John Benedetto v. Little Ferry Borough

TAX COURT OF NEW JERSEY

Joshua D. Novin Washington & Court Streets, 1st Floor
Judge P.O. Box 910
Morristown, New Jersey 07963
Tel: (609) 815-2922, Ext. 54680
Fax: (973) 656-4305

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL
OF THE TAX COURT COMMITTEE ON OPINIONS

September 6, 2017

Nathan P. Wolf, Esq.
Chad Wolf, Esq.
Law Office of Nathan P. Wolf, LLC
673 Morris Avenue
Springfield, New Jersey 07081

Thomas Quirico, Esq.1
74 Central Avenue
Hackensack, New Jersey 07601

Re: John Benedetto v. Little Ferry Borough
Docket Nos. 004385-2006, 010521-2009, 004065-2010,
009317-2011 and 006900-2014

Dear Mr. Wolf and Mr. Quirico:

This letter constitutes the court’s opinion following trial of local property tax appeals filed

by plaintiff, John Benedetto (“plaintiff”). Plaintiff challenges the 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, and

2014 tax year assessments on the improved property located in the Borough of Little Ferry, County

of Bergen and State of New Jersey.

For the reasons stated more fully below, the court reduces the 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, and

2014 tax year assessments.

1
Joseph G. Monaghan, Esq. represented the Borough of Little Ferry at trial. Substitutions of Attorney were
thereafter filed with the court by Thomas Quirico, Esq. on behalf of Little Ferry Borough.
I. Procedural History and Findings of Fact

Plaintiff is the owner of the real property and improvements located at 100 Riser Road,

Little Ferry, New Jersey. The property is identified on the tax map of the Borough of Little Ferry

as Block 71.01, Lot 3 (the “subject property”). For the 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014 tax

years, the subject property was assessed as follows:

Land: $1,200,000
Improvement: $2,848,900
Total: $4,048,900

The average ratio of assessed to true value, commonly referred to as the Chapter 123 ratio, for

Little Ferry Borough (“defendant”) is 113.5% for the 2006 tax year, 91.96% for the 2009 tax year,

97.13% for the 2010 tax year, 91.31% for the 2011 tax year, and 98.53% or the 2014 tax year. See

N.J.S.A. 54:1-35a(a). When the average ratio is applied to the assessment, the implied equalized

value of the subject property is $4,048,900 for the 2006 tax year, $4,402,892.50 for the 2009 tax

year, $4,168,537 for the 2010 tax year, $4,434,235 for the 2011 tax year, and $4,109,306.80 for

the 2014 tax year.

The site is an irregularly-shaped, triangular 1.8 acre lot, containing approximately 305 feet

of frontage along Riser Road. The site is improved with a one-story masonry and steel frame

industrial warehouse building constructed in approximately the mid-1980’s. The building is

irregularly shaped, attempting to maximize lot coverage, containing a side with an approximate

45° degree angle, and seven 90° degree angles. The building contains a ground floor with 37,400

square feet of warehouse area, plus 5,000 square feet of unfinished mezzanine area, four loading

docks, and one drive-in door.2 Included in the 37,400 square feet of warehouse area is 5,000 square

2
Conflicting testimony was initially presented to the court regarding the subject property’s building size. During
direct examination, plaintiff’s appraiser testified that the ground floor of the building contained 37,000 square feet of
warehouse area (inclusive of 5,000 square feet of finished office area), plus 5,000 square feet of unfinished
mezzanine, based on his review of architectural renderings, discussions with the subject property’s real estate

2
feet of supportive finished office area (located directly beneath the unfinished mezzanine area).

The interior of the building, including the warehouse area, office area, and mezzanine is segregated

into two separate tenant units, divided by a fire-rated wall. Unit 1 contains approximately 15,700

square feet of warehouse (including 2,500 square feet of finished office area), plus 2,500 square

feet of unfinished mezzanine, with private access to two loading docks. Unit 2 contains

approximately 21,700 square feet of warehouse (including 2,500 square feet of finished office

area), plus 2,500 square feet of unfinished mezzanine, with private access to two loading docks.

The mezzanine areas are only accessible from open stairways located within each warehouse unit.

One of the mezzanine areas is also accessible from an elevated pass-through carved into the

masonry wall. The building has an overall height of 26 feet with an interior ceiling height of 24

feet. Due to the unusual lot configuration and building footprint, tractor-trailers must access the

loading docks by backing onto the subject property from Riser Road.

The warehouses are heated by “gas fired package units” suspended from the ceiling. The

finished office areas are centrally heated and cooled. One of the warehouse areas is also centrally

cooled. The subject property is serviced by public and private utilities including electric, natural

gas, water, and sewer.

The recent leasing history of the subject property disclosed that unit one was leased to

Dassault Falcon Jet Corp. from July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2008, at an annual rental rate of $117,000,

or $7.55 per square foot, net. Upon expiration of the lease term, Dassault Falcon Jet Corp. vacated

broker, and the use of an on-line building square footage calculator. Conversely, defendant’s expert testified during
direct examination that the ground floor of the building contained 39,975 square feet of warehouse area (inclusive of
4,800 square feet of finished office area), plus 3,000 square feet of usable unfinished mezzanine. Defendant’s
appraiser excluded from his computation approximately 1,800 square feet of mezzanine area he deemed unusable
due to accessibility issues. Thereafter, during trial, the parties stipulated that the ground floor of the building
contained 37,400 square feet, however, the parties could not agree on the size of the finished office and mezzanine
area. The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony regarding the size of the finished office and unfinished
mezzanine areas to be more credible.

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unit one. Thereafter, on or about October 1, 2009, unit one was leased to Spirit Tex, LLC for a

term of three years with a three year option, at an annual rental rate of $72,924.87 or approximately

$4.70 per square foot, net. According to plaintiff’s appraiser, Spirit Tex paid their annual base

rent, but did not pay their common area charges. In or about June 2012, Spirit Tex modified their

lease, agreeing to pay gross rent of $7,000 per month, from June 2012 to May 2014. In or about

May 2014, Spirit Tex vacated unit one. On July 1, 2014, Castillo Distributors entered into a five-

year lease agreement for unit one at an initial annual rental rate of $83,768.64, or approximately

$5.40 per square foot, net. The Castillo Distributors lease contains a rent step-up from January 1,

2017 to June 30, 2019, increasing the annual rent to $89,768.64, or approximately $5.79 per square

foot, net.

Midway Aircraft Instrument Corporation (“Midway”) was a tenant in the subject property

from 1987 to 2013. In 2007, Midway entered into a lease renewal for unit two for the period

January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012. From January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010, Midway

paid annual rent of $200,490.00, or approximately $9.33 per square foot, net. The lease provided

that from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012, the annual rent would increase to $204,180.00,

or approximately $9.50 per square foot, net. Midway vacated unit two in May 2013. Thereafter,

Otto Tile leased unit two for the period from September 1, 2013 to October 30, 2018, at an initial

annual rental rate of $129,030.00, or approximately $6.01 per square foot, net. The lease provides

for an annual 4.5% rent step-up during the first five years of the lease term to a peak rent of

$153,725.00 annually, or approximately $7.15 per square foot, net. The Otto Tile lease includes

two months free rent, common area maintenance charges, and real estate taxes.

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In addition, an area of the building’s roof is leased to Omnipoint Communications, Inc.,

for maintenance of cellular communications devices/antenna, under a lease dated October 1, 2001,

at an annual rental rate of $18,000.00.

The subject property is located in an industrial area of Little Ferry Borough abutting

Teterboro Airport.3 The property is located in a neighborhood consisting of mixed office,

commercial, and industrial uses. The property is located within the I-R Restricted Industrial

District, which permits light industrial manufacturing, assembling, packaging, processing,

warehousing, and wholesale activities. The subject property does not conform with the current

bulk zoning requirements of the I-R Restricted Industrial District, and therefore is considered a

pre-existing legal non-conforming use.

At trial, plaintiff and defendant each offered testimony from a State of New Jersey certified

general real estate appraiser, who the court accepted, without objection, as experts in the property

valuation field. Each appraiser prepared an appraisal report expressing an opinion of the true

value of the subject property as of the October 1, 2005, October 1, 2008, October 1, 2009, October

1, 2010, and October 1, 2013 valuation dates. The appraisers utilized both the income

capitalization and sales comparison approaches to value the subject property.

The appraisers offered their opinions that the subject property had a true market value as

follows:

Valuation date Plaintiff’s appraiser Defendant’s appraiser
October 1, 2005 $2,850,000 $4,050,000
October 1, 2008 $2,900,000 $3,900,000
October 1, 2009 $2,995,000 $3,645,000

3
The Teterboro Airport is recognized as the “oldest operating airport in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan
area.” The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey owns and operates the Teterboro Airport terminal, which
serves as a corporate air facility and air express terminal, removing smaller aircraft and congestion from the Port
Authority’s commercial airports. See http://www.panynj.gov/airports/teb-about.html.

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October 1, 2010 $2,695,000 $3,900,000
October 1, 2013 $2,710,000 $4,250,000

II. Conclusions of Law

a. Presumption of Validity

“Original assessments and judgments of county boards of taxation are entitled to a

presumption of validity.” MSGW Real Estate Fund, LLC v. Borough of Mountain Lakes, 18 N.J.

Tax 364, 373 (Tax 1998). “Based on this presumption, the appealing taxpayer has the burden of

proving that the assessment is erroneous.” Pantasote Co. v. City of Passaic, 100 N.J. 408, 413

(1985) (citing Riverview Gardens v. North Arlington Borough, 9 N.J. 167, 174 (1952)). “The

presumption of correctness. . . stands, until sufficient competent evidence to the contrary is

adduced.” Little Egg Harbor Township v. Bonsangue, 316 N.J. Super. 271, 285-86 (App. Div.

1998). A taxpayer can only rebut the presumption by introducing “cogent evidence” of true value.

That is, evidence “definite, positive and certain in quality and quantity to overcome the

presumption.” Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Newark City, 10 N.J. 99, 105 (1952). Thus, at the close of

plaintiff’s proofs, the court must be presented with evidence that raises a “debatable question as to

the validity of the assessment.” MSGW Real Estate Fund, LLC, supra, 18 N.J. Tax at 376.

In evaluating whether the evidence presented meets the “cogent evidence” standard, the

court “must accept such evidence as true and accord the plaintiff all legitimate inferences which

can be deduced from the evidence.” Id. at 376 (citing Brill v. Guardian Life Insurance Co. of

America, 142 N.J. 520 (1995)). The evidence presented, when viewed under the Brill standard

“must be ‘sufficient to determine the value of the property under appeal, thereby establishing the

existence of a debatable question as to the correctness of the assessment.’” West Colonial Enters,

LLC v. City of East Orange, 20 N.J. Tax 576, 579 (Tax 2003) (quoting Lenal Properties, Inc. v.

