PINNEY JR. (KENNETH) v. STATE

140 Nev., Advance Opinion 41
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEVADA

KENNETH RAY JOSEPH PINNEY, JR., No. 87090-COA
Appellant,
vs.
THE STATE OF NEVADA, FILED
Respondent.
NOV 21 2024
A. BROWN
PROM COURT

Appeal from a judgment of conviction, pursuant to a jury
verdict, of home invasion while in possession of a deadly weapon, battery
with the use of a deadly weapon, and residential burglary while in
possession of a deadly weapon. Second Judicial District Court, Washoe
County; Kathleen A. Sigurdson, Judge.
Reversed and remanded.

Evelyn Grosenick, Public Defender, and Kathryn E. Reynolds, Chief Deputy
Public Defender, Washoe County,
for Appellant.

Aaron D. Ford, Attorney General, Carson City; Christopher J. Hicks,
District Attorney, Jennifer P. Noble, Chief Deputy District Attorney, and
Marilee Cate, Deputy District Attorney, Washoe County,
for Respondent.

BEFORE THE COURT OF APPEALS, GIBBONS, C.J., and BULLA and
WESTBROOK, JJ.

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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
The Nevada Supreme Court has recognized the importance of a
defendant's ability to present evidence of self-defense, including evidence of
prior violent acts by an alleged victim. Under Burgeon v. State, 102 Nev.
43, 714 P.2d 576 (1986), the victim's prior violent acts may be adrnitted
when the defendant raises a self-defense claim and has knowledge of those
acts. Though the State argues that Tinch v. Statel modified or altered these
requirements, we conclude that Burgeon remains the controlling standard
for trial courts to evaluate the defendant's request to admit a victim's prior
violent acts in self-defense cases. Here, because the district court applied
the incorrect standard in excluding all evidence of the victim's prior violent
acts, the court abused its discretion as a matter of law. Further, given the
irnportance of self-defense in this case, we conclude that the error was not
harmless. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of conviction and remand for
a new trial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The State charged appellant Kenneth Ray Joseph Pinney, Jr.,
with home invasion while in possession of a deadly weapon, battery with
the use of a deadly weapon, and residential burglary while in possession of
a deadly weapon. Pinney was alleged to have attacked his neighbor, Jorge
Ramirez-More, with a knife on March 25, 2022. Pinney, a military veteran,
asserted that he acted in self-defense, knowing that Ramirez-More was a
convicted felon who had previously engaged in acts of violence.

1113 Nev. 1170, 946 P.2d 1061 (1997), holding modified by Bigpond v.
State, 128 Nev. 108, 270 P.3d 1244 (2012).

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Pinney filed a pretrial motion pursuant to NRS 48.045(2) to
admit evidence of Rarnirez-More's prior acts of violence against other
residents of their apartment complex, which Pinney asserted was relevant
to his self-defense claim. Shortly after, the State filed a pretrial motion to
limit evidence of Ramirez-More's prior criminal convictions to the dates,
locations, and number of convictions only. Ramirez-More had been
convicted in 1985, pursuant to a single judgment of conviction, of five counts
of sexual assault, one count of robbery, one count of burglary, and one count
of battery with intent to commit a crime; he was also on lifetime parole. In
its motion, the State argued the evidence should be limited because of the
risk of unfair prejudice. Pinney filed a cross-motion to admit Ramirez-
More's prior convictions, including the types of crimes and Ramirez-More's
parole status, asserting that he knew Ramirez-More was a "violent felon"
and that the convictions were relevant to how Pinney reacted to Ramirez-
More's conduct on March 25.
At an evidentiary hearing on the parties' motions, Pinney
argued that the admission of Rarnirez-More's prior violent acts was
governed by Burgeon. The State responded that Ratnirez-More's acts must
be assessed under Tinch u. State, 113 Nev. 1170, 946 P.2d 1061 (1997),
which the State claimed modified Burgeon. The district court acknowledged
both parties' positions but did not expressly say which standard it would
apply. Pinney then presented three witnesses in support of his motion to
admit Ramirez-More's prior violent acts. Aaron Waters, a resident of the
apartment complex where the incident occurred, testified that Ramirez-
More had threatened him "four or five" times and would say he was going
to kill Waters. Teresa Jensen, the apartment manager, testified that she
observed Ramirez-More threaten multiple people, including Waters and the

