In the Interest of C.H., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0123
Filed April 26, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF C.H.,
Minor Child,

C.H., Father,
Appellant,

A.T., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Shelby County, Charles D. Fagan,

District Associate Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental

rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Matthew J. Hudson, Harlan, for appellant father.

Sara E. Benson of Meldrum & Benson Law, P.C., Council Bluffs, for

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and William E. Sales, III, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

William T. Early, Harlan, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Judge.

After almost two years of involvement, the juvenile court terminated the

parental rights of the mother and father of two-year-old C.H. The parents

separately appeal raising identical issues.1

I. Delayed Appeal

Before we address the merits of the parents’ claims, we must address

whether we may consider the father’s appeal after he filed his petition on appeal

two days late. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.201(3) (“If the petition on appeal is not filed

with the clerk of the supreme court within 15 days after the filing of a notice of

appeal or within 15 days after the filing of an order granting an interlocutory appeal,

the supreme court shall dismiss the appeal, and the clerk shall immediately issue

procedendo.”). Following the father’s late filing, the supreme court ordered the

father to “file a statement . . . explaining why the appeal should not be dismissed

as the appeal was not timely filed.” Counsel for the father filed a responsive

statement explaining the late petition on appeal resulted from a combination of

counsel’s own familial obligations and heavy caseload, the absence of a legal

assistant who was on maternity leave, and a “calendaring miscalculation.”

Counsel also stated he

was unable to contact the father and even went to the effort of driving
to another town to [the father’s] home to get his signature on the
notice of [a]ppeal as emails were unanswered by the father regarding
the potential basis for the [a]ppeal and his phone was unanswered

1 It appears the father’s petition on appeal uses almost identical language as the
mother’s petition on appeal and sometimes (presumably) inadvertently references
the mother instead of the father. “To the extent these references were intended to
raise arguments on the mother’s behalf, we reject them, as the father has no
standing to raise issues on the mother’s behalf.” In re K.B., No. 22-1343, 2022 WL
17481399, at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 7, 2022).
3

and voicemail messages were not able to be left to the father to
assist in the basis for appeal.

We may grant a delayed appeal when (1) “the parent clearly intended to

appeal,” (2) “the ‘failure to timely perfect the appeal was outside of the parent’s

control,’” and (3) “the delay was ‘no more than negligible.’” In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d

315, 322 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted). Based on the facts presented, the two-

day delay here is “no more than negligible,” so that requirement is satisfied.2 See

id. Instead, we have concerns with respect to the first and second requirements

given counsel’s statement that he had to drive to the father’s home to secure his

signature on the notice of appeal and then could not reach the father to discuss

potential bases for the appeal. This leads us to question whether the father clearly

intended to appeal and whether the father’s lack of communication with counsel

was a contributing factor in the “failure to timely perfect the appeal” through the

filing of the petition on appeal. See id. However, the father may have believed no

more was required of him after he signed the notice of appeal. And counsel

conceded several personal and professional reasons, not related to any action or

2 We find the two-day negligible, in part, because it is akin to a one-day delay due
to the timing of events. The petition was due on February 9, which was a Thursday.
The petition was filed on Saturday, February 11. The father could have filed his
petition after the clerk’s office closed on Friday, in which case it would have only
been one day late. See Iowa Ct. R. 16.309(1)(c) (“A document is timely filed if it
is filed before midnight on the date the filing is due.”). Given that the clerk’s office
was not open to process the filing any time from the close of the clerk’s office on
Friday (February 10) until reopening for business on Monday (February 13), it
makes no practical difference whether it was filed anytime between the close of
the clerk’s office on Friday until it reopened on Monday. See In re B.W., No. 21-
1810, 2022 WL 468945, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 16, 2022) (Ahlers, J., specially
concurring) (factoring in the lack of practical difference in date of filing during a
period when the clerk’s office is closed in determining whether delay is negligible).
Filing at any time within that window would have the same practical effect as filing
at the earliest time in that window—in this case, one day late. See id.
4

inaction by the father, caused him to file the petition on appeal late. Given these

facts, we conclude the father intended to appeal and the failure to timely perfect

was outside the father’s control. Accordingly, we grant the delayed appeal and

proceed to the merits.

II. Merits

We conduct de novo review of orders terminating parental rights. In re Z.K.,

973 N.W.2d 27, 32 (Iowa 2022). Our review follows a three-step process that

involves determining if a statutory ground for termination has been established,

whether termination is in the children’s best interests, and whether any permissive

exceptions should be applied to preclude termination. In re A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280,

294 (Iowa 2021). If a parent does not challenge any of the three steps, we need

not address it on appeal. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010).