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City of Jersey City, 18 N.J. Tax 405, 408 (Tax 1999), aff’d, 18 N.J. Tax 658 (App. Div. 2000),

certif. denied, 165 N.J. 488 (2000)). “Only after the presumption is overcome with sufficient

evidence. . . must the court ‘appraise the testimony, make a determination of true value and fix the

assessment.’” Greenblatt v. Englewood City, 26 N.J. Tax 41, 52 (Tax 2011) (quoting Rodwood

Gardens, Inc. v. City of Summit, 188 N.J. Super. 34, 38-39 (App. Div. 1982)).

At the close of plaintiff’s proofs, defendant moved to dismiss these matters under R. 4:37-

2(b), arguing that plaintiff’s expert’s opinion was a net opinion and therefore, plaintiff failed to

overcome the presumption of validity. The court denied defendant’s motion and placed a

statement of reasons on the record.

However, concluding that the presumption of validity has been overcome does not equate

to a finding by the court that a local property tax assessment is erroneous. Once the presumption

has been overcome, “the court must then turn to a consideration of the evidence adduced on behalf

of both parties and conclude the matter based on a fair preponderance of the evidence.” Ford Motor

Co. v. Township of Edison, 127 N.J. 290, 312 (1992). The court must be mindful that “although

there may have been enough evidence [presented] to overcome the presumption of correctness at

the close of plaintiff’s case-in-chief, the burden of proof remain[s] on the taxpayer. . . to

demonstrate that the judgment [or local property tax assessment] under review was incorrect.” Id.

at 314-15 (citing Pantasote Co., supra, 100 N.J. at 413).

b. Highest and Best Use

In the court’s pursuit to determine the true market value of the subject property,

consideration must be given to that price which a hypothetical buyer would pay a hypothetical

seller, neither of which are constrained to purchase or sell the property, as of October 1 of the

pretax year. See Petrizzo v. Edgewater, 2 N.J. Tax 197, 200 (Tax 1981); Genola Ventures v.

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Shrewsbury Bor., 2 N.J. Tax 541, 551 (Tax 1981). An indispensable element to the process of

property valuation and to the determination of a property’s true market value is discerning its

highest and best use. Ford Motor Co. v. Township of Edison, 10 N.J. Tax 153, 161 (Tax 1988),

aff’d o.b., 12 N.J. Tax 244 (App. Div. 1990), aff’d, 127 N.J. 290 (1992). See also General Motors

Corp. v. City of Linden, 22 N.J. Tax 95, 107 (Tax 2005). “For local property tax assessment

purposes, property must be valued at its highest and best use.” Entenmann's Inc. v. Totowa

Borough, 18 N.J. Tax 540, 545 (Tax 2000). Thus, the highest and best use analysis is often referred

to as “the first and most important step in the valuation process.” Ford Motor Co., supra, 10 N.J.

Tax at 161.

The phrase highest and best use is defined as follows:

The reasonably probable and legal use of vacant land or an improved
property that is physically possible, appropriately supported,
financially feasible, and that results in the highest value. . .
Alternatively, the probable use of land or improved property –
specific with respect to the user and timing of the use – that is
adequately supported and results in the highest present value.

[Appraisal Institute, The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal (5th ed.
2010).]

Thus, the highest and best use analysis comprises the “sequential consideration of the

following four criteria, determining whether the use of the subject property is: 1) legally

permissible; 2) physically possible; 3) financially feasible; and 4) maximally productive.”

Clemente v. Township of South Hackensack, 27 N.J. Tax 255, 267-269 (Tax 2013), aff’d, 28 N.J.

Tax 337 (App. Div. 2015). See also County of Monmouth v. Hilton, 334 N.J. Super. 582, 588

(App. Div. 2000).

Here, after consideration of the highest and best use criteria, both plaintiff’s appraiser and

defendant’s appraiser concluded that the highest and best use of the subject property, as vacant, is

8
for industrial development in accordance with the I-R Restricted Industrial zoning regulations.

Moreover, after giving consideration to all legally permitted, physically possible, financially

feasible, and maximally productive alternate uses, both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s

appraiser concluded that the highest and best use of the subject property, as improved, was the

existing industrial use of the subject property as a warehouse.

c. Methodology

“There is no single determinative approach to the valuation of real property.” 125 Monitor

Street LLC v. City of Jersey City, 21 N.J. Tax 232, 237-238 (Tax 2004) (citing Samuel Hird &

Sons, Inc. v. City of Garfield, 87 N.J. Super. 65, 72 (App. Div. 1965)); ITT Continental Baking

Co. v. East Brunswick Township, 1 N.J. Tax 244, 251 (Tax 1980). “There are three traditional

appraisal methods utilized to predict what a willing buyer would pay a willing seller on a given

date, applicable to different types of properties: the comparable sales method, capitalization of

income and cost.” Brown v. Borough of Glen Rock, 19 N.J. Tax 366, 376 (App. Div. 2001) (citing

Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal of Real Estate 81 (11th ed. 1996), certif. denied, 168 N.J. 291

(2001)). The “decision as to which valuation approach should predominate depends upon the facts

of the particular case and the reaction to these facts by the experts.” Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of

New York v. Neptune Township, 8 N.J. Tax 169, 176 (Tax 1986) (citing New Brunswick v. Tax

Appeals Div., 39 N.J. 537 (1963)). See also WCI-Westinghouse, Inc. v. Edison Township, 7 N.J.

Tax, 610, 619 (Tax 1985), aff’d, 9 N.J. Tax 86 (App. Div. 1986). However, when the proofs

submitted in support of one approach overshadow those submitted in support of any other

approach, the court may conclude which approach should prevail. ITT Continental Baking Co.,

supra, 1 N.J. Tax 244; Pennwalt Corp. v. Holmdel Township, 4 N.J. Tax 51 (Tax 1982).

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1. Income Capitalization Approach

When a property is income-producing, the income capitalization approach is the favored

method for determining the estimated value of that property. Parkway Village Apartments Co. v.

Township of Cranford, 8 N.J. Tax 430 (Tax 1985), aff’d, 9 N.J. Tax 199 (App. Div. 1986), rev'd

on other grounds, 108 N.J. 266 (1987); Helmsley v. Borough of Fort Lee, 78 N.J. 200 (1978); Hull

Junction Holding Corp. v. Borough of Princeton, 16 N.J. Tax 68, 79 (Tax 1996). The income

capitalization approach is “based on the principle of anticipation, which states that value is created

by the expectation of benefits to be derived in the future. In other words, the value of an apartment

property reflects what a prudent purchaser-investor would pay for the present worth of an

anticipated annual income stream and the reversionary benefit to be realized at the end of the

anticipated holding period.” Appraisal Institute, The Valuation of Apartment Properties, 97 (2nd

ed. 2008). Thus, the income capitalization approach converts the benefits to be realized from a

future stream of income and reversionary benefit into a present value. As Judge Hopkins

succinctly stated, in valuing a property using the income capitalization approach:

the gross rental value of the property is estimated. From the
estimated gross rental there is deducted a factor for possible
vacancies and collection losses. This results in effective gross
income. Then all the expenses involved in running the property are
subtracted, resulting in net income. Net income is the money which
an investor could expect to receive through an investment in the
property. It is computed into a value by means of a capitalization
rate which embodies consideration of capital cost, remaining
economic life of the property, and the degree of risk involved.

[Lamm Associates v. West Caldwell Bor., 1 N.J. Tax 373, 377 (Tax
1980).]

Thus, the first and often most critical “step in applying the income approach is to accurately

forecast the future income and expenses associated with ownership of the property.” The Valuation

of Apartment Properties, supra, at 97. Forecasting a property’s gross rental income requires an

10
appraiser to discern “the economic rent, also known as the ‘market rent’ or ‘fair rental value.’”

Parkway Village Apartments, supra, 108 N.J. at 270; see also New Brunswick v. State Div. of Tax

Appeals, 39 N.J. 537 (1963).

Here, both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser valued the subject property under

the income capitalization approach and placed the greatest degree of weight on this approach

because the subject property was income-producing as of each valuation date involved herein.

a. Market Rent

The term market rent or economic rent, refers to “the most probable rent that a property

should bring in a competitive and open market reflecting all conditions and restrictions of the lease

agreement, including permitted uses, use restrictions, expense obligations, term, concessions,

renewal and purchase options and tenant improvements.” The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal,

supra, at 121-22. The market rent ascribed to a property under the income approach may differ

substantially from the “contract rent,” or actual rent collected by the owner of the property, which

may be below market rates. Parkview Village Assocs. v. Borough of Collingswood, 62 N.J. 21,

29-30 (1972).

In conducting their analysis and approaches to value, both plaintiff’s appraiser and

defendant’s appraiser first identified the subject property’s market area, which they both defined

as the Northern New Jersey industrial warehouse market, and more specifically the Meadowlands

industrial warehouse market, and Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse sub-market.

Plaintiff’s appraiser identified twenty warehouse leases and defendant’s appraiser

identified twenty-three warehouse leases they considered reflective of the market rent as of the

valuation dates. All of the leases selected by plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers were triple net

11
leases, where in addition to the base rent, the tenant is responsible for a percentage of common

charges and real estate taxes.

1. Adjustments

Adjustments must have a foundation obtained from market-derived sources or objective

data and not be based on subjective observations and/or personal experience. An appraiser’s

adjustments “must have a foundation obtained from the market. . .” Greenblatt, supra, 26 N.J. Tax

at 55. “[T]he opinion of an expert depends upon the facts and reasoning which form the basis of

the opinion. Without explanation as to the basis, the opinion of the expert is entitled to little

weight in this regard.” Ibid. When an expert “offers an opinion without providing specific

underlying reasons. . . he ceases to be an aid to the trier of fact.” Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., 286

N.J. Super. 533, 540 (App. Div. 1996), certif. denied, 145 N.J. 374 (1996)). The expert is required

to “give the why and wherefore of his expert opinion, not just a mere conclusion.” Ibid. When an

expert’s opinion lacks a reliable foundation, supported by facts and objective market data, “the

court cannot extrapolate value.” Inmar Associates v. Edison Township, 2 N.J. Tax 59, 66 (Tax

1980). Thus, if an expert does not provide a sufficient explanation of the basis of his adjustments,

“the opinion of the expert is entitled to little weight in this regard.” Dworman v. Tinton Falls, 1

N.J. Tax 445, 458 (Tax 1980) (citing to Passaic v. Gera Mills, 55 N.J. Super. 73 (App. Div. 1959),

certif. denied, 30 N.J. 153 (1959)).