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apartrnent maintenance man. Jensen stated that police were called on
Ramirez-More "three or four" times within three months and that Ramirez-
More "provoked" and "instigated a lot of problems" with other residents.
Jensen began to explain what she had told Pinney about Ramirez-More's
conduct when the State objected to her testimony as hearsay. Pinney
responded that the statement went to Pinney's mental state at the time of
the incident and not to the truth of the matter asserted, and so it was not
hearsay. The district court sustained the State's objection.2
The final witness at the evidentiary hearing, Pinney, testified
that he personally observed Ramirez-More threaten people with weapons
several" times. He described four specific incidents in detail. For the first
incident, Pinney stated that Ramirez-More argued with another resident on
the stairwell and "challeng[ed]" the resident to a fight while holding a "big
kitchen knife" behind his back. For the second incident, Pinney observed
Rarnirez-More in the early rnorning hours yelling and waving a "hunting
knife," which Ramirez-More turned on Pinney in a threatening manner
when Pinney asked Ramirez-More to be quiet. For the third incident,
Pinney testified that Ramirez-More ran down the apartment stairs with a
wooden table leg approximately 12 to 18 inches long while yelling at another
resident until that resident left in their vehicle and that Ramirez-More
threw rocks at the vehicle. For the fourth incident, Pinney testified that
Ramirez-More threatened him directly with a knife, saying that he would
"teach [Pinney] a lesson," causing Pinney to call 9-1-1 and drive away.
Pinney testified that he personally observed about seven incidents overall

2The State made several objections on the sarne grounds throughout
the evidentiary hearing and trial during Jensen's and Pinney's testimony,
and the district court sustained most of those objections as well.

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in which Ramirez-A/lore was violent with other residents of the apartment
complex. He also stated that he knew Ramirez-More had been convicted of
a "sexual offense" and "a violent thing" but did not know the names of the
convictions.
The district court denied Pinney's motion to admit evidence of
Ramirez-More's prior violent acts. Relying solely upon the analysis outlined
in Tinch, the district court summarily found that Pinney failed to satisfy
the Tinch factors and further found that "the testimony provided to the
[c]ourt was inconsistent, and therefore it is inadmissible. By default,
inconsistency makes the testimony lack credibility and thus it is not clear
and convincing." The court did not identify whose testimony was
inconsistent or not credible. The district court also determined that the
evidence was "irrelevant because it has no bearing on this case." As for the
State's motion to limit the evidence of Ramirez-More's prior convictions to
their dates, numbers, and locations, the district court granted the motion
after finding the convictions did not hold any probative value due to their
age.
The matter proceeded to a jury trial. Ramirez-More testified
that the incident began when he stood at the threshold of Pinney's
apartment and told Pinney not to give dog food to his cat. Ramirez-More
stated that Pinney picked up a knife, threatened him, and followed him
back into his own apartment, causing Ramirez-More to grab a "marker" in
self-defense. Pinney left, and Ramirez-More followed Pinney back to his
apartment to tell him again to stop feeding his cat dog food. Ramirez-More
testified that he went back to his own apartment and felt Pinney kicking in
the door, and Pinney then entered the apartment and started slashing at

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Ramirez-More with a sword. Ramirez-More testified that he had no knives
or weapons in his apartment, except for a dull butter knife.
Pinney, who testified in his own defense, stated that Ramirez-
More entered his apartment and knocked down boxes near the door while
threatening to kill Pinney and saying, "come over I've got something for
you." Pinney further testified that he went to Ramirez-More's apartment
without a weapon, and Ramirez-More then grabbed a large kitchen knife
and started attacking Pinney, causing Pinney to retreat to his own
apartment. When Pinney could not locate his phone, he believed that
Ramirez-More had taken it, and so Pinney returned to Ramirez-More's
apartrnent armed with a knife but only yelled at Ramirez-More from the
door before retreating back to his apartment.
A surveillance video in the hallway outside their apartments
showed Ramirez-More and Pinney going back and forth between the two
apartments, but it did not capture anything inside either apartment.
Ramirez-More eventually left the apartment complex, walked down the
street to a store, and called 9-1-1. When the police arrived, Ramirez-More
had lacerations on his hand and torso, and Pinney had injuries on his face
consistent with knife wounds.
The parties settled jury instructions, and the joint appendix
submitted in this case does not reflect that the State objected to Pinney's
self-defense jury instruction as applied to each of the charges. During
closing arguments, both parties replayed the hallway video and offered
competing interpretations of the evidence. Specifically, the State argued
that Pinney did not act in self-defense because he first challenged Ramirez-
More to a fight while holding a knife inside Ramirez-More's apartment;
Pinney argued that he acted in self-defense because Ramirez-More

