In the Interest of N.W., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-1946
Filed February 8, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF N.W.,
Minor Child,

B.Y., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Kimberly Ayotte,

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Teresa M. Pope of Pope Law, PLLC, Des Moines, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena (until

withdrawal) and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.

Kayla A.J. Stratton of Juvenile Public Defender, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.

This appeal involves recent changes to the duties of guardians ad litem

(GAL) in Iowa Code section 232.2(22) (Supp. 2022). The mother, Brittany, asks

us to reverse the order terminating her parental rights because the juvenile court

refused to continue the hearing despite the GAL’s failure to file a written report.

Brittany also contests each of the three steps for termination. See Iowa Code

§§ 232.116(1), (2), (3). Finding her claims do not foreclose termination, we affirm.1

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

N.W. is now four years old. She was removed from her parents, Brittany

and Derek, in September 2021 because of their struggles with domestic violence,

substance abuse, and mental health. For Brittany, substance abuse has been the

greatest impediment to her being a safe parent. Her abuse of painkillers dates

back to her teens. When she was nineteen, Brittany met Derek. He introduced

her to heroin. After that introduction, Brittany used drugs daily for the next three

years—through N.W.’s birth in 2019. Brittany overdosed on heroin more than

once, requiring hospitalization. And she also had a history of methamphetamine

abuse. N.W. tested positive for methamphetamine on the date of her removal.

Brittany has tried to address her addiction. But she’s done so without lasting

success. Neither residential nor medically assisted treatment led to the desired

results. For instance, she was discharged from two different treatment centers in

the spring of 2022 for stealing and breaking rules. She reentered another

residential treatment center in October 2022, just before the termination trial. And

1 The court also terminated the rights of N.W.’s father, Derek. He does not appeal.
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she asked for the court to allow N.W. to join her at that placement. The court

declined to do so, instead granting the State’s petition to terminate her parental

rights. Brittany appeals that order.

II. Scope and Standards of Review

Termination reviews are de novo. In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 305, 312

(Iowa 2021). “We are not bound by the factual findings of the juvenile court, though

we give them respectful consideration, particularly with respect to credibility

determinations.” Id. The State must present clear and convincing evidence to

support the grounds for termination. Id. That level of proof means we harbor no

“serious or substantial doubts” about the correctness of the legal conclusions

drawn from the evidence. Id. (citations omitted).

In this appeal, two other standards come into play. First, we review a denied

motion to continue for an abuse of discretion. In re M.D., 921 N.W.2d 229, 232

(Iowa 2018). Second, we review statutory interpretation questions for the

correction of legal error. In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313 (Iowa 2022).

As always, the child’s best interests form the foundation of our review.

W.M., 957 N.W.2d at 312.

III. Analysis

Termination appeals generally call for a three-step analysis. In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 472–73 (Iowa 2018). First, we measure whether the State proved

statutory grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence. Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1). Second, we determine whether termination is in the child’s best

interest. Id. § 232.116(2). Third, we assess whether any permissive exceptions
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to termination apply. Id. § 232.116(3). But before we do that three-step analysis

here, we consider Brittany’s challenge to the GAL requirements.

A. Waiver of a Written GAL Report

Under revisions effective July 1, 2022, the juvenile court must make a good-

cause finding before circumscribing the statutory duties of a GAL for a child in a

dependency case. Iowa Code § 232.2(22)(b) (codifying 2022 Iowa Acts ch. 1098,

§ 33). That legislation also expanded GAL duties. Among those new duties, a

GAL must submit “a written report to the juvenile court and to each of the parties

detailing compliance” with section 232.2(22). Id. § 232.2(22)(b)(8). Unless

otherwise ordered, the GAL must submit a written report for each hearing. Id. As

for content, those written reports must detail compliance with this new section:

In determining the best interests of the child, rather than relying
solely on a guardian ad litem’s life experiences or instinct, a guardian
ad litem shall, with the primary goal of achieving permanency for the
child by preserving the child’s family or reunifying the child with the
child’s family, do all of the following:
(1) Determine the child’s circumstances through a full,
independent, and efficient investigation, including the information
gathered from the child’s medical, mental health, and education
professionals, social workers, other relevant experts, and other
sources obtained in accordance with this subsection.
(2) Assess the child and the totality of the child’s
circumstances at the time of each placement determination,
including any potential trauma to the child that may be caused by any
recommended action.
(3) Examine all options available to the child in light of the
permanency plans.
(4) Incorporate a child’s expressed wishes in
recommendations and reports.