Here, plaintiff’s appraiser applied adjustments to the comparable rentals to account for

perceived differences in: market conditions/time (ranging from 0% to 5%); location (ranging from

0% to 2.5%); size (ranging from 0% to 5%); physical attributes/ceiling height (ranging from 0%

to 5%); and age/condition (ranging from 0% to 10%).

12
Similarly, defendant’s appraiser applied adjustments to the comparable rentals to account

for perceived differences in: size (ranging from 0% to 7.5%); ceiling height (ranging from 0% to

5%); and supportive office area (ranging from 0% to 7.5%).

a. Size

Both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser expressed that an inverse relationship

exists between leased area and rental value. The smaller a leased area, the higher the rental value

correspondingly, the larger the leased area, the lower the rental value. However, in fixing the

parameters that defined their size adjustments, plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers adopted very

different approaches.

Plaintiff’s appraiser averaged the leased area of the two rental units on the subject property,

determining an average leased area of 18,500 square feet. Thus, the leased area of plaintiff’s

appraiser’s comparable rentals ranged from 5,000 to 32,000 square feet. In plaintiff’s appraiser’s

opinion, a downward adjustment of 2.50% was warranted to each comparable rental for each 5,000

square feet of leased area below 15,000 square feet. Plaintiff’s appraiser further opined that a 5%

upward adjustment was warranted to comparable rentals containing approximately 30,000 square

feet of leased area.

Conversely, defendant’s appraiser compared and contrasted the entire leased area of the

subject property, or 37,400 square feet, to his comparable rentals. Defendant’s appraiser explained

that he reviewed twenty leases to discern that a difference in rental rate of 7.49% existed between

leased areas greater than, and less than 100,000 square feet. Thus, defendant’s appraiser made an

upward adjustment for size of 7.5% to those comparable rentals having a leased area greater than

100,000 square feet. However, defendant’s appraiser made no size adjustment to account for

differences in leased area for comparable rentals containing less than 100,000 square feet. The

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leased area of defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals ranged from 12,000 to 197,445 square

feet.

Here, both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser opined that the highest and best

use of the subject property was its continuation as a multi-tenanted industrial warehouse building.

Credible testimony was presented by both appraisers that a firewall exists in the subject property,

creating two separate and distinct rental units. Moreover, evidence was offered during trial

revealing that as of each valuation date, the subject property was leased to two different tenants.

No evidence was proffered by either defendant’s appraiser, nor plaintiff’s appraiser that the subject

property was offered for lease to a single tenant, during any of the tax years at issue. Furthermore,

no evidence was presented by either appraiser to address what physical modifications would be

required to the interior of the subject property to enable it to be utilized by a single tenant.

Therefore, the court finds the parameters of comparison used by plaintiff’s appraiser - i.e., selecting

and contrasting the subject property to comparable rentals based on the average of the leased area

of the two rental units - to be more accurate and representative of the market. The court does not

find the parameters employed by defendant’s appraiser, making size adjustments for leased areas

only in excess of 100,000 square feet, to be reasonable. These parameters resulted in defendant’s

appraiser making no adjustment for size to comparable rentals containing between 12,000 and

95,542 square feet.

In general, the court accepts the size adjustments employed by plaintiff’s appraiser as

reasonable, and finds them supported by the evidence and comparable rental data presented.

However, the court concludes that modifications to plaintiff’s appraiser’s size adjustments are

necessary. Plaintiff’s appraiser made no size adjustments to his comparable rentals 17, 18, and 20,

although they range from 24,000 to 24,433 square feet and thus, are approximately 23% larger

14
than the average size of the units on the subject property. Plaintiff’s appraiser posited that the

range of competitive and comparable rentals to the subject property was between 15,000 and

25,000 square feet. Therefore, he deemed no adjustment necessary to comparable rentals meeting

those parameters. However, based on the evidence presented, the court does not find plaintiff’s

appraiser’s rationale for adjusting a comparable rental containing 25,000 square feet, but failing to

adjust a comparable rental containing 24,433 square feet reasonable. Accordingly, the court finds

that an upward 5% size adjustment is warranted to plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 17,

18, and 20.

Additionally, it is necessary for the court to account for the size adjustments required to

defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals containing a leased area exceeding 30,000 square feet.

To discern the approximate size adjustments required, the court has compared and contrasted

defendant’s comparable rentals 11, 12, 13, and 14; four leases entered into within five months of

one another. Such comparison has revealed that rental 11 and 12, properties within the 15,000 to

25,000 square foot range, were renting for substantially similar values per square foot. In addition,

comparable rentals 13 and 14, properties within the 46,000 to 65,000 square foot range were

renting for substantially similar values per square foot. However, due to the inverse relationship

that exists between leased area and rental value, comparable rentals 13 and 14 were leasing for

values approximately 15% to 18% below those of rentals 11 and 12. Thus, accepting plaintiff’s

appraiser’s opinion, that a leased area containing 25,000 to 30,000 square feet requires a 5%

upward size adjustment, the court will adjust defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals

containing: (i) 31,000 to 45,000 square feet, an additional 4% upward; and (ii) 46,000 to 65,000

square feet, an additional 4% upward.

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These parameters are further confirmed by the court’s analysis of defendant’s comparable

rentals 16 and 18. These properties are located within the same municipality and were leased

within two months of one another. Comparable rental 16 is approximately 69,000 square feet and

comparable rental 18 is approximately 35,000 square feet. Comparable rental 16 leased for

approximately 4% less than comparable rental 18, suggesting that an upward rental adjustment of

4% between these two parameters of comparison is reasonable.

Moreover, the elements of comparison to be “considered in [a comparable] rental analysis

are. . . physical characteristics - size, height, interior finish, functional layout, site amenities, etc.”

Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal of Real Estate, 466 (14th ed. 2013). In selecting appropriate

elements of comparison, an appraiser must focus on those similarities and differences that affect

value and account for those differences by making reasonable adjustments. By definition,

comparability does not require properties to be identical, “differences between a comparable

property and the subject property are anticipated. They are dealt with by adjustments recognizing

and explaining these differences, and then relating the two properties to each other in a meaningful

way so that an estimate of the value of one can be determined from the value of the other.” U.S.

Life Realty Corp. v. Jackson Township, 9 N.J. Tax 66, 72 (Tax 1987). However, it is pivotal that

an appraiser establish appropriate “elements of comparison for a given appraisal through market

research and support those conclusions with market evidence.” The Appraisal of Real Estate,

supra, at 390. Here, the court does not find that leased areas containing 3½ times or more the

average size of the units in the subject property are comparable to and thus, competitive in the

marketplace with the subject property. Accordingly, the court must reject defendant’s appraiser’s

comparable rentals containing leased areas in excess of 65,000 square feet.

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b. Ceiling height

Both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser identified that certain physical

attributes of a warehouse, - specifically its ceiling height - account for marked differences in rental

value. In the opinion of both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser, warehouse ceiling

heights less than 20 feet represent substandard conditions, warranting a 5% upward adjustment.

This court has recognized that “[n]ormally in a warehouse, manufacturing/industrial plant,

high ceilings up to a certain height are desirable.” Congoleum Corp. v. Hamilton Twp., 7 N.J. Tax

436, 455 (Tax 1985). See also 90 Riverdale, L.L.C. v. Borough of Riverdale, 27 N.J. Tax 328, 342

(Tax 2013). “[F]or optimal functional utility, warehouses should have adequate access, open areas,

ceiling height, floor load capacity, humidity and temperature controls, shipping and receiving

facilities, fire protection, and protection from the elements.” The Appraisal of Real Estate, supra,

at 266. Although smaller warehouses “can be operated with a clear [ceiling height] spans of 15 to

20 feet. . . higher ceilings may be standard in the market.” Ibid. at 267. The clear ceiling height

span in a warehouse should be “[a]nywhere from 21 to 35 feet.” Ibid. at 266. “Generally, a clear

height of 28½ feet is ideal. Clear heights less than 20 feet represent significant functional

obsolescence, and those less than 15 feet represent severe obsolescence.” Douglas McNight, “A

practical guide to Evaluating the Functional Utility of Warehouses,” The Appraisal Journal, Vol.

LXVII, No. 1 (January 1999), 29-36, at 30, cited in The Appraisal of Real Estate, 268, n. 8 (13th

ed. 2008), cited in 90 Riverdale, L.L.C., supra, 27 N.J. Tax 333, n. 6.

Here however, neither plaintiff’s appraiser nor defendant’s appraiser offered meaningful

surveys or market data in support of their ceiling height adjustment parameters. Cross-

examination revealed plaintiff’s appraiser’s view that the ceiling height adjustment “is a market

phenomenon that I observed, and I have considered my knowledge of the difference in construction

17
costs and differences in height, I have considered that, and to the extent that cost push[es] value

somewhat, there are those differences.” However, no analysis of the cost to construct an industrial

warehouse was set forth in plaintiff’s appraisal report, and only limited testimony was offered by

plaintiff’s appraiser on the cost to construct a warehouse. Plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony offered

little insight into the additional costs which would be borne to construct a warehouse with a 20

foot ceiling height versus with a 14 or 15 foot ceiling height, and more importantly, how those

costs would translate into market value. Moreover, no evidence was offered by either appraiser

disclosing that a warehouse with an interior ceiling height of 20 feet will lease for 5% more than

a similarly situated and competitively priced warehouse having a ceiling height of 18 feet.

Nonetheless, the court acknowledges that both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s

appraiser have concluded that a 5% upward adjustment is warranted to industrial warehouses

containing a ceiling height less than 20 feet. Moreover, this court has previously recognized that

ceiling heights less than 20 feet “represent significant functional obsolescence, and those less than

15 feet represent severe obsolescence.” 90 Riverdale, L.L.C., supra, 27 N.J. Tax 333, n. 6.

Therefore, the court will accept plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’ 5% upward ceiling height

adjustment for each comparable warehouse rental containing a ceiling height between 15 to 19

feet. However, the court will not accept as comparable and competitive to the subject property

any industrial warehouse containing a ceiling height of 14 feet or less.

c. Supportive office

Defendant’s appraiser advanced that the Meadowlands industrial warehouse market and

Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse submarket demand supportive office space of between 5%

to 20%. Thus, he offered that a supportive office adjustment of 7.5% was necessary to each

comparable rental containing supportive office area greater than 20% of the leased area. To

18
substantiate his supportive office adjustment, defendant’s appraiser performed a paired analysis

of two groupings of the comparable rentals: (i) rentals 5, 7, and 10; and (ii) rentals 6, 8, and 9.