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threatened and attacked him with a knife first. The jury found Pinney
guilty on all charges, and he was sentenced to a total aggregate prison term
of approximately 11 to 28 years. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Pinney argues the district court erred by excluding
or limiting evidence offered to support his claim of self-defense, specifically
evidence of Ramirez-More's prior violent acts and prior convictions.
Although Pinney initially moved to admit evidence of the prior violent acts
under NRS 48.045(2), the statute governing the admission of other bad act
evidence, he made clear that this evidence went to his theory of self-defense.
The district court precluded all evidence of Ramirez-More's prior violent
acts after applying Tinch, but it did not consider or apply the test for
admitting a victim's prior violent acts in support of a self-defense claim as
stated in Burgeon. Likewise, the district court limited the evidence of
Ramirez-More's prior convictions without considering their relevance to
Pinney's self-defense theory. The district court's decision to admit or
exclude evidence is within its discretion and will only be reversed upon a
clear showing of abuse. Daniels v. State, 121 Nev. 101, 105-06, 110 P.3d
477, 480 (2005).
The Nevada Supreme Court has previously considered the
admissibility of specific acts of violence by a victim when offered to support
a claim of self-defense. In Burgeon, the court determined such evidence was
relevant to a claim of self-defense and admissible if the defendant had
knowledge of the violent acts. 102 Nev. at 45-46, 714 P.2d at 578; see also
State v. Sella, 41 Nev. 113, 138, 168 P. 278, 286 (1917) (noting the "general
rule" that "when self-defense is an issue and it is necessary to show the state
of mind of the slayer at the time of the commission of the offense, specific
acts of violence of the deceased, which are then known to the slayer or have
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been communicated to him, which tend to show that the deceased was a
violent and dangerous [person], may be shown for the purpose of
establishing self-defense"). The court ultimately concluded that, because
Burgeon did not have knowledge of the acts, excluding the victim's prior
acts was proper because they could not establish the reasonableness of
Burgeon's fear or state of mind. Burgeon, 102 Nev. at 46, 714 P.2d at 578.
In 1997, approximately a decade after Burgeon was decided,
Tinch was published and clarified the general test for admitting prior
uncharged acts pursuant to NRS 48.045(2). NRS 48.045(2) provides that
"[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity
therewith." However, such evidence may be admissible for a nonpropensity
purpose "such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident."3 Id. For other act
evidence to be deemed admissible under Tinch, the trial court must
determine that the other act is relevant to the charges, that the act is proven
by clear and convincing evidence, and that the probative value of the act "is
not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice." 113 Nev.
at 1176, 946 P.2d at 1064-65; see also Bigpond v. State, 128 Nev. 108, 116,
270 P.3d 1244, 1249 (2012) (providing that evidence of other acts "may be
admitted under NRS 48.045(2) for a relevant nonpropensity purpose other
than those listed in the statute").
The State acknowledges the holding in Burgeon but contends
Tinch modified that holding such that the requirements outlined in Tinch
and Bigpond govern a defendant's request to admit a victim's prior violent

3The statute was enacted in 1971, and subsection 2 has remained
substantively unchanged.

