State v. Goines

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 50006

STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: November 15, 2024
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
JERRY LAMAR GOINES, ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
Defendant-Appellant. )
)

Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
County. Hon. James S. Cawthon, District Judge.

Judgment of conviction for felony driving under the influence, resisting and/or
obstructing an officer, and being a persistent violator, affirmed.

Erik R. Lehtinen, State Appellate Public Defender; Jason C. Pintler, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

Hon. Raúl R. Labrador, Attorney General; Amy J. Lavin, Deputy Attorney General,
Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________

MELANSON, Judge Pro Tem
Jerry Lamar Goines appeals from his judgment of conviction for felony driving under the
influence (DUI), resisting and/or obstructing an officer, and being a persistent violator. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A concerned citizen observed a white vehicle cut across traffic on the Eagle Road I-84
off-ramp in Meridian, Idaho. The citizen followed the vehicle and called 911. The citizen
observed the vehicle drive up to the median for several car lengths, bounce back off, and cut back
to the right turn lane. The citizen followed the vehicle into a parking lot where he watched it move
at a high rate of speed, run stop signs, and do a “donut.” The citizen reported what he observed,
including the vehicle’s make and license plate number, to the 911 operator. The citizen told the
911 operator that he could not see the driver. He lost sight of the vehicle but located it a few

1
minutes later in another nearby parking lot. The citizen then saw a man outside the vehicle while
it was still running with its lights on. He watched the man stumble and then get back into the
vehicle. During the 911 call, the citizen described the individual driving the car as “definitely
drunk,” “crazy” and “completely out of it” and described the man who eventually exited the vehicle
in the parking lot as “drunk out of his mind,” “wasted,” and not “knowing what he is doing.”
A police officer arrived in the parking lot where the citizen followed the driver and watched
him get out of and back into the vehicle. The officer approached the reported vehicle and identified
the man as Goines. Goines was sitting in the driver’s seat with the engine off and the key fob in
his hand. The officer did not personally observe Goines driving or in physical control of his vehicle
with the engine running or while the vehicle was moving.1 The officer noticed a strong odor of an
alcoholic beverage coming from Goines and that he had slurred speech, watery eyes, and lethargic
movements. Suspecting that Goines was under the influence of alcohol, the officer asked Goines
to exit the vehicle for field sobriety tests. Goines refused and was arrested for resisting and/or
obstructing an officer.
Goines also refused to submit to a breath test, so the officer obtained a telephonic warrant
for a blood draw. In his sworn telephonic application for the warrant, the officer told the warrant
judge that “physical control was observed by [the citizen] who has a video of Jerry Goines in actual
physical control or establishing actual physical control of the vehicle.” The officer then went on
to describe Goines driving as had been observed by the citizen and reported to the 911 operator.
The officer then stated, “It has been approximately one hour since I last saw the suspect driving a
motor vehicle.” The officer’s statements that the citizen had a video of Goines in actual physical
control of a vehicle and that the officer had observed Goines in actual physical control of a vehicle
were inaccurate. A warrant was issued, and a test of Goines’ blood revealed a blood alcohol level
above .08 percent. Goines was charged with felony DUI (I.C. §§ 18-8004 and 18-8005(9)),
misdemeanor resisting or obstructing an officer (I.C. § 18-705), and being a persistent violator
(I.C. § 19-2514).

1
It is unlawful to drive or be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol. “Actual physical control” is defined as “being in the driver’s position with
the motor running or with the motor vehicle moving.” I.C. § 18-8004(5).

2
Goines filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained by the blood draw, arguing that
the officer’s telephonic affidavit included incorrect and incomplete evidence leading the warrant
judge to believe that the officer had seen Goines driving the vehicle. At a hearing on the motion
to suppress, the officer explained that the inaccurate statements were the result of him reading from
a form. The district court denied the motion and Goines was found guilty. He appeals, arguing
that the district court erred when it denied his motion to suppress.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a motion
to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).
III.
ANALYSIS
Goines argues that the district court was required to disregard the incorrect information
presented to the warrant judge and then determine whether probable cause existed based upon the
remaining evidence presented. Goines argues that, when the incorrect information is disregarded,
there was no evidence presented to the warrant judge that Goines was in actual physical control of
a vehicle--a necessary element of DUI--and that, therefore, there was no probable cause for the
warrant and the motion to suppress should have been granted.
For a search warrant to be valid, it must be based upon probable cause. State v. Nunez, 138
Idaho 636, 642, 67 P.3d 831, 837 (2003). However, a search warrant may be void if the affidavit
used to procure the warrant contains a knowingly and intentionally or recklessly false statement
that is material to the probable cause determination. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56
(1978). Applying Franks, the Idaho Supreme Court has explained:
The Court in Franks held that if the defendant in an evidentiary hearing establishes
by a preponderance of the evidence that the false statement was included in the

