State v. Jakes

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD
NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY
PROCEEDING EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 268(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals

The State, Respondent,

v.

David Jakes, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2011-198747

Appeal From Colleton County
Perry M. Buckner, Circuit Court Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2013-UP-360
Heard April 10, 2013 – Filed October 2, 2013

AFFIRMED

Appellate Defender LaNelle Cantey DuRant, of
Columbia, for Appellant.

Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson and Assistant
Attorney General Julie Kate Keeney, both of Columbia,
for Respondent.

PER CURIAM: A grand jury indicted Appellant David Jakes for three counts of
attempted murder, three counts of attempted armed robbery, and one count of
possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime.1 During the
subsequent trial's voir dire, the trial judge asked, inter alia, whether any potential
juror: (1) was a member of a law enforcement agency; (2) was related to, or had a
close relationship with, any of the named witnesses; or (3) was biased, prejudiced,
or otherwise unable to give either party a fair trial. Based upon the responses, the
trial judge excused a few panel members and, thereafter, Jakes utilized three of his
five allocated strikes. Among the seated jurors was Juror 102 (Juror).

After three witnesses testified, the trial judge informed counsel, in camera, about a
note he received from Juror expressing concern about her qualification, in light of
her husband's employment as a reserve deputy. The trial judge called in Juror;
Juror confirmed her husband was a reserve deputy and that she had not discussed
the case with him. The trial judge then asked Juror if her husband's employment
affected her ability to give either party a fair and impartial trial. Juror responded,
"No, it wouldn't," and was allowed to return to the jury room.

Defense counsel then objected to Juror's continued service, noting the juror
information sheet, which the Clerk's Office prepared, listed the occupation of
Juror's spouse as only "Environmental Health Management." Defense counsel
further contended that he would have utilized Jakes' strikes differently had he
known Juror's husband was a reserve deputy. Shortly thereafter, the trial judge
verified that Juror did fully disclose her husband's employment on the juror
questionnaire as including both "Environmental Health Management" and "reserve
deputy," but "the Clerk's Office didn't transmit everything" that Juror filled out on
her juror questionnaire when the Clerk's Office provided counsel with the juror
information sheet. The trial judge then declined to excuse Juror due to this
"Scri[ve]ner's error," noting that defense counsel did not request any voir dire
question about spousal employment and that a compilation of information from the
juror questionnaires was available, upon request, from the Clerk's Office.

The jury subsequently convicted Jakes on three counts of assault and battery in the
first degree (a lesser-included offense), three counts of attempted armed robbery,
and one count of possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime.
Jakes was sentenced to thirty-five years' incarceration. This appeal followed.

1
The State tried Jakes and Antwan McMillan together. McMillan was indicted for
three counts of attempted murder, three counts of attempted armed robbery, and
one count of possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime.
LAW/ANALYSIS

Jakes alleges the trial judge erred in refusing to excuse Juror and replace her with
an alternate because, had Jakes known Juror's husband was a reserve deputy, Jakes
would have exercised his peremptory challenges differently. Thus, Jakes
essentially argues that because he would have been permitted to exercise a
peremptory strike against Juror, even if she was impartial, based solely upon the
occupation of Juror's husband, the omission of such alleged material information
constituted prejudice that required replacing Juror with an alternate when the
information later came to light.

Notably, Jakes cites no authority for the specific proposition that a trial court
abuses its discretion in not removing a juror when a defendant contends he would
have exercised his peremptory challenges differently had he known "material," but
previously omitted, facts about any particular juror, regardless of that juror's
professed impartiality. Because Jakes cites no authoritative support for his specific
contention, we proceed to determine solely whether Juror was impartial. See State
v. Porter, 389 S.C. 27, 35, 698 S.E.2d 237, 241 (Ct. App. 2010) (requiring an
appellant to cite authority in "specific support of his assertion"). Thus, to the
extent Juror was impartial, the trial court did not err in refusing to excuse Juror.

Section 14-7-1020 of the South Carolina Code (Supp. 2012) requires a trial judge,
upon motion of either party, to determine whether a juror is impartial:

The court shall, on motion of either party in the suit,
examine on oath any person who is called as a juror to
know whether he is related to either party, has any
interest in the cause, has expressed or formed any
opinion, or is sensible of any bias or prejudice therein . . .
If it appears to the court that the juror is not indifferent in
the cause, he must be placed aside . . . and another must
be called.