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acts to support a self-defense claim. We disagree. Tinch addressed the
admission of uncharged bad acts committed by the defendant and a witness,
and Bigpond examined the admission of the defendant's prior acts of
domestic violence; neither case involved self-defense or the victim's prior
acts of violence. Further, several post- Tinch decisions evaluate the
admission of a victim's prior violent acts in self-defense cases under the
requirements in Burgeon.
For example, in Petty v. State, the defendant wanted to present
the victim's two convictions for robbery and pointing a deadly weapon at a
person to support his claim of self-defense, but the district court disallowed
the evidence. 116 Nev. 321, 326, 997 P.2d 800, 803 (2000). The supreme
court assessed Petty's claim under Burgeon, rather than Tinch, reasoning
that lals we stated in Burgeon, the accused may present evidence of specific
acts to show the accused's state of mind at the time of the commission of the
crime only if the accused had knowledge of the specific act." Id. at 327, 997
P.2d at 803. The court determined that because Petty was aware of the
victim's prior robbery conviction, that conviction was "admissible for
purposes of showing the reasonableness of [Petty's] state of inind."4 Id.
The supreme court continued to apply Burgeon in Daniel v.
State, 119 Nev. 498, 78 P.3d 890 (2003). In that case, the supreme court

4 In Petty, the supreme court also held—in conjunction with its
reasoning in Burgeon—that the victim's prior violent acts were also
admissible pursuant to NRS 48.055(2). 116 Nev. at 327, 997 P.2d at 803.
That statute provides that "[i]n cases in which character or a trait of
character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim or defense,
proof of specific instances of his conduct may be made on direct or cross-
examination." However, this portion of the analysis was subsequently
disavowed because "the character of the victim is not an essential element
of self-defense." Daniel v. State, 119 Nev. 498, 514, 78 P.3d 890, 901 (2003).

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reiterated that "evidence of specific acts showing that the victim was a
violent person is admissible if a defendant seeks to establish self-defense
and was aware of those acts." Id. at 515, 78 P.3d at 902 (citing Burgeon, 102
Nev. at 45-46, 714 P.2d at 578). Relying on Burgeon and Petty, the supreme
court held that "extrinsic evidence of a victim's specific conduct known to
the defendant is admissible in the form of prior convictions" and "in the form
of corroborating testimony." Id. at 516, 78 P.3d at 902. "[W]hen a defendant
claims self-defense and knew of relevant specific acts by a victim, evidence
of the acts can be presented through the defendant's own testimony,
through cross-examination of a surviving victim, and through extrinsic
proof." Id.
In addition to supreme court precedent, which this court must
apply, see Eivazi v. Eivazi, 139 Nev., Adv. Op. 44, 537 P.3d 476, 487 n.7 (Ct.
App. 2023), there are additional reasons why Tinch is inapplicable under
these circumstances. The second Tinch factor requires the prior act "to be
proven by clear and convincing evidence." 113 Nev. at 1176, 946 P.2d at
1064-65. However, a criminal defendant is entitled to present a self-defense
theory "so long as there is some evidence, no rnatter how weak or incredible,
to support it." Williams v. State, 99 Nev. 530, 531, 665 P.2d 260, 261 (1983).
Requiring a defendant to prove a victim's violent acts by clear and
convincing evidence under Tinch may also improperly limit the defendant's
ability to present evidence entitling them to a self-defense jury instruction.
See Rosas v. State, 122 Nev. 1258, 1262, 147 P.3d 1101, 1104 (2006)
(concluding the defendant was entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense
because "some evidence" in the record supported a self-defense theory).
Further, "clear and convincing evidence can be provided by a
[witness's] testimony alone." Meek v. State, 112 Nev. 1288, 1295, 930 P.2d

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1104, 1108 (1996). Determining whether a witness's testimony proves a
prior violent act by clear and convincing evidence often requires the district
court to make a credibility deterrnination. See, e.g., Chadwick v. State, 140
Nev., Adv. Op. 10, 546 P.3d 215, 224-25 (Ct. App. 2024) (providing that a
single witness's testimony as to the defendant's intoxication was sufficient
to establish that act by clear and convincing evidence because "the district
court had an opportunity to observe [the witness] and determine her
credibility").
The problem with applying Tinch arises when it is the
defendant who offers pretrial testimony regarding the victim's prior violent
acts, which is often necessary to establish the defendant's knowledge under
Burgeon. Applying Tinch in these circumstances would permit the trial
court to exclude the defendant's testimony in support of their self-defense
claim if the court found their testimony was not credible or did not prove
the victim's prior violent acts by clear and convincing evidence. Such an
exclusion—based on a pretrial determination of the defendant's
credibility—infringes on the defendant's constitutionally protected right to
testify in their own defense. Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 53 n.10 (1987)
(recognizing "that the right to testify on one's own behalf in defense to a
criminal charge is a fundamental constitutional right"). Excluding the
defendant's evidence of self-defense on this basis also unconstitutionally
precludes the defendant from establishing a complete defense and invades
the province of the jury. See Hoagland v. State, 126 Nev. 381, 386, 240 P.3d
1043, 1047 (2010) ("The notion of fundamental fairness is interpreted as
requiring that a defendant be 'afforded a meaningful opportunity to present
a complete defense." (quoting California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485
(1984))); see generally Washington v. State, 112 Nev. 1067, 1073, 922 P.2d

