reluctant to invade a party's freedom to
pursue the employment path of their own choosing or impose unreasonable
demands upon parties" (quoting Kelley v. Kelley, 324 S.C. 481, 489, 477 S.E.2d
727, 731 (Ct. App. 1996))); id. ("Nonetheless, even otherwise unreviewable career
choices are at times outweighed by . . . child support obligations." (quoting Kelley,
324 S.C. at 489, 477 S.E.2d at 731)); Jenkins v. Jenkins, 401 S.C. 191, 203, 736
S.E.2d 292, 299 (Ct. App. 2012) ("If the obligor spouse has the ability to earn more
income than he is earning, the family court may impute income according to what
he could earn by using his best efforts to gain employment equal to his
capabilities."). Additionally, Father's arguments that Mother and her attorney
committed fraud concerning his income are not preserved for review. See Doe,
370 S.C. at 212, 634 S.E.2d at 54 ("To preserve an issue for appellate review, the
issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal, but must have been raised to and
ruled upon by the trial court."); id. at 212, 634 S.E.2d at 55 ("[W]hen an appellant
neither raises an issue at trial nor through a Rule 59(e), SCRCP, motion, the issue
is not preserved for appellate review.").

5. The family court did not err in awarding Mother attorney's fees. The family
court also did not err in finding Father—rather than the GAL, Mother's prior
attorney, and Mother's current attorney—unduly delayed the litigation when
awarding Mother attorney's fees. Father had the ability to pay attorney's fees as
evidenced by the bank statements provided at the hearing. Additionally, Mother
obtained beneficial results overall and had a slightly stronger financial condition
than Father after the family court imputed income. Further, the attorney's fee
award was reasonable. See Stone v. Thompson, 428 S.C. 79, 92, 833 S.E.2d 266,
272 (2019) (stating an appellate court "reviews a family court's award of attorney's
fees de novo"); E.D.M. v. T.A.M., 307 S.C. 471, 476-77, 415 S.E.2d 812, 816
(1992) ("In determining whether an attorney's fee should be awarded, the following
factors should be considered: (1) the party's ability to pay his/her own attorney's
fee; (2) beneficial results obtained by the attorney; (3) the parties respective
financial conditions; [and] (4) effect of the attorney's fee on each party's standard
of living."); Stoney II, 425 S.C. at 79, 819 S.E.2d at 218 ("A party's ability to pay is
an essential factor in determining whether an attorney's fee should be awarded, as
are the parties' respective financial conditions and the effect of the award on each
party's standard of living." (quoting Rogers v. Rogers, 343 S.C. 329, 334, 540
S.E.2d 840, 842 (2001))). Additionally, we find Father's argument about undue
delay is not preserved for review because he never raised this issue to the family
court, the family court did not make a finding on whether the GAL, Mother's
current attorney, or Mother's prior attorney unduly delayed the case, and Father did
not file a Rule 59(e), SCRCP, motion requesting a finding. See Doe, 370 S.C. at
212, 634 S.E.2d at 54 ("To preserve an issue for appellate review, the issue cannot
be raised for the first time on appeal, but must have been raised to and ruled upon
by the trial court.").

6. As to whether the GAL committed fraud upon the court, we find this issue not
preserved for review. See Doe, 370 S.C. at 212, 634 S.E.2d at 54 ("To preserve an
issue for appellate review, the issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal,
but must have been raised to and ruled upon by the trial court.").

7. The family court did not err in not finding Mother in willful contempt for not
allowing FaceTime calls between Father and Child. Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 595-96,
813 S.E.2d at 487 (stating an appellate court reviews the family court's factual and
legal issues de novo); Miller, 375 S.C. at 454, 652 S.E.2d at 760 ("In a proceeding
for contempt for violation of a court order, the moving party must show the
existence of a court order and the facts establishing the respondent's
noncompliance with the order." (quoting Hawkins, 359 S.C. at 501, 597 S.E.2d at
899)); Wilson, 340 S.C. at 538, 532 S.E.2d at 22 ("Before a party may be found in
contempt, the record must clearly and specifically show the contemptuous
conduct."). Mother testified she spoke with her attorney to set up a schedule for
FaceTime calls and believed a schedule had been established; however, Father did
not call on the scheduled days nor request any other time for FaceTime calls.
Because Mother testified she attempted to set up a schedule with Father and he did
not call on the designated days, we find the family court did not err in not holding
her in contempt. See Miller, 375 S.C. at 454, 652 S.E.2d at 760 ("Once the moving
party has made out a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the respondent to
establish his or her defense and inability to comply with the order." (quoting
Widman, 348 S.C. at 120, 557 S.E.2d at 705)).