Accord State v. Cochran, 369 S.C. 308, 321, 631 S.E.2d 294, 301 (2006) (citing
section 14-7-1020). While such determinations are within the sound discretion of
the trial judge, "[t]here is no rule of the common law, nor is there a statute
disqualifying a juror on account of his relationship to a witness, either by affinity
or consanguinity, within any degree." State v. Burgess, 391 S.C. 15, 18, 703
S.E.2d 512, 514 (Ct. App. 2010) (citation omitted); accord State v. Mercer, 381
S.C. 149, 158, 672 S.E.2d 556, 560-61 (2009).

Accordingly, the mere fact that a juror's spouse is a law enforcement officer, who
is not involved in the case, does not, in and of itself, render a juror biased and,
thus, unable to serve on a jury; rather, the crux of that determination is whether it
"appears to the court that the juror is not indifferent in the cause." See § 14-7-1020
(stating the trial judge must determine whether a proposed juror is related to either
party or is otherwise interested in, formed an opinion about, or is biased or
prejudiced toward a party). Moreover, even jurors related by affinity or
consanguinity to a testifying witness or those who closely knew the putative victim
of a crime are not, absent an inability to maintain impartiality, unqualified. See
State v. Wells, 249 S.C. 249, 259-60, 153 S.E.2d 904, 909-10 (1967) (finding a
juror who directly employed victim qualified); Burgess, 391 S.C. at 18, 703 S.E.2d
at 514 ("There is no rule of the common law, nor is there a statute disqualifying a
juror on account of his relationship to a witness, either by affinity or consanguinity,
within any degree." (citation omitted)).

In the instant matter, Juror was unrelated to the defendants and the potential
witnesses, and she did not know the victims; she was merely related to a non-
testifying law enforcement officer. Furthermore, once the trial judge learned
Juror's husband was a reserve deputy, he asked Juror whether her husband's
employment would "in any way affect [her] ability to give the [State] or [Jakes] . . .
a fair and an impartial trial." Juror confirmed "it wouldn't." Because Juror
appeared neither biased nor partial, the trial court did not err in finding Juror
appeared impartial, despite her husband's status as a reserve deputy.

Additionally, because Juror did not conceal any information, partiality cannot be
imputed to her on such a basis. State v. Woods, 345 S.C. 583, 588, 550 S.E.2d 282,
284 (2001) (recognizing that a court may infer that a juror who intentionally
conceals information inquired into is not impartial). "[I]ntentional concealment
occurs when the question presented to the jury on voir dire is reasonably
comprehensible to the average juror and the subject of the inquiry is of such
significance that the juror's failure to respond is unreasonable." Id.

At the outset, Juror disclosed her husband's status as a law enforcement officer on
her self-completed juror questionnaire. Thus, Juror unquestionably did not
conceal her husband's occupation at this phase of the jury selection process.
Additionally, the trial judge asked no question during voir dire that required Juror
to respond with her husband's occupation. While the trial judge did ask whether
any potential juror was a member of law enforcement or was related to or a close
personal friend of the named potential witnesses, which did include some law
enforcement officers, neither inquiry required Juror to disclose the employment
status of her non-testifying husband. Moreover, while Jakes could have requested
the trial judge to ask whether any panel members were related to law enforcement
officers, Jakes concedes he made no such request. Because no voir dire question
required Juror to respond with her husband's occupation, no concealment occurred
and, thus, it cannot be inferred that juror was not impartial.2 See id. at 587, 550
S.E.2d at 284 (requiring a new trial when an identified concealment of information
(a) was intentional and (b) would have supported a challenge for cause or would
have been a material factor in the use of peremptory challenges). "As we find no
intentional concealment on Juror's part, we need not further determine whether the
information would have been a material factor in the exercise of . . . peremptory
strikes." State v. Guillebeaux, 362 S.C. 270, 276, 607 S.E.2d 99, 102 (Ct. App.
2004). Hence, the trial court did not err in refusing to dismiss Juror and to replace
her with an alternate.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the decision of the circuit court is

AFFIRMED.

FEW C.J., and GEATHERS and LOCKEMY, JJ., concur.

2
Both parties conceded in their briefs that juror concealment did not exist.