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547, 551 (1996) ("[I]n a case where there is conflicting [evidence] presented
at trial, it is within the province of the jury to determine the weight and
credibility of the testimony.").
Considering all of the above, we conclude Tinch did not alter
established Nevada Supreme Court precedent governing the admission of a
victim's violent acts when the defendant raises self-defense. Rather,
Burgeon remains the controlling authority for admitting such evidence. We
note that the admission of a victim's prior violent acts under Burgeon is still
subject to general evidentiary requirements, such as relevance,
consideration of unfair prejudice, and competence. See NRS 48.025; NRS
48.035; NRS 50.025. In addition, the decision to admit such acts remains
within the district court's sound discretion, and we emphasize that the
district court "should exercise care that the evidence of specific violent acts
of the victim not be allowed to extend to the point that it is being offered to
prove the victim acted in conformity with his violent tendencies." Daniel,
119 Nev. at 516, 78 P.3d at 902 (quoting State v. Daniels, 465 N.W.2d 633,
637 (Wis. 1991)). To further reduce the risk of prejudice or of such evidence
being used for an improper propensity purpose, the district court may also,
upon request from either party, provide a limiting instruction restricting
the evidence to its proper scope. See NRS 47.110 (providing that when
evidence is admitted for one purpose but is inadmissible for another
purpose, the court, upon request, shall instruct the jury as to its proper
scope).
In this case, the parties do not dispute that Pinney raised a self-
defense claim, and the record amply illustrates Pinney's intent to admit
Rarnirez-More's prior violent acts in support of that claim. Under Burgeon,
Ramirez-More's violent acts could have been admitted if Pinney had

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knowledge of those acts or if those acts were communicated to him. 102
Nev. at 45-46, 714 P.2d at 578. Thus, we conclude the district court abused
its discretion when it applied Tinch to exclude all evidence of Ramirez-
More's violent acts.
Despite the misapplication of the Tinch standard, the irnproper
exclusion of evidence only warrants reversal if the error was not harmless.
Dickey v. State, 140 Nev., Adv. Op. 2, 540 P.3d 442, 450 (2024); see also NRS
178.598 (stating that any error that does not affect a defendant's substantial
rights shall be disregarded). An error is harmless unless it "had [a]
substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's
verdict." Mclellan v. State, 124 Nev. 263, 270, 182 P.3d 106, 111 (2008)
(quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)).
We are not convinced that the district court's application of
Tinch and subsequent exclusion of the four prior incidents known by
Pinney—particularly Ramirez-More's history of threatening Pinney and
others with knives—was harmless. Pinney and the State offered competing
interpretations of the evidence, and the crux of Pinney's defense theory was
his self-defense claim. His conviction fundamentally turned on the jury's
determination of whether Pinney's use of force was reasonable under the
circumstances. The defendant's credibility is a central consideration in self-
defense cases, see Pineda v. State, 120 Nev. 204, 210, 88 P.3d 827, 832 (2004)
("By testifying that he took the life of [the victim] in self-defense, Pineda
placed his credibility squarely in issue."), and the exclusion of Ramirez-
More's prior violent acts inhibited the jury's assessment of Pinney's state of
mind in reacting to Ramirez-More.
In addition, at the pretrial evidentiary hearing, Waters and
Jensen also described specific incidents of violence by Ramirez-More.

