State v. Casandra McCalip

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 43711

STATE OF IDAHO, ) 2016 Unpublished Opinion No. 686
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) Filed: September 15, 2016
)
v. ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
)
CASANDRA McCALIP, ) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
Defendant-Appellant. ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
)

Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Gooding County. Hon. John K. Butler, District Judge.

Judgment of conviction for manufacturing a controlled substance, affirmed.

Eric D. Fredericksen, Interim State Appellate Public Defender; Andrea W.
Reynolds, Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________

MELANSON, Chief Judge
Casandra McCalip’s daughter contacted a detective via social media to report that her
stepfather was growing marijuana in their home. The detective asked the daughter how she
knew the plants she observed were marijuana. The daughter said that her stepfather had been in
trouble in Washington for child abuse and for growing marijuana and that she had “seen this all
before.” Upon confirming the reports from the state of Washington, the detective asked the
daughter to send pictures of the marijuana plants. Approximately one hour later, the daughter
sent four digital images to the detective via social media. The detective confirmed, based on her
experience, that the plants were marijuana plants.
The detective applied for a warrant to search McCalip’s home, which was granted and
executed the same day. During a search of McCalip’s home, the officers located marijuana

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plants and drug paraphernalia. McCalip was charged with one count of manufacturing a
controlled substance and one count of misdemeanor injury to a child. McCalip filed a motion to
suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search, arguing that the warrant was invalid.
The district court denied McCalip’s motion. Pursuant to a plea agreement, McCalip entered a
conditional plea of guilty to manufacturing a controlled substance and the misdemeanor injury to
child charge was dismissed. McCalip appeals, arguing the district court erred in denying her
motion to suppress.
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a
motion to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).
When probable cause to issue a search warrant is challenged on appeal, the reviewing
court’s function is to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that
probable cause existed. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39 (1983); State v. Josephson, 123
Idaho 790, 792, 852 P.2d 1387, 1389 (1993); State v. Lang, 105 Idaho 683, 684, 672 P.2d 561,
562 (1983). In this evaluation, great deference is paid to the magistrate’s determination. Gates,
462 U.S. at 236; State v. Wilson, 130 Idaho 213, 215, 938 P.2d 1251, 1253 (Ct. App. 1997). The
test for reviewing the magistrate’s action is whether he or she abused his or her discretion in
finding that probable cause existed. State v. Holman, 109 Idaho 382, 387, 707 P.2d 493, 498 (Ct.
App. 1985). When a search is conducted pursuant to a warrant, the burden of proof is on the
defendant to show that the search was invalid. State v. Kelly, 106 Idaho 268, 275, 678 P.2d 60,
67 (Ct. App. 1984).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,

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and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
be seized.
Article I, Section 17, of the Idaho Constitution is virtually identical to the Fourth
Amendment, except that “oath or affirmation” is termed “affidavit.” In order for a search
warrant to be valid, it must be supported by probable cause to believe that evidence or fruits of a
crime may be found in a particular place. Josephson, 123 Idaho at 792-93, 852 P.2d at 1389-90.
When determining whether probable cause exists:
The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, commonsense
decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him,
including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay
information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will
be found in a particular place.
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238; see also Wilson, 130 Idaho at 215, 938 P.2d at 1253.
On appeal, McCalip argues that the search warrant was invalid because it was not based
on sufficiently reliable information. Specifically, McCalip argues that the social media message
her daughter sent to the detective was not reliable given the authentication concerns inherent in
social media communications. McCalip presented no evidence at the suppression hearing.
McCalip argued that the detective should have independently corroborated the social media
account, the daughter’s identity, and the embedded data in the photographs. The district court
found that McCalip failed to establish how a social media communication was less reliable than
a tip received on the phone from an identified informant.
In ruling on McCalip’s motion, the district court carefully weighed the circumstances
known to the detective when she applied for the search warrant. The daughter had prior
knowledge regarding the appearance of marijuana based on her stepfather’s prior involvement
with drugs in the state of Washington. The daughter provided her name and home address and
the location of the plants in the house. She also sent pictures of the marijuana plants upon the
detective’s request. Finally, the detective identified the plants as marijuana based on her
experience. The district court concluded that these facts supported the magistrate’s conclusion
that there was probable cause to search the residence, making the search warrant valid.1

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The State cites to State v. Cardenas, 143 Idaho 903, 155 P.3d 704 (Ct. App. 2006) to
suggest that McCalip’s failure to introduce evidence at the suppression hearing precludes this

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In State v. Van Dorne, 139 Idaho 961, 964, 88 P.3d 780, 783 (Ct. App. 2004), this Court
stated that, “where information comes from a known citizen informant rather than an anonymous
tipster, the citizen’s disclosure of her identity, which carries the risk of accountability if the
allegations turn out to be fabricated, is generally deemed adequate to show veracity and
reliability.” Based upon the record before us, there is no reason to depart from that holding
simply because the information was communicated by social media rather than some other
means.
McCalip has not met her burden of showing the district court erred in denying her motion
to suppress. Accordingly, McCalip’s judgment of conviction for manufacturing a controlled
substance is affirmed.
Judge GUTIERREZ and Judge HUSKEY, CONCUR.

Court from considering McCalip’s argument. In Cardenas, the State’s failure to introduce
evidence at the suppression hearing precluded the State from arguing in support of the warrant’s
validity. In Cardenas however, the State’s decision to obtain a warrant was prompted by
illegally obtained evidence. Id. at 908, 155 P.3d at 709. Thus, in Cardenas, the standard
presumption that a warrant is valid was reversed to a presumption that the warrant was invalid.
Id. Absent the reverse presumption, this Court did not indicate that the State’s failure to
introduce the warrant into evidence at a suppression hearing would preclude the State from
arguing its validity. Id. Accordingly, McCalip’s failure to introduce evidence at the suppression
hearing does not preclude this Court from considering the merits of her claim.

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