Based on his categorization and analysis of those groupings, defendant’s appraiser concluded that

market data supported increased rent, between 3.05% and 13.14%, for supportive office space

greater than 20% of the leased area. However, the court’s review of the data does not necessarily

support such paired analysis and conclusion. Defendant’s comparable rental 10 was entered into

seventeen months after comparable rental 5, and thirteen months after comparable rental 7,

however defendant’s appraiser failed to account for, or satisfactorily explain such time disparity.

Comparing defendant’s comparable rental 5 to comparable rental 7, the court observes that the

building age, leased area, ceiling height, location, and loading docks were all substantially similar.

Comparable rental 5 contained 13% supportive office space in contrast to comparable rental 7

which contained 22% office space. This difference in supportive office space represents a

difference of 3.15%. Comparing defendant’s comparable rental 9 to comparable rentals 6 and 8,

the court observes that the leased area of comparable rental 9 is approximately fifty percent less

than the leased area of rental 6, and forty percent less than the leased area of rental 8. However,

defendant’s appraiser failed to account for, or explain these material differences in leased area.

More importantly, comparable rental 6 was an amendment and renewal of a May 1, 2002 lease

agreement. Defendant’s appraiser did not consider the impact the lease renewal played on fixing

the lease price. Thus, the court concludes that there is inadequate support in the record for

defendant’s appraiser’s conclusion that a 7.5% adjustment is warranted for supportive office space

greater than 20%. Instead, the court will accept a 3% adjustment for supportive office space

greater than 20% of the leased area, as supported by the record.

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d. Location

In general, plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’ comparable rentals were located within

the Meadowlands industrial warehouse market and Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse

submarket, and thus required no location adjustments.

However, plaintiff’s comparable rental 16 was located in Leonia, outside of the

Meadowlands industrial warehouse market and Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse submarket.

Plaintiff’s appraiser adjusted comparable rental 16 by 2.5%, describing it as “an inferior industrial

area.” However, neither plaintiff’s appraiser’s report nor testimony disclosed any objective market

data in support of this location adjustment, other than the appraiser’s professional experience and

observations. Without the “why and wherefore” in support of his location adjustment, the court is

unable to discern its accuracy. Thus, the court must reject plaintiff’s appraiser’s location

adjustment, and comparable rental 16 as evidence of market rent.

e. Market Condition/Time

In plaintiff’s appraiser’s opinion, a downward market condition/time adjustment of 5% was

required to comparable rentals 10, 11, and 12 to account for “rapidly declining” rental rates

between the lease dates and the October 1, 2009 valuation date. The court observes that

comparable rental 10 was entered into 8 months prior to the October 1, 2009 valuation date;

comparable rental 11 was entered into 7 months prior to the October 1, 2009 valuation date; and

comparable rental 12 was entered into 4½ months prior to the October 1, 2009 valuation date.

Although the court acknowledges that during 2009 the country was experiencing an economic

recession, plaintiff’s appraiser offered no objective market data or surveys to support his 5%

adjustment. Moreover, the comparable rental information supplied by plaintiff’s appraiser, as of

the October 1, 2009 valuation date, is not conducive for performing a paired analysis, due to

20
variances in building size, age, and physical attributes. Accordingly, the court must reject

plaintiff’s appraiser’s market condition/time adjustments.

f. Age/Condition

In plaintiff’s appraiser’s opinion, the subject property, having been constructed in the mid-

1980’s, was more modern than the comparable rentals, requiring a 10% upward age/condition

adjustment. The court accepts plaintiff’s appraiser’s age/condition adjustment of 10% as

reasonable.

The range, per square foot, of plaintiff’s appraiser’s unadjusted rents and adjusted rents for

the twenty warehouse leases are set forth as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Unadjusted
$4.50 - $7.54 $5.50 - $7.95 $6.00 - $7.95 $5.00 - $7.70 $5.00 - $6.46
Rents
Adjusted
$4.95 - $8.57 $6.33 - $8.38 $6.75 - $8.47 $6.00 - $7.32 $5.00 - $6.78
rents

Ultimately, plaintiff’s appraiser concluded a market rent, per square foot, for the warehouse

area as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market rent $7.50 $7.30 $8.00 $6.70 $6.00

In addition, plaintiff’s appraiser concluded a market rent, per square foot, for the unfinished

mezzanine area as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market rent $3.75 $3.65 $4.00 $3.35 $3.00

Plaintiff’s appraiser’s conclusion of market rent for the unfinished mezzanine area was

computed by dividing his concluded market rent for the warehouse area by 50%.

The range, per square foot, of defendant’s appraiser’s unadjusted rents and adjusted rents

for the twenty-three warehouse leases are set forth as follows:

21
Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Unadjusted $6.88 - $8.12 $7.45 - $8.90 $6.77 - $8.43 $7.26 - $8.51 $7.91 - $8.26
Rents
Adjusted $7.40 - $8.56 $7.82 - $8.68 $6.77 - $8.43 $7.62 - $8.51 $8.26 - $8.73
rents

Ultimately, defendant’s appraiser concluded a market rent, per square foot, for the

warehouse area as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market rent $8.00 $8.00 $7.75 $8.25 $8.50

2. Conclusion

“The trial judge as the factfinder is not bound by the opinion valuation of the experts on

either side. Just as a jury, a judge may adopt ‘so much of it as appears sound, reject all of it, or

adopt all of it.’” Riorano, Inc. v. Weymouth Township, 4 N.J. Tax 550, 564 (Tax 1982) (quoting

State Highway Com. v. Dover, 109 N.J.L. 303, 307 (E. & A. 1932)). Our Supreme Court long

ago recognized that “[t]he Tax Court has not only the right, but the duty to apply its own judgment

to valuation data submitted by experts in order to arrive at a true value and find an assessment for

the years in question.” Glen Wall Associates v. Township of Wall, 99 N.J. 265, 280 (1985) (citing

New Cumberland Corp. v. Roselle, 3 N.J. Tax 345, 353

(Tax 1981). Thus, the court is faced with the responsibility of applying its own judgment to the

evidence presented to determine the true market value of the subject property.

Mindful of these principles, the court engaged in an analysis of the appraisal reports and

testimony offered by plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers, comparing and contrasting their

warehouse market rents, including those adjustments accepted by the court. After considering all

of the evidence presented, the court concludes the following market rents for the subject property:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market rent $8.50 $7.60 $7.75 $7.60 $6.15

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The primary reason for the court’s conclusion stems from the court’s analysis of plaintiff’s

and defendant’s appraisers’ comparable rentals, including the testimony offered thereon by each

appraiser.

a. October 1, 2005 valuation date

Plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 1 and 3 were most similar in size and age to the

subject property. In addition, comparable rentals 1 and 3 were executed within six months of the

October 1, 2005 valuation date. Conversely, plaintiff’s comparable rental 2 is approximately 40

years older than the subject property, and comparable rental 4 is approximately 25 years older.

Moreover, the court observes that plaintiff’s comparable rental 4 was entered into four months

following the October 1, 2005 valuation date. Thus, the court concludes that plaintiff’s appraiser’s

comparable rentals 1 and 3 are more accurate evidence of market rent. After adjustments,

plaintiff’s appraiser concluded an adjusted market rental rate of $8.28 for comparable rental 1, and

an adjusted market rental rate of $8.57 for comparable rental 3.

Defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rental 1 bears a similar interior ceiling height, and

required no adjustments for location, condition, supportive office, or loading docks. However, the

court will make a 9% upward adjustment to comparable rental 1 for size, based upon the

parameters identified above. The adjusted market rental rate for comparable rental 1 is $8.85.

Conversely, the leased area in defendant’s comparable rentals 2, 3, and 4 is approximately 4 to 5

times the average size of the rental units in the subject property. Thus, the court does not consider

defendant’s comparable rentals 2, 3, and 4 accurate evidence of market rent.

The range of market rents of plaintiff’s comparable rentals 1 and 3, and defendant’s

comparable rental 1 is from $8.28 to $8.85, with an average of $8.57. Thus, after consideration of

plaintiff’s adjusted rental values for comparable rentals 1 and 3, and defendant’s adjusted rental

23
rates for comparable rental 1, and attributing equal weight to the three rentals, the court concludes

a market rental rate of $8.50 for the subject property, as of the October 1, 2005 valuation date.

b. October 1, 2008 valuation date

Plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 5 and 6 were entered into approximately 2½ years

prior to the October 1, 2008 valuation date. In addition, comparable rental 10 was entered into

approximately 4 months after the October 1, 2008 valuation date. Accordingly, the court does not

find comparable rentals 5, 6, and 10 accurate evidence of market rent. Plaintiff’s comparable

rentals 7 and 8 were most similar in size to the average unit size on the subject property.

Additionally, comparable rentals 7, 8, and 9 were executed within twelve months of the October

1, 2008 valuation date. Moreover, comparable rental 9 was constructed approximately the same

time as the subject property. Thus, the court finds plaintiff’s comparable rentals 7, 8, and 9, more

accurate evidence of market rents as of the October 1, 2008 valuation date. After adjustments,

plaintiff’s appraiser concluded an adjusted rental rate of $7.23 for comparable rental 7, an adjusted

rental rate of $6.33 for comparable rental 8, and an adjusted rental rate of $7.13 for comparable

rental 9.

Defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 6, 8, 9, and 10 were closest in size to the

average unit size, or gross square footage of the subject property. However, for the reasons

identified above, the court will make a 2.5% downward adjustment for size to defendant’s

comparable rental 9, and a 9% upward adjustment for size and 3% downward adjustment for

supportive office to defendant’s comparable rental 10. The adjusted rental rate for comparable

rental 9 is $7.63, and the adjusted rental rate for comparable rental 10 is $9.01. The court observes

that comparable rentals 5, 6, and 7 were entered into more than 12 months prior to the October 1,

2008 valuation date. Therefore, the court does not consider comparable rentals 5, 6, and 7 an

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accurate representation of the market rents as of the October 1, 2008 valuation date. The court

finds comparable rentals 8, 9, and 10 more accurate evidence of market rents as of the October 1,

2008 valuation date. The adjusted rental value of comparable rental 8 is $8.40, comparable rental

9 is $7.63, and comparable rental 10 is $9.01.