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However, we are unable to discern from the record on appeal whether those
acts were admissible under Burgeon. Our inability stems at least in part
from the exclusion of testimony at that hearing about Pinney's knowledge
of those acts. When Pinney attempted to elicit testimony from the witnesses
regarding what they told him about Ramirez-More's conduct, or when
Pinney tried to testify about what others told him, the district court
sustained the State's hearsay objections.
Hearsay is generally defined as "a statement offered in evidence
to prove the truth of the matter asserted." NRS 51.035. Pinney's proffered
testimony, however, went to his state of mind for purposes of his self-
defense claim and was necessary to establish his knowledge under Burgeon.
Therefore, the testimony was not hearsay because it was not offered to prove
the truth of the matter asserted. Because of the objections and the court
precluding the testimony, the record is not clear regarding what Pinney
knew about Ramirez-More's history. And in the absence of a developed
record or factual findings by the district court, we decline to determine in
the first instance whether Pinney had knowledge of these prior violent acts
to satisfy the Burgeon standard. See Ryan's Express Transp. Servs., Inc. v.
Amador Stage Lines, Inc., 128 Nev. 289, 299, 279 P.3d 166, 172 (2012) ("An
appellate court is not particularly well-suited to make factual
determinations in the first instance.").
Notwithstanding our inability to assess the exclusion of the
violent acts observed by others, given that we are unable to conclude the
district court's error was harmless due to the exclusion of Ramirez-More's
violent acts known by Pinney, we reverse Pinney's judgment of conviction
and remand the matter for a new trial.

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:_
Pinney also contends the district court erred in limiting the
evidence of Ramirez-More's prior convictions. We agree. The admission of
a victim's prior convictions to support a self-defense claim is likewise
governed by Burgeon. See Petty, 116 Nev. at 327, 997 P.2d at 803. The
district court abused its discretion by failing to evaluate the admission of
Ramirez-More's prior convictions under that standard. The court
determined that the convictions held "no probative value" based on the date
of the convictions alone, but they were relevant and probative of Pinney's
self-defense claim to the extent Pinney had knowledge of those convictions.5
Burgeon, 102 Nev. at 45-46, 714 P.2d at 578; Petty, 116 Nev. at 327, 997
P.2d at 803. However, like the testimony regarding Ramirez-More's prior
violent acts, the record on appeal is limited with respect to Pinney's
knowledge of the prior convictions, and the district court did not make
relevant factual findings. Thus, we decline to determine in the first
instance if Ramirez-More's prior convictions were admissible pursuant to
Burgeon."
On remand, prior to retrial, the district court must permit
Pinney and other witnesses to testify about the scope of Pinney's knowledge
regarding Ramirez-More's violent acts, including his prior convictions, so

5The record does not reflect when Ramirez-More was released from
confinement on those convictions, which is also relevant when evaluating
the convictions' probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice.
6 We note that Burgeon does not control the admission of a victim's
prior convictions when offered for purposes other than to support a self-
defense claim, such as for impeachment. See NRS 50.095. To the extent
Pinney attempted to introduce Rarnirez-More's prior convictions for
impeachment purposes, the State acknowledged the convictions were not
too remote under NRS 50.095.

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that the court may adequately determine whether those acts should be
admitted under Burgeon. In addition, the district court must evaluate each
alleged violent act for admission independently and determine, within its
sound discretion, whether those acts are admissible. See Petty, 116 Nev. at
326-27, 997 P.2d at 803 ("The district court properly excluded evidence of
the 1997 conviction, but abused its discretion by excluding the 1990
conviction evidence.").
CONCLUSION
When a defendant moves to introduce a victim's prior violent
acts in support of a self-defense claim, the acts may be admitted pursuant
to Burgeon if the defendant had knowledge of those acts. Here, the district
court abused its discretion by failing to determine whether Ramirez-More's
prior acts and convictions were admissible pursuant to Burgeon. Because
we cannot say the exclusion of Pinney's evidence was harmless in this case,
we reverse Pinney's judgment of conviction and remand for a new trial.7

C.J.
Gibbons

411114
mivivia, , J.
Bulla

, J.
Westbrook

7 Insofar as Pinney raises other arguments not specifically addressed
in this opinion, we have considered the same and conclude that they do not
present a basis for relief or need. not be addressed given the disposition of
this appeal.

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