Both parents challenge the statutory grounds for termination.3 Here, the

juvenile court terminated their parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2022). “When the juvenile court terminates parental

rights on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order

on any ground we find supported by the record.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774

3 Both parents also claim the State did not make reasonable efforts toward
reunification. The reasonable-efforts requirement is not a strict substantive
requirement, but it is part of the State’s ultimate proof that the child cannot be
returned to the parent. In re L.T., 924 N.W.2d 521, 527 (Iowa 2019). So, a
reasonable-efforts challenge is generally a component of a statutory-grounds
challenge. However, we do not address either parent’s reasonable-efforts
challenge because it appears neither raised a reasonable-efforts challenge prior
to the termination hearing, In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 148 (Iowa 2002), and
neither identifies services that should have been provided and would have led to
reunification, In re C.E., No. 22-1179, 2022 WL 4362094, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.
Sept. 21, 2022).
5

(Iowa 2012). We elect to focus on section 232.116(1)(h) with respect to both

parents. Termination under section 232.116(1)(h) requires proof that (1) the child

is three years old or younger; (2) the child has been adjudicated as a child in need

of assistance; (3) the child has been removed from the parent’s custody for at least

six of the previous twelve months; and (4) the child cannot be returned to the

parent’s custody at the time of the termination hearing.

Neither parent challenges the first three elements. Instead, both attack the

fourth element by contending that the child could be returned to their respective

care “at the time of the termination hearing or in the near future.”4 We reject this

challenge.

As a preliminary observation, we note that both parents assert only that the

child could be returned to their care, but section 232.116(1)(h)(4) requires proof

that the child cannot be returned to a parent’s custody. So, for example, even if

the child could have been placed in the mother’s care at her sober-living facility,

the relevant question is whether the child could be returned to her custody. We do

not make this observation about the blurring of the distinction between care and

custody as a criticism of the parents. Indeed, we have most likely contributed to

the blurring by being imprecise on the distinction at times. See, e.g., In re K.H.,

No. 22-0964, 2022 WL 3421910, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2022) (referring

to the fourth element as imposing a requirement that the child cannot be returned

to the care of a parent); In re C.V., No. 18-0851, 2018 WL 4361061, at *1–2 (Iowa

4 Both parents separately challenge whether the State “met [its] burden of proving
by clear and convincing evidence that at the present time the child cannot be
returned to the custody of the child’s [parent] as provided in section 232.102.” That
is what the State is required to establish in section 232.116(1)(h)(4).
6

Ct. App. Sep. 12, 2018) (same). But, even viewing the parents’ challenges as

claims that the child could be returned to their respective custody, we are not

persuaded by their arguments. When assessing whether the fourth element is

satisfied, we do not consider what might happen in the future; rather we consider

only whether the child could be returned to the parent’s custody at the time of the

termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4) (“There is clear and

convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s

parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present time.”); In re A.M., 843

N.W.2d 100, 112 (Iowa 2014) (holding that “at the present time” means at the time

of the termination hearing).

We conclude the child could not be returned to the custody of either parent.

Both parents run into the same reunification barrier—methamphetamine use. See

In re J.P., No. 19-1633, 2020 WL 110425, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020) (“A

parent’s methamphetamine use, in itself, creates a dangerous environment for

children.”). These parents had more time to work toward reunification than

statutorily required,5 see Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(3), yet neither has been able

to establish a sustained period of sobriety through drug testing. The mother tested

positive for methamphetamine as recently as September and October of 2022. 6

She entered a sober-living home one week before the termination hearing. While

this is commendable, it is too late to establish that the child could be safely returned

to her custody. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 2000). The father

tested positive for methamphetamine in February and June of 2021. He has not

5 The parents had roughly twenty-two months to achieve reunification.
6 The termination hearing was held in December 2022.
7

submitted to testing since that time. We understand the evidence suggests there

were one or more instances when the father tried to test, only to find the testing

facility closed.7 But he missed nineteen testing opportunities and does not account

for every one of those when attempting to explain away his failure to submit to drug

testing. We presume the missed tests would have been positive for illicit

substances. See In re R.A., No. 21-0746, 2021 WL 4891011, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.

Oct. 20, 2021) (collecting cases noting missed tests are presumed positive for

illegal substances). Given these facts, we cannot say either parent’s relationship

with methamphetamine is over or that the child can be safely returned to either

parent’s custody. In re S.J., No. 20-1430, 2021 WL 811162, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.

Mar. 3, 2021); In re T.W., No. 20-0145, 2020 WL 1881115, at *1–3 (Iowa Ct. App.

Apr. 15, 2020). A statutory ground for termination was met as to both parents.

Both parents also challenge the juvenile court’s best-interests

determination. When making a best-interests determination, we “give primary

consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-

term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional

condition and needs of the child.” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40 (quoting Iowa Code §

232.116(2)). Both parents limit their best-interests argument to this statement, “It

would be detrimental to the well-being of the child should parental rights be

terminated.” We disagree. This two-year-old child has been in the care of his

paternal grandmother for twenty months. The grandmother does well in meeting

7 The father testified the testing center was closed on five occasions when he tried
to test, but the social worker’s report to the court only noted the father only
complained the testing center was closed once in October 2022.
8

the child’s needs, the child is bonded to the grandmother, and the grandmother is

willing to adopt him. Termination is a necessary step to adoption, and adoption

would give the child the safety and stability that all children deserve. Accordingly,

we conclude termination with respect to both parents is in the child’s best interests.

Because neither parent argues a permissive exception should apply, we

end our analysis here and affirm the juvenile court on both appeals. See In re J.D.,

No. 21-0391, 2021 WL 3379037, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2021).

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.