The range of market rents of plaintiff’s comparable rentals 7, 8, and 10 and defendant’s

comparable rentals 9 and 10 is from $6.33 to $9.01, with an average of $7.62. Thus, giving equal

weight to the five comparable rentals, the court concludes a market rental rate of $7.60 as of the

October 1, 2008 valuation date.

c. October 1, 2009 valuation date

Plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 10, 11, 12, and 13 are all substantially similar to

the average unit sizes on the subject property. Moreover, the building age of comparable rental 10

is substantially similar to the subject property. In addition, due to the similarities in location, size,

physical attributes, and condition, plaintiff’s appraiser deemed no adjustments were necessary to

comparable rental 10. However, as previously set forth, the court must reject plaintiff’s appraiser’s

5% downward adjustment for market conditions/time to comparable rentals 10, 11, and 12. Thus,

the adjusted rental values are: $7.95 for comparable rental 10; $8.91 for comparable rental 11; and

$8.81 for comparable rental 12. As adjusted above, the court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s

comparable rentals 10, 11, 12, and 13 are more accurate evidence of market rent as of the October

1, 2009 valuation date.

Defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 11, 12, and 15 are the most similar to either the

average unit sizes, or gross square footage of the subject property. Comparable rentals 11, 12, and

14 bear a similar interior ceiling height to the subject property, and required no adjustments for

location, condition, supportive office, or loading docks. Conversely, comparable rental 15 bore a

25
ceiling height of only 14 feet, approximately 10 feet below the interior ceiling height of the subject

property. As stated above, the court does not find industrial warehouses containing a ceiling height

of 14 feet or less to be comparable to, and competitive with the subject property. Therefore, the

court does not consider comparable rental 15 credible evidence of market rent. The leased area in

comparable rental 13 was approximately 3½ times the average unit size of the subject property,

thus the court does not deem comparable rental 13 to be competitive to the subject property. Thus,

the court finds defendant’s comparable rentals 11, 12, and 14 are more accurate evidence of market

rents as of the October 1, 2009 valuation date. However, the court will make a 9% upward

adjustment for size to comparable rental 14, for the reasons identified above. The adjusted value

of comparable rental 14 is $7.38.

The range of market rents of plaintiff’s comparable rentals 10, 11, 12, and 13, and

defendant’s comparable rentals 11, 12, and 14, is from $6.75 to $8.91, with an average of $8.06.

The court places greatest weight on defendant’s comparable rental 14, because that rental required

only minimal adjustment and was executed approximately 90 days prior to the October 1, 2009

valuation date. Accordingly, the court concludes the court concludes a market rental rate of $7.75

as of the October 1, 2009 valuation date.

d. October 1, 2010 valuation date

Plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 14, 15, and 16 are similar in size to the subject

property. However, as stated above, comparable rental 16 was located outside of the Teterboro

Airport industrial warehouse sub-market. Without adequate support for the location adjustment,

the court must reject plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rental 16. In addition, comparable rental

15 contained an interior ceiling height of only 14 feet. As stated above, the court does not find

industrial warehouses containing a ceiling height of 14 feet or less to be comparable to, and

26
competitive with the subject property. Therefore, the court does not consider plaintiff’s

comparable rental 15 credible evidence of market rent. However, the court finds plaintiff’s

comparable rental 14 accurate evidence of market rent as of the October 1, 2010 valuation date.

Defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 15 and 18 are the most similar to the average

size of the units in the subject property, or the gross leasable area of the subject property. However,

comparable rental 15 was entered into approximately 13 months prior to the October 1, 2010

valuation date. Therefore, the court does not consider comparable rental 15 accurate evidence of

market rent. Additionally, the leased area for comparable rental 16 is approximately 4 times larger

than the average size of the rental units in the subject property, and the leased area for comparable

rental 17 is approximately 6 times larger than the average size of the rental units in the subject

property. Accordingly, the court does not consider defendant’s comparable rentals 16 and 17 as

accurate evidence of market rent. The court finds defendant’s comparable rental 18 accurate

evidence of market rent as of the October 1, 2010 valuation date. However, the court will make a

9% upward adjustment for size to comparable rental 18. The adjusted rental value for comparable

rental 18 is $9.28.

The range of market rents of plaintiff’s comparable rental 14, and defendant’s comparable

rental 18, is from $6.00 to $9.28, with an average of $7.64. Thus, giving equal weight to the

foregoing comparable rentals, the court concludes a market rental rate of $7.60 as of the October

1, 2010 valuation date.

e. October 1, 2013 valuation date

The court observes that plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 17, 18, 19, and 20 are

substantially similar in location, physical attributes, and condition to the subject property.

However, as stated above, the court will include a 5% upward adjustment for size to plaintiff’s

27
comparable rentals 17, 18, and 20. The adjusted rental values are as follows: $6.14 for comparable

rental 17, $5.25 for comparable rental 18, and $6.30 for comparable rental 20. Thus, the court

finds plaintiff’s comparable rentals 17, 18, 19, and 20, as adjusted, accurate evidence of market

rents as of the October 1, 2013 valuation date.

Defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rentals 20, 21, and 22 were entered into 20 months

and 17 months prior to the October 1, 2013 valuation date. Therefore, the court does not find

defendant’s comparable rentals 20, 21, and 22 are accurate evidence of market rent as of the

October 1, 2013 valuation date. Moreover, defendant’s appraiser’s comparable rental 23 had a

leased area approximately 7 times the average area of the units on the subject property. Thus, the

court does not deem comparable rental 23 to be comparable to, and competitive with the subject

property. Accordingly, the court must reject defendant’s comparable rentals 20, 21, 22, and 23 as

evidence of market rents as of the October 1, 2013 valuation date.

The range of market rents of plaintiff’s comparable rentals 17, 18, 19, and 20, is from $5.25

to $6.78, with an average of $6.12. Thus, giving equal weight to the foregoing comparable rentals,

the court concludes a market rental rate of $6.15 for the subject property as of the October 1, 2013

valuation date.

3. Cellular communications lease

Both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser estimated the income attributable to

leasing an area of the roof on the subject property to a cellular communication company at $18,000

annually. The court accepts as reasonable, plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’ estimated annual

income stream of $18,000 from the cellular communications equipment.

28
4. Mezzanine area

A fundamental premise of warehouse operation includes the ability to effectively and easily

store, move, and access stored merchandise for further transit.

This court finds that the 37,400 square feet of warehouse area in the subject property would

be rented to include the approximate 5,000 square feet of unfinished mezzanine. Although copies

of the tenant lease agreements for the subject property were not produced at trial, plaintiff’s

appraiser credibly testified that based on his discussions with brokers directly involved in

negotiating the lease terms, the unfinished mezzanine was included in the leased warehouse area

for each tenant unit on the subject property. The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony

credible, that “no mezzanine is rented independently of the balance of where it’s located within.

[M]ost times the rentals [of unfinished mezzanine space], its usually thrown in, the rental is based

on the ground floor area.” No evidence was offered by either plaintiff or defendant that the

unfinished mezzanine would be the subject of a separate tenancy, or would require a tenant to pay

a separate additional rent. Moreover, the court observes that access to the unfinished mezzanine

area is at best, cumbersome. One mezzanine area is accessible only by an open stairway from the

warehouse floor. The other mezzanine area affords access via an open stairway, or requires a

forklift or hoist to lift product through an elevated opening in the masonry block wall. In the

opinion of plaintiff’s appraiser, the mezzanine area could only be used for “incidental storage.” In

plaintiff’s appraiser’s experience, an unfinished mezzanine area is generally, not ascribed a

separate rental value, rather it is included in the lease of the ground floor area.

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony credible, the mezzanine in the subject

property is of little usefulness and value. Because the “mezzanine does not have the same degree

of utility” as the balance of the warehouse, the court attributes no separate rental value to the

29
unfinished mezzanine area. See Spiegel v. Town of Harrison, 18 N.J. Tax 416, 423-424 (Tax

1999).

5. Vacancy and Collection Loss

Plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers applied a vacancy and collection loss factor to the

subject property as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Plaintiff’s
6.50% 7.00%4 8.50% 8.50% 8.50%
Appraiser
Defendant’s
6.00% 6.00% 6.00% 6.00% 6.00%
Appraiser

Plaintiff’s appraiser relied primarily on his review of CoStar Group, Inc.’s vacancy surveys

for the Northern New Jersey industrial warehouse market, Meadowlands industrial warehouse

market, and Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse submarket. The CoStar report identified

vacancy rates between 2006 and 2013 of: (i) between 407 to 447 buildings within the Teterboro

Airport industrial submarket; and (ii) 1,422 to 1,606 buildings within the Meadowlands industrial

warehouse market. Plaintiff’s appraiser’s review and analysis of that data disclosed vacancy rates

ranging from 6.1%, in the 3rd quarter 2006, to 8.8%, in the 3rd quarter 2013.

Conversely, defendant’s appraiser relied on vacancy data collected by his appraisal firm

between 2006 and 2012 on 64 industrial properties in Moonachie, New Jersey. Defendant’s

appraiser assembled such information into a spreadsheet contained in an addendum to his appraisal

report.

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser presented a more comprehensive view of the Northern

New Jersey and Meadowlands industrial warehouse markets, and the Teterboro Airport industrial

4
Plaintiff’s appraiser’s appraisal report, page 25, stated a vacancy and collection loss factor of 7.50% should be
applied for the 2009 tax year. However, in computing the subject property’s Effective Gross Income for the 2009
tax year plaintiff’s appraiser applied a vacancy and collection loss factor of 7.00%.

30
warehouse submarket. Therefore, the court accepts plaintiff’s vacancy and collection loss data as

more comprehensive and credible. Accordingly, the court will apply the following vacancy and

collection loss factor to the subject property:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Vacancy and collection loss factor 6.00% 7.00% 8.50% 8.50% 6.00%

6. Operating Expenses

In a net lease, the landlord is fully reimbursed for the real estate taxes and operating

expenses attributed to the area of the improvement subject to the net lease. Thus, under a net lease,

the landlord is responsible only “for structural maintenance, building reserves, and management.”

The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal, supra, at 134. Accordingly, there are very few expenses

attributable to the landlord, unlike a gross lease where the landlord is responsible for the real estate

taxes and “all of the property’s operating and fixed expenses.” The Dictionary of Real Estate

Appraisal, supra, at 91.

For all tax years involved herein, plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers both included a

management fee expense of 5% of Effective Gross Income. The court accepts a management fee

expense of 5% of Effective Gross Income as reasonable.

Plaintiff’s appraiser applied leasing commission expenses of 5% of Effective Gross

Income; miscellaneous fee expenses of 2%; and reserves for replacements of $0.50 per square foot.

Conversely, defendant’s appraiser applied leasing commission expenses of 3% of Effective Gross

Income and reserves for replacements of $0.25 per square foot

In plaintiff’s appraiser’s opinion and experience, leasing commission expenses of 5% are

customary in the marketplace. In fact, plaintiff’s appraiser credibly testified that a real estate

broker was involved in each of the twenty comparable rentals relied upon by plaintiff’s appraiser.