3
warrant affidavit by the affiant knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless
disregard for the truth, and with false information discarded, the remaining content
of the affidavit is insufficient to establish probable cause, then “the search warrant
must be voided and the fruits of the search excluded to the same extent as if
probable cause was lacking on the face of the affidavit.”
State v. Lindner, 100 Idaho 37, 41, 592 P.2d 852, 856 (1979) (quoting Franks, 438 U.S. at 156).
However, a warrant is valid even if probable cause is based upon false evidence so long as the
evidence is not presented intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. State v. Fisher, 140
Idaho 365, 93 P.3d 696 (2004). The rule in Franks also applies to deliberate or reckless omissions
of information, such as exculpatory evidence, “which might cause a seemingly straightforward
affidavit to mislead” a warrant judge. State v. Guzman, 122 Idaho 981, 983-84, 842 P.2d 660,
662-63 (1992). The first step in a Franks analysis considers whether the defendant has proved
that the affidavit underlying the warrant contains a deliberate or recklessly false statement or
omission. To establish the invalidity of a warrant, the defendant must prove, by a preponderance
of the evidence, that the affiant knowingly and intentionally or recklessly falsified or omitted
information from his affidavit. Guzman, 122 Idaho at 984, 842 P.2d at 663. A negligent or
innocent misrepresentation, even if necessary to establish probable cause, will not invalidate a
warrant. Lindner, 100 Idaho at 41, 592 P.2d at 856.
When a defendant alleges that officers provided false information to a warrant judge to
obtain a warrant:
[T]he defendant has the burden of convincing the trial court that the information
challenged in the affidavit was false and that the officers supplied the information
either knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. Unless
the trial court committed clear error in reaching its findings as to those issues, we
will affirm the motion to suppress.
State v. Peightal, 122 Idaho 5, 7, 830 P.2d 516, 518 (1992).
In ruling from the bench, the district court recognized that the burden of proof is on the
defendant to show that the warrant is invalid by a preponderance of the evidence and that even
reckless or intentional false statements are not sufficient to invalidate a warrant unless such
statements are material to the warrant judge’s ruling. The district court explicitly found that there
was no evidence that the officer intentionally provided false information. The district court did
not make an explicit finding regarding whether the false information was provided with reckless
disregard for the truth. However, the district court’s ruling is consistent with such a finding.

4
Without a specific statement by the trier of fact detailing what facts are found to be true
and what conclusions of law are reached on a suppression motion, this Court is severely hampered
in its assessment of defendant’s appeal. State v. Floyd, 159 Idaho 370, 372, 360 P.3d 379, 381
(Ct. App. 2015). Where neither party has requested written findings under I.C.R. 12, we examine
the record to determine implicit findings which would support the trial court’s order and such
implicit findings should be overturned only if not supported by substantial evidence. Id. All
presumptions favor the trial court’s exercise of the power to weigh the evidence and draw factual
inferences. Id. Accordingly, we are required to examine the record to determine whether there
was substantial evidence to support the district court’s implicit findings. In conducting this review,
we bear in mind that it is the responsibility of the appellant to provide a sufficient record to
substantiate his or her claims on appeal. State v. Murinko, 108 Idaho 872, 873, 702 P.2d 910, 911
(Ct. App. 1985). In the absence of an adequate record on appeal to support the appellant’s claims,
we will not presume error. State v. Beason, 119 Idaho 103, 105, 803 P.2d 1009, 1011 (Ct. App.
1991).
At the hearing on Goines’ motion to suppress, the officer admitted that he did not interview
the citizen and explained that the information provided by him to the warrant judge in the warrant
application was based upon the officer’s observations at the scene, his CAD2 screen, and what he
was told by another officer who responded to the scene and had talked to the citizen. The officer
admitted that, if he had known the citizen had lost sight of the vehicle for a time, the officer would
have included that in the information provided to the warrant judge court because it was
exculpatory. The officer admitted that he had not personally observed Goines driving and that his
statements made in the application were part of a form he was reading from. Explaining the form,
in response to a question regarding whether he had made a false statement in the warrant
application, the officer testified:
Once again, it’s a form. We fill it out. I was reading it verbatim. I didn’t change
the words in there, but throughout the whole thing, I made it clear that I had never
observed [Goines] driving and that it was, you know [the citizen] that had told me
that he had observed [Goines] driving.

2
Computer Aided Dispatch.

5
The officer testified that the video he referred to in the application was possibly a reference to a
video obtained by the other responding officer from store surveillance parking lot cameras.
The district court found that, “what was portrayed to the warrant judge was very clear, that
it was not the officer who had observed a driving pattern or who had observed this vehicle
operating.” This finding is not clearly erroneous. At the outset of the application the officer
informed the warrant judge that Goines’ driving had been observed by the citizen. It is plain from
the record that the district court considered and rejected the argument that the officer acted with
reckless disregard for the truth. The district court ruled:
One may make argument and take issue with the nature or the completeness
of the investigation or maybe it went too quickly, I understand the reckless
argument, but that [the officer] acted intentionally is not--does not give rise to that
conclusion or even inference from the record.
It appears that the district court acknowledged that the evidence might have supported a conclusion
that the officer’s investigation prior to the warrant application was incomplete or perhaps
conducted too quickly but the district court’s ruling is only consistent with a finding that the
misstatements and omissions were negligent, not reckless or intentional. Plainly, the district court
credited the officer’s testimony. The district court also recognized that at least some of the
misstatements or omissions were not material because the warrant judge, having previously
considered telephonic applications for search warrants, would have recognized that the officer was,
as he testified, reading from a form; and the warrant judge was informed at the outset that it was
the citizen, not the officer, who observed Goines driving.
Having examined the record, with all presumptions favoring the district court’s exercise of
the power to weigh the evidence and draw factual inferences, we conclude that the implicit finding
of the district court that the officer did not act intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth
is supported by substantial evidence.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Goines has failed to show error in the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
Therefore, his judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge LORELLO, CONCUR.

6