8. The family court did not err in refusing to allow Father to amend his pleadings
to include a contempt action against Mother for failing to notify him of Child's
medical appointments, and therefore, not holding Mother in contempt. The family
court properly limited Father's testimony to the allegations set forth in his
pleadings. See Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 594 n.2, 813 S.E.2d at 486 n.2 (stating an
appellate court reviews the family court's procedural rulings for an abuse of
discretion); Rule 14(a), SCFCR ("Except for direct contempt of court, contempt of
court proceedings shall be initiated only by a rule to show cause duly issued and
served in accordance with the provisions hereof."); Rule 14(c), SCFCR ("No rule
to show cause shall be issued unless based upon and supported by an affidavit or
verified petition, unless issued by the judge sua sponte.").

9. The family court did not err in relying on certain witnesses' testimonies. See
Stoney I, 422 S.C. at 595-96, 813 S.E.2d at 487 (stating an appellate court reviews
the family court's factual and legal issues de novo); Lewis v. Lewis, 392 S.C. 381,
384-85, 709 S.E.2d 650, 651-52 (2011) (finding an appellate court is allowed to
make its own findings of fact; however, it is not required to ignore the family
court's superior position to make credibility determinations); Ashburn v. Rogers,
420 S.C. 411, 416, 803 S.E.2d 469, 471 (Ct. App. 2017) (stating "the appellant
retains the burden to show that the family court's findings are not supported by a
preponderance of the evidence; otherwise, the findings will be affirmed").
Additionally, regarding Father's argument about whether the family court erred in
qualifying Dr. Jennifer Savitz, we find Father waived any objection he may have
had when he told the family court he did not have an objection when Mother
offered her as an expert.

10. The family court did not err in finding a substantial change of circumstances to
warrant a modification of child custody because the testimony at the hearing
showed Child needed stability and a week-to-week custody arrangement was
inconsistent and unstable for Child. Further, several witnesses testified about
Child's behavior towards Mother and Father's aggressive behavior towards others.
Therefore, we find the family court did not err in modifying custody. See Stoney I,
422 S.C. at 595-96, 813 S.E.2d at 487 (stating an appellate court reviews the
family court's factual and legal issues de novo); Clark v. Clark, 423 S.C. 596, 604,
815 S.E.2d 772, 776 (Ct. App. 2018) ("The paramount and controlling factor in
every custody dispute is the best interest[] of the [child]." (quoting Brown v.
Brown, 362 S.C. 85, 90, 606 S.E.2d 785, 788 (Ct. App. 2004))); S.C. Code Ann.
§ 63-15-240(B) (Supp. 2019) (stating the family court considers many factors,
including the best interest of the child, when modifying a custody order); Latimer
v. Farmer, 360 S.C. 375, 381, 602 S.E.2d 32, 35 (2004) ("In order for a court to
grant a change in custody, there must be a showing of changed circumstances
occurring subsequent to the entry of the [custody order]."); id. ("A change in
circumstances justifying a change in the custody of a child simply means that
sufficient facts have been shown to warrant the conclusion that the best interests of
the child[] would be served by the change." (quoting Stutz v. Funderburk, 272 S.C.
273, 278, 252 S.E.2d 32, 34 (1979))); id. ("The change of circumstances relied on
for a change of custody must be such as would substantially affect the interest and
welfare of the child."); Allison v. Eudy, 330 S.C. 427, 429, 499 S.E.2d 227, 228
(Ct. App. 1998) ("This requirement applies to cases in which a parent seeks to alter
a joint custody arrangement."). Additionally, we find the family court did not err
in finding Father was aggressive and confrontational in light of all of the testimony
presented at trial. See Lewis, 392 S.C. at 384-85, 709 S.E.2d at 651-52 (stating an
appellate court is allowed to make its own findings of fact; however, it is not
required to ignore the family court's superior position to make credibility
determinations); Ashburn, 420 S.C. at 416, 803 S.E.2d at 471 (stating "the
appellant retains the burden to show that the family court's findings are not
supported by a preponderance of the evidence; otherwise, the findings will be
affirmed").
AFFIRMED.2

WILLIAMS, KONDUROS, and HILL, JJ., concur.

2
We decide this case without oral argument pursuant to Rule 215, SCACR.