Therefore, he applied a leasing commission expense of 5% of the Effective Gross Income for each

31
tax year. Conversely, defendant’s appraiser expressed that leasing commissions in the marketplace

were 3% to 5% of the Effective Gross Income. In defendant’s appraiser’s opinion, property owners

will “negate the cost by leasing the facility themselves.” Therefore, defendant’s appraiser

concluded a leasing commission expense of 3% of the Effective Gross Income. However,

defendant’s appraiser offered no evidence that either the subject property, nor any of the twenty-

three comparable rentals relied on by defendant’s appraiser avoided payment of a leasing

commission expense by leasing the facility themselves.

Thus, the court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony on this issue to be more credible.

Therefore, the court accepts plaintiff’s appraiser’s leasing commission expense of 5% of Effective

Gross Income.

Next, plaintiff’s appraiser applied a miscellaneous expense of 2% to the subject property’s

Effective Gross Income. Defendant’s appraiser did not apply any miscellaneous expense to the

Effective Gross Income of the subject property. However, plaintiff’s appraiser’s testimony offered

only unsupported and conjectural observations justifying such an expense. Moreover, no support

for plaintiff’s appraiser’s miscellaneous expense was included in his appraisal report. Therefore,

the court rejects plaintiff’s appraiser’s miscellaneous expense of 2% of the subject property’s

Effective Gross Income.

Finally, plaintiff’s appraiser applied a reserve for replacements of $0.50 per square foot,

which he applied to his initial calculation of 37,000 square feet of the ground floor of the subject

property. Conversely, defendant’s appraiser employed a reserve for replacements of $0.25 per

square foot, which he applied to his initial calculation of 42,775 square feet of the subject property,

inclusive of the mezzanine. In defendant’s appraiser’s opinion, the reserve for replacements

should be applied to replace all of the building components, not simply the exterior footprint.

32
However, plaintiff’s appraiser’s report did not contain any support for his replacement reserve

calculation. Instead, during direct examination, plaintiff’s appraiser offered testimony that his

replacement reserve calculation was based on his review of the Marshall & Swift manual cost

tables, contained in his work file, and a copy of those cost tables were identified and admitted into

evidence.

The court concludes that defendant’s appraiser’s replacement reserve calculation of $0.25

per square foot, and application of the replacement reserve to all of the components of the building

on the subject property is supported by credible data and analysis, and is more reasonable.

Therefore, the court will apply the $0.25 per square foot replacement reserve calculation to the

37,400 square foot ground floor area and 5,000 square foot mezzanine area.

7. Capitalization

Direct capitalization is a “method used to convert an estimate of a single year’s income

expectancy into an indication of value in one direct step, either by dividing the net income estimate

by an appropriate capitalization rate or by multiplying the income estimate by an appropriate

factor.” The Appraisal of Real Estate, supra, at 491. Thus, the capitalization rate is the device that

converts net operating income into an estimate of property value.

Here, in deriving their overall capitalization rates, both plaintiff’s and defendant’s

appraisers consulted a variety of investor surveys and employed the Band of Investment technique.

The investor surveys are completed by market participants engaged in real estate financing

transactions during given time periods. The surveys are compiled by analytical firms and trade

associations and organized into categories and sub-categories, including geographic location,

property type, size, grade, value, loan amount, etc. The Band of Investment technique “is a form

of ‘direct capitalization’ which is used ‘to convert a single year’s income estimate into a value

33
indication.’ The technique includes both a mortgage and an equity component.” Hull Junction

Holding, supra, 16 N.J. Tax. at 80-81 (quoting Appraisal Institute, Appraisal of Real Estate, 467

(10th ed 1992)). In employing the “Band of Investment technique, it is incumbent upon the

appraiser to support the various components of the capitalization rate analysis by furnishing

‘reliable market data . . . to the court as the basis for the expert’s opinion so that the court may

evaluate the opinion.’” Id. at 82 (quoting Glen Wall Assocs. v. Township of Wall, 99 N.J. 265,

279-80 (1985)).

In arriving at his capitalization rates, plaintiff’s appraiser consulted the Korpacz/PWC

National Warehouse Market surveys, Korpacz/PWC National Flex/R&D surveys. However,

plaintiff’s appraiser “put the most emphasis” on the RERC Second-Tier Investment Properties for

Industrial Warehouse and R&D properties for the 3rd quarter 2005, 3rd quarter 2008, 3rd quarter

2009, 3rd quarter 2010, and 3rd quarter 2013.

Similarly, in arriving at his capitalization rates, defendant’s appraiser reviewed the

Korpacz/PWC National Warehouse Market surveys for the 4th quarter 2005, 3rd quarter 2008, 3rd

quarter 2009, 3rd quarter 2010, and 3rd quarter 2013. Defendant’s appraiser also reviewed and

considered American Council of Life Insurers (“ACLI”) Investment Bulletins – Industrial Property

for the 3rd quarter 2005, 3rd quarter 2008, 3rd quarter 2009, 3rd quarter 2010, and 3rd quarter 2013.

Plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser also both consulted the ACLI Commercial

Mortgage Commitments for the 3rd quarter 2005, 3rd quarter 2008, 3rd quarter 2009, 3rd quarter

2010, and 3rd quarter 2013, to gauge the market contract interest rates and loan-to-value ratios.

For the 2006 tax year, plaintiff’s appraiser assumed: (i) a 5.14% interest rate for the

mortgage component; (ii) a 69.7% loan-to-value ratio; and (iii) a 7.00% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2006 tax year is: 7.35%. Defendant’s appraiser

34
assumed: (i) a 5.35% interest rate for the mortgage component; (ii) a 25-year mortgage

amortization period; (iii) a 65% loan-to-value ratio; and (iv) a 8% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2006 tax year is: 7.50%.

For the 2009 tax year, plaintiff’s appraiser assumed: (i) a 6.43% interest rate for the

mortgage component; (ii) a 62.30% loan-to-value ratio; and (iii) a 8.50% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2009 tax year is: 8.31%. Defendant’s appraiser

assumed: (i) a 6.50% interest rate for the mortgage component; (ii) a 25-year mortgage

amortization period; (iii) a 65% loan-to-value ratio; and (iv) a 6.50% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2009 tax year is: 7.55%.

For the 2010 tax year, plaintiff’s appraiser assumed: (i) a 7.27% interest rate for the

mortgage component; (ii) a 60.10% loan-to-value ratio; and (iii) a 9.00% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2010 tax year is: 9.06%. Defendant’s appraiser

assumed: (i) a 7.00% interest rate for the mortgage component; (ii) a 25-year mortgage

amortization period; (iii) a 65% loan-to-value ratio; and (iv) a 7.00% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2010 tax year is: 8.00%.

For the 2011 tax year, plaintiff’s appraiser assumed: (i) a 5.11% interest rate for the

mortgage component; (ii) a 65.20% loan-to-value ratio; and (iii) a 7.00% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2011 tax year is: 7.07%. Defendant’s appraiser

assumed: (i) a 5.50% interest rate for the mortgage component; (ii) a 25-year mortgage

amortization period; (iii) a 65% loan-to-value ratio; and (iv) a 9.00% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2010 tax year is: 7.95%.

For the 2014 tax year, plaintiff’s appraiser assumed: (i) a 3.87% interest rate for the

mortgage component; (ii) a 61.84% loan-to-value ratio; and (iii) a 6.00% equity dividend rate. The

35
resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2010 tax year is: 6.95%. Defendant’s appraiser

assumed: (i) a 4.00% interest rate for the mortgage component; (ii) a 25-year mortgage

amortization period; (iii) a 65% loan-to-value ratio; and (iv) a 8.50% equity dividend rate. The

resulting overall capitalization rate for the 2014 tax year is: 7.10%.

“[T]he Tax Court has accepted, and the Supreme Court has sanctioned, the use of data

collected and published by the American Council of Life Insurance.” Hull Junction Holding Corp.,

supra, 16 N.J. Tax at 82-83. “Relevant data is also collected and published by . . . Korpacz [PWC]

Real Estate Investor Survey.” Id. at 83. By scrutinizing and “analyzing this data in toto, the court

can make a reasoned determination as to the accuracy and reliability of the mortgage interest rates,

mortgage constants, loan-to-value ratios, and equity dividend rates used by the appraisers.” Ibid.

The court considered the testimony of plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser and

has reviewed and analyzed the supporting surveys, tables of information and mortgage/equity

calculations and finds that the following capitalization rates should apply to the subject property:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Capitalization Rate 7.50% 7.55% 8.00% 7.95% 7.10%

For the reasons set forth above, the court finds the true value of the subject property under

the income-capitalization approach to be: $3,745,067, as of October 1, 2005; $3,300,079, as of

October 1, 2008; $3,124,450, as of October 1, 2009; $3,084,704, as of October 1, 2010; and

$2,885,554, as of October 1, 2013.

36
2006 Tax Year

INCOME:
Warehouse $8.50 (Net) @ 37,400 sq. ft. $ 317,900

TOTAL: POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME $ 317,900
LESS: Vacancy & Collection Loss @ 6.00% ($ 19,074)
PLUS: Cellular Communications Income $ 18,000
TOTAL: EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME $ 316,826

EXPENSES:
Management @ 5% of EGI $ 15,841
Leasing Commissions @ 3% of EGI $ 9,505
Replacement Reserves @ $0.25 psf x 42,400 sq ft $ 10,600
TOTAL: EXPENSES ($ 35,946)

NET OPERATING INCOME $ 280,880

CAPITALIZATION RATE 7.50%

INDICATED VALUE $3,745,067

2009 Tax Year

INCOME:
Warehouse $7.60 (Net) @ 37,400 sq. ft. $ 284,240

TOTAL: POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME $ 284,240
LESS: Vacancy & Collection Loss @ 7.00% ($ 19,897)
PLUS: Cellular Communications Income $ 18,000
TOTAL: EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME $ 282,343

EXPENSES:
Management @ 5% of EGI $ 14,117
Leasing Commissions @ 3% of EGI $ 8,470
Replacement Reserves @ $0.25 psf x 42,400 sq ft $ 10,600
TOTAL: EXPENSES ($ 33,187)

NET OPERATING INCOME $ 249,156

CAPITALIZATION RATE 7.55%

INDICATED VALUE $3,300,079

37
2010 Tax Year

INCOME:
Warehouse $7.75 (Net) @ 37,400 sq. ft. $ 289,850

TOTAL: POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME $ 289,850
LESS: Vacancy & Collection Loss @ 8.50% ($ 24,637)
PLUS: Cellular Communications Income $ 18,000
TOTAL: EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME $ 283,213

EXPENSES:
Management @ 5% of EGI $ 14,161
Leasing Commissions @ 3% of EGI $ 8,496
Replacement Reserves @ $0.25 psf x 42,400 sq ft $ 10,600
TOTAL: EXPENSES ($ 33,257)

NET OPERATING INCOME $ 249,956

CAPITALIZATION RATE 8.00%

INDICATED VALUE $3,124,450

2011 Tax Year

INCOME:
Warehouse $7.60 (Net) @ 37,400 sq. ft. $ 284,240

TOTAL: POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME $ 284,240
LESS: Vacancy & Collection Loss @ 8.50% ($ 24,160)
PLUS: Cellular Communications Income $ 18,000
TOTAL: EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME $ 278,080

EXPENSES:
Management @ 5% of EGI $ 13,904
Leasing Commissions @ 3% of EGI $ 8,342
Replacement Reserves @ $0.25 psf x 42,400 sq ft $ 10,600
TOTAL: EXPENSES ($ 32,846)

NET OPERATING INCOME $ 245,234

CAPITALIZATION RATE 7.95%

INDICATED VALUE $3,084,704

38
2014 Tax Year

INCOME:
Warehouse $6.15 (Net) @ 37,400 sq. ft. $ 230,010

TOTAL: POTENTIAL GROSS INCOME $ 230,010
LESS: Vacancy & Collection Loss @ 6.00% ($ 13,801)
PLUS: Cellular Communications Income $ 18,000
TOTAL: EFFECTIVE GROSS INCOME $ 234,209

EXPENSES:
Management @ 5% of EGI $ 11,710
Leasing Commissions @ 3% of EGI $ 7,026
Replacement Reserves @ $0.25 psf x 42,400 sq ft $ 10,600
TOTAL: EXPENSES ($ 29,336)

NET OPERATING INCOME $ 204,873

CAPITALIZATION RATE 7.10%

INDICATED VALUE $2,885,554

2. Sales Comparison Approach

The sales comparison approach is predicated upon an evaluation of market transactions

involving the recent sale of similar properties. This approach involves a “comparative analysis of

properties” and requires the expert to focus on the “similarities and differences that affect

value…which may include variations in property rights, financing, terms, market conditions and

physical characteristics.” Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal of Real Estate, supra, at 378. “When

data is available, this [approach] is the most straightforward and simple way to explain and support

an opinion of market value.” Greenblatt, supra, 26 N.J. Tax at 53 (citing Appraisal Institute, The

Appraisal of Real Estate 300 (13th ed. 2008)). A “major premise of the sales comparison approach

is that an opinion of the market value of a property can be supported by studying the market’s

reaction to comparable and competitive properties.” Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal of Real

Estate, 377 (14th ed. 2013). Thus, the usefulness of the sales comparison approach is dependent

upon the sufficiency of the data on recent market transactions.

39
In engaging in a sales comparison approach, a substantial similarity must exist between

the subject property and the comparable properties. “Evidence of comparable sales is effective in

determining value only where there is a substantial similarity between the properties.” Venino v.

Borough of Carlstadt, 1 N.J. Tax 172, 175 (Tax 1980), aff’d o.b. 4 N.J. Tax 528 (App. Div. 1981).

By definition, comparability does not require properties to be identical, “differences between a

comparable property and the subject property are anticipated. They are dealt with by adjustments

recognizing and explaining these differences, and then relating the two properties to each other in

a meaningful way so that an estimate of the value of one can be determined from the value of the

other.” U.S. Life Realty Corp. v. Jackson Township, 9 N.J. Tax 66, 72 (Tax 1987). Thus, a

fundamental predicate of the comparative approach requires evidence “be based on ‘sound theory

and objective data’, rather than on mere wishful thinking.” MSGW Real Estate Fund, supra, 18

N.J. Tax at 376 (quoting FMC Corp. v. Unmack, 92 N.Y. 2d 179, 188 (1998)). An appraiser must

establish appropriate “elements of comparison for a given appraisal through market research and

support those conclusions with market evidence.” The Appraisal of Real Estate, supra, at 390.

Hence, the probative value of the comparable analysis hinges upon the similarities which can be

drawn and the objective market data utilized to support any adjustments thereto.

a. Plaintiff’s appraiser’s analysis

Plaintiff’s appraiser identified the sale of 19 industrial warehouses he deemed comparable

to the subject property. All of his comparable sale transactions were located within Bergen

County, New Jersey.

Plaintiff’s appraiser applied a series of upward and downward adjustments to the sale

transactions: location (ranging from 0% to 5%); size (ranging from 0% to 15%); physical attributes

(ranging from 0% to 5%); and age/physical condition (ranging from 5% to 15%). Plaintiff’s

40
appraiser made location adjustments to comparable sales 2 and 6, to account for their location

outside the Meadowlands industrial warehouse submarket. Plaintiff’s appraiser made size

adjustments to comparable sales 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, to account for the inverse relationship of

building area to unit value (i.e., the larger the building the lower the unit price). He applied

physical attribute adjustments to comparable sales 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, and 19

to account for their lower ceiling heights than the subject property. The age/physical condition

adjustments applied by plaintiff’s appraiser to all 19 comparable sales were intended to reflect

their perceived inferiority in age and condition to the subject property. The range, per square foot,

of unadjusted prices and adjusted prices for the 19 comparable sales are set forth as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Unadjusted
$57.48 - $60.71 $55.00 - $84.64 $71.97 - $78.26 $58.00 - $75.00 $59.40 - $91.95
Prices PSF
Adjusted
$64.66 - $71.34 $60.50 - $89.52 $77.37 - $82.50 $63.80 - $82.50 $65.34 - $96.55
Prices PSF

Based on the foregoing analysis, plaintiff’s appraiser concluded a value, per square foot,

for the ground floor of the warehouse as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market value $68.00 $82.00 $80.00 $72.00 $80.00

In addition, plaintiff’s appraiser concluded a value, per square foot, for the unfinished

mezzanine area as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market value $34.00 $41.00 $40.00 $36.00 $40.00

Plaintiff’s appraiser computed the value for the unfinished mezzanine area by multiplying his

concluded value for the ground floor of the warehouse by 50%.

41
b. Defendant’s appraiser’s analysis

Defendant’s appraiser identified the sale of 22 industrial warehouses he deemed

comparable to the subject property. All of the comparable sales transactions, excluding

comparable sale 3, were located within the Teterboro Airport industrial warehouse submarket.

Defendant’s appraiser applied a series of upward and downward adjustments to the sale

transactions: location (ranging from 0% to 5%); size (ranging from 0% to 7.5%); physical

condition (ranging from 0% to 5%); ceiling height (ranging from 0% to 5%); supportive office

area (ranging from 0% to 7.5%); and land to building ratio (ranging from 0% to 10%). The 5%

upward adjustment for location to comparable sale 3 was made to account for its proximity outside

the Meadowlands industrial warehouse submarket. The 7.5% upward adjustment for size to

comparable sale 22 was made to account for the size difference, approximately 4 times larger than

the subject property. The 5% downward adjustment for physical condition to comparable sale 10,

was made to account for its newly renovated condition. The 5% upward adjustment for ceiling

height to comparable sales 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, and 19 were made to account for the

fact that they all contained interior warehouse ceiling heights between only 14 feet to 18 feet. The

7.5% downward adjustment for supportive office to comparable sales 1, 5, 16, and 22 was intended

to account for the perceived superior office area accorded those warehouses. Finally, the 10%

downward land to building ratio adjustment to comparable sales 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 11 was made to

account for the greater land to building ratios afforded those properties. The range, per square

foot, of unadjusted prices and adjusted prices for the 22 comparable sales are set forth as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Unadjusted
$90.59 - $115.00 $79.24 - $118.16 $77.60 - $107.50 $75.00 - $111.33 $76.45 - $104.59
Prices PSF
Adjusted
$90.59 - $98.87 $79.90 - $112.25 $69.84 - $97.22 $78.75 - $102.98 $76.45 - $104.59
Prices PSF

42
Based on the foregoing analysis, defendant’s appraiser concluded a value, per square foot,

for the ground floor and mezzanine area of the warehouse as follows:

Tax Year 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014
Market value $95.00 $90.00 $85.00 $90.00 $90.00

c. Conclusion

An individual possessing particular knowledge, skill, experience, training or education,

may be qualified by the court, under N.J.R.E. 702, as an expert and therefore permitted to render

opinion testimony. Rosenberg v. Tavorath, 352 N.J. Super. 385 (App. Div. 2002). Although the

facts or data relied upon by an expert need not be admissible, the expert’s testimony must be rooted

in facts, science, data or the opinions of other experts. N.J.R.E. 703. Thus, “[t]he rule requires an

expert ‘to give the why and wherefore’ of his or her opinion, rather than a mere conclusion.”

Rosenberg, supra, 352 N.J. Super. at 401 (quoting Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., supra, 286 N.J. Super.

at 540). When the opinion of an expert is offered “[w]ithout explanation as to the basis, the opinion

of the expert is entitled to little weight. . .” Dworman, supra, 1 N.J. Tax at 458. The value,

significance and “probative utility of an expert's opinion stands or falls on the facts and reasoning

offered in its support.” Little Egg Harbor Twp. v. Bonsangue, 316 N.J. Super. 271, 284 (App. Div.

1998). Similarly, the weight accorded expert testimony relative to comparative adjustments

“depends upon the facts and reasoning which form the basis of the opinion. An expert's conclusion

can rise no higher than the data providing the foundation.” Inmar Associates v. Edison Township,

2 N.J. Tax 59, 66 (Tax 1980) (citing Passaic v. Gera Mills, 55 N.J. Super. 73 (App. Div. 1959),

certif. denied, 30 N.J. 153 (1959)).

At the outset, the court highlights that plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable sales 2 and 6

contain interior warehouse ceiling heights of less than 15 feet. Additionally, defendant’s

appraiser’s comparable sales 2, 3, 6, and 8 contain interior warehouse ceiling heights less than 15

43
feet. As stated at length above, neither plaintiff’s appraiser, nor defendant’s appraiser presented

any surveys or market data demonstrating that an industrial warehouse containing a ceiling height

of only 12 feet will lease or sell for 5% less than a comparable and competitive industrial

warehouse containing a ceiling height of 22 feet.

Nonetheless the court acknowledges, that both plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’

concluded that a 5% upward adjustment is warranted to industrial warehouses containing a ceiling

height less than 20 feet. Thus, the court will accept plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers 5%

upward ceiling height adjustment, for each comparable warehouse sale containing a ceiling height

between 15 to 19 feet. However, the court does not accept as comparable to, and competitive with

the subject property, any industrial warehouse sale containing a ceiling height of 14 feet or less.

Accordingly, the court must reject plaintiff’s appraiser’s comparable sales 2 and 6, and defendant’s

appraiser’s comparable sales 2, 3, 6, and 8, as not accurate evidence of market value as of the

valuation dates.

In addition, the court finds that defendant’s appraiser did not present the court with credible

market evidence or data to substantiate his supportive office adjustments to comparable sales 1, 5,

16, and 22. The court observes that, in general, defendant’s appraiser’s comparable sales contained

supportive office space ranging between 5% to 18%. However, defendant’s appraiser failed to

offer any data or credible market evidence disclosing that a 7.5% downward supportive office

adjustment is justified for a warehouse with 20% supportive office (comparable sale 5), yet no

downward supportive adjustment is warranted for a warehouse with 18% supportive office

(comparable sale 9). Moreover, defendant’s appraiser failed to offer a satisfactory explanation

why the identical 7.5% downward adjustment is warranted for a warehouse possessing 75%

supportive office (comparable sale 1), as a warehouse that possesses only 20% supportive office

44
(comparable sale 5). Defendant’s appraiser offered no data or evidence revealing that a warehouse

with supportive office of 20% will sell for 7.5% more than a similarly situated and competitively

priced warehouse having supportive office of 18%. Thus, for the foregoing reasons, the court

rejects defendant’s comparable sales 1, 5, 16, and 22 as accurate evidence of true market value.

October 1, 2005 valuation date

As a result of plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’ failure to adequately support their

adjustment for industrial warehouses containing an interior ceiling height less than 15 feet, the

court rejects plaintiff’s comparable sale 2, and defendant’s comparable sales 2 and 3. Moreover,

the failure to provide adequate market support for his adjustment for supportive office results in

the exclusion of defendant’s appraiser’s comparable sale 1.

Additionally, conflicting testimony and evidence was presented during trial regarding the

date of plaintiff’s comparable sale 1. Plaintiff’s appraiser’s appraisal report and testimony initially

disclosed an April 13, 2005 sale date. However, during cross-examination plaintiff’s appraiser

acknowledged that comparable sale 1 may have sold in 2009, and not in 2005. Had comparable

sale 1 sold in 2009, then it would not be credible evidence of the market value of the subject

property as of the October 1, 2005 valuation date. However, as neither party presented credible

evidence confirming the date of plaintiff’s comparable sale 1, the court is left without adequate

credible evidence in the record, and therefore, must reject it as evidence of market value. As such,

the court has not been presented with any credible comparable sales data from which it can discern

the true market value of the subject property under the sales comparison approach as of the October

1, 2005 valuation date.

45
October 1, 2008 valuation date

As a result of plaintiff’s and defendant’s appraisers’ failure to adequately support their

adjustment for industrial warehouses containing an interior ceiling height less than 15 feet, the

court rejects plaintiff’s comparable sale 6, and defendant’s comparable sales 6 and 8.

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8

reasonable. The court further concludes that defendant’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable

sales 4, 5, 7, and 9 are reasonable. The range of value of these nine comparable sales is $75.00 to

$89.52 per square foot, with an average of $84.64 per square foot. Thus, the court accepts a value

of $85.00 [rounded] per square foot for the subject property, as of the October 1, 2008 valuation

date. Correspondingly, the court multiplies the concluded value, $85.00 per square foot, by the

37,400 square feet of the ground floor of the subject property, to determine a value under the sales

comparison approach of $3,179,000 (37,400 x $85.00 = $3,179,000).

October 1, 2009 valuation date

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 9, 10, and 11

reasonable. The court further finds defendant’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 9, 10,

11, and 12 reasonable. The range of value of these seven comparable sales is from $69.84 to

$97.22 per square foot, with an average of $82.91 per square foot. Thus, the court accepts a value

of $83.00 [rounded] per square foot for the subject property, as of the October 1, 2009 valuation

date. Correspondingly, the court multiplies the concluded value, $83.00 per square foot, by the

37,400 square feet of the first floor of the subject property, to determine a value under the sales

comparison approach of $3,104,200 (37,400 x $83.00 = $3,104,200).

46
October 1, 2010 valuation date

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 12, 13, 14, and 15

reasonable. The court further finds defendant’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 13,

14, 15, and 17 reasonable. However, defendant’s appraiser’s failure to provide adequate market

support for his supportive office adjustment, results in the exclusion of defendant’s appraiser’s

comparable sale 16. The range of value of these eight comparable sales is from $63.80 to $99.53

per square foot, with an average of $80.27 per square foot. Thus, the court accepts a value of

$80.00 [rounded] per square foot for the subject property, as of the October 1, 2010 valuation date.

Correspondingly, the court multiplies the concluded value, $80.00 per square foot, by the 37,400

square feet of the first floor of the subject property, to determine a value under the sales comparison

approach of $2,992,000 (37,400 x $80.00 = $2,992,000).

October 1, 2013 valuation date

The court finds plaintiff’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable sales 16, 17, 18, and 19

reasonable. The court further concludes that defendant’s appraiser’s adjustments to comparable

sales 19, 20, and 21 are reasonable. However, defendant’s appraiser’s failure to provide adequate

market support for his supportive office adjustment, results in the exclusion of defendant’s

appraiser’s comparable sale 22. The range of value of these seven comparable sales is from $65.34

to $104.59 per square foot, with an average of $83.92 per square foot. Thus, the court accepts a

value of $84.00 [rounded] per square foot for the subject property, as of the October 1, 2013

valuation date. Correspondingly, the court multiplies the concluded value, $84.00 per square foot,

by the 37,400 square feet of the first floor of the subject property, to determine a value under the

sales comparison approach of $3,141,600 (37,400 x $84.00 = $3,141,600).

47
3. Reconciliation

In reconciling the concluded values under the income capitalization and sales comparison

approaches to value, the court recognizes that both plaintiff’s appraiser and defendant’s appraiser

placed the greatest degree of weight on the income capitalization approach, as the subject property

was income-producing as of each valuation date.

Similarly, the court places the greatest degree of weight on the income capitalization

approach to value, and concludes a true market value of the subject property as follows:

Valuation Date 10/1/2005 10/1/2008 10/1/2009 10/1/2010 10/1/2013
Concluded Value $3,745,000 $3,276,000 $3,120,000 $3,066,000 $2,937,000

Having reached a conclusion of the true market value of the subject property, the court will

determine the correct assessment for the 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014 tax years. Under

N.J.S.A. 54:51A-6(a), commonly referred to as Chapter 123, when the court is satisfied in a non-

revaluation year by the evidence presented “that the ratio of the assessed valuation of the subject

property to its true value exceeds the upper limit or falls below the lower limit of the common

level range, it shall enter judgment revising the taxable value of the property by applying the

average ratio to the true value of the property....” N.J.S.A. 54:51A-6(a). This process involves

application of the Chapter 123 common level range. N.J.S.A. 54:1-35a(b). When the ratio of

assessed value exceeds the upper limit or falls below the lower limit, the formula for determining

the revised taxable value of property, under N.J.S.A. 54:51A-6(a), is as follows:

True market value x Average ratio = Revised taxable value

For the 2006 tax year, application of the Chapter 123 ratio results in an applied upper limit

of 1.00 and lower limit of .9648. The ratio of total assessed value, $4,048,900, to true market

value, $3,745,000, yields a ratio of 1.08%, which exceeds the applied upper limit. Consequently,

the calculation for the 2006 tax year is:

48
$3,745,000 x 1.005 = $3,745,000

Accordingly, a judgment establishing the subject property’s tax assessment for the 2006

tax year will be entered as follows:

Land $1,200,000
Improvement $2,545,000
Total $3,745,000

For the 2009 tax year, application of the Chapter 123 ratio results in an applied upper limit

of 1.00 and lower limit of .7817. The ratio of total assessed value, $4,048,900, to true market

value, $3,276,000, yields a ratio of 1.24%, which exceeds the applied upper limit. Consequently,

the calculation for the 2009 tax year is:

$3,276,000 x .9196 = $3,012,600 [ROUNDED]

Accordingly, a judgment establishing the subject property’s tax assessment for the 2009

tax year will be entered as follows:

Land $1,200,000
Improvement $1,812,600
Total $3,012,600

For the 2010 tax year, application of the Chapter 123 ratio results in an applied upper limit

of 1.00 and lower limit of .8256. The ratio of total assessed value, $4,048,900, to true market

value, $3,120,000, yields a ratio of 1.30%, which exceeds the applied upper limit. Consequently,

the calculation for the 2010 tax year is:

$3,120,000 x .9713 = $3,030,500 [ROUNDED]

Accordingly, a judgment establishing the subject property’s tax assessment for the 2010

tax year will be entered as follows:

5 If both the average ratio and the ratio of assessed value to true value exceed the county percentage level, or 100% (M.I.

Holdings, Inc. v. Jersey City, 12 N.J. Tax 129, 145 (Tax 1991)), the tax court shall enter judgment revising the taxable value by
applying the county percentage level to the true value of the property. N.J.S.A. 54:51A-6(c).

49
Land $1,200,000
Improvement $1,830,500
Total $3,030,500

For the 2011 tax year, application of the Chapter 123 ratio results in an applied upper limit

of 1.00 and lower limit of .7761. The ratio of total assessed value, $4,048,900, to true market

value, $3,066,000, yields a ratio of 1.32%, which exceeds the upper limit. Consequently, the

calculation for the 2011 tax year is:

$3,066,000 x .9131% = $2,800,000 [ROUNDED]

Accordingly, a judgment establishing the subject property’s tax assessment for the 2011

tax year will be entered as follows:

Land $1,200,000
Improvement $1,600,000
Total $2,800,000

For the 2014 tax year, application of the Chapter 123 ratio results in an applied upper limit

of 1.00 and lower limit of .8375. The ratio of total assessed value, $4,048,900, to true market

value, $2,937,000, yields a ratio of 1.38%, which exceeds the upper limit. Consequently, the

calculation for the 2014 tax year is:

$2,937,000 x .9853% = $2,894,000 [ROUNDED]

Accordingly, a judgment establishing the subject property’s tax assessment for the 2014

tax year will be entered as follows:

Land $1,200,000
Improvement $1,694,000
Total $2,894,000

The court will enter judgments reflecting the foregoing.

Very truly yours,

/s/Hon. Joshua D. Novin, J.T.C.

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