Id. § 232.2(22)(e).

Because the termination hearing occurred after the legislation’s effective

date, the GAL shouldered that new duty to submit a written report to the court and
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parties. At the start of the October 24 hearing, Brittany requested a continuance

because the GAL had not submitted a report and the requirement had not been

waived for good cause. The court denied the request, noting the following good

cause:

Although it’s an obligation of the GAL to provide written reports, the
court has told Ms. Stratton based on her injury to her wrist that she
did not need to provide those written reports to the court. . . . Ms.
Stratton is able to orally provide the court information regarding her
position as to termination. And it’s certainly not in the best interest
of this child to continue these proceedings any further.[2]

At the close of the hearing, the GAL reported her support for termination of

parental rights. She described seeing N.W. in the current foster home, where she

was “settling in well.” The GAL didn’t believe that N.W. could handle “too many

more transitions without really negative consequences.”

In her petition on appeal, Brittany’s counsel does not argue that the GAL’s

wrist issue fell short of good cause. Nor does she argue that an oral report at the

end of the hearing failed to provide her adequate notice of the GAL’s position on

termination. Rather, she asserts the court “did not make a finding that good cause

existed.” Because the record refutes her assertion, we find no abuse of discretion

in the denial of her motion to continue. See In re A.H., 950 N.W.2d 27, 33 (Iowa

Ct. App. 2020) (finding an abuse only when the denial is grounded on untenable

reasons, like an erroneous application of the law).

2 The juvenile court also stated at the hearing that the GAL report was “not a
necessary piece to the evidentiary requirements of a termination proceeding.”
That question has yet to be answered considering the language of the new
legislation. But Brittney does not raise this issue. So we need not address it today.
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B. Statutory Ground for Termination

The juvenile court granted the State’s petition under Iowa Code section

232.116(1), paragraphs (h), (i) and (l). We can affirm on any of those grounds

satisfied by clear and convincing evidence. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707

(Iowa 2010). We focus on paragraph (h). The only disputed issue is whether N.W.

could have been placed in Brittany’s custody at the time of the hearing. See Iowa

Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4); W.T., 967 N.W.2d at 322. Like the juvenile court, we find

that reunion posed a risk of further harm to N.W. Brittany tried to address her

addiction through residential treatment, but had yet to achieve sustained sobriety.

Beyond that, she had not stabilized her mental health. Her visits with N.W.

remained fully supervised. And she had not shown she could maintain

employment or housing outside of her resdential treatment program.

In fact, when asked at the termination hearing if she could provide “a safe

and nurturing home” for N.W., Brittany was frank: “Yes and no, honestly.” To

explain, she acknowledged she would “need more time to transition” back to being

a full-time mother.

As for Brittany’s request for more time, the juvenile court may deny

termination and give the parent another six months for reunification only if the need

for removal “will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” Iowa

Code § 232.104(2)(b). This record does not lend itself to such an optimistic

outlook. To the contrary, the juvenile court chronicled a lack of progress:

Based on her past history of multiple residential treatment attempts,
ongoing substance use in the community, continued contact with
Derek, and need to address her mental health, as well as her lack of
stability outside a residential setting, the court cannot find that
reunification is likely to occur within six months.
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Like the juvenile court, we decline to delay permanency.

C. Best Interests of the Child

Not only is Brittany unable to show the impediments to returning N.W. to

her custody will be gone in six months, such a delay is not in the child’s best

interests. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2). In reaching that conclusion, we consider

N.W.’s safety; the best placement for furthering her long-term nurturing and

growth; and her physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs. See id.

The record shows that Brittany would have trouble addressing both N.W.’s

short- and long-term needs. For instance, in her testimony, Brittany did not

recognize N.W.’s developmental delays, including the child’s speech difficulties.

And as the GAL reported, waiting for her mother to address her addiction outside

of a treatment setting was not in N.W.’s best interests.

D. Permissive Exception

Finally, Brittany invokes the permissive exception at Iowa Code section

232.116(3)(c), contending termination would harm N.W. because of the closeness

of the parent-child relationship. We acknowledge Brittany’s testimony that she and

N.W. have had quality visits and engaged in bonding activities, such as coloring,

playing with toys, and painting their fingernails. But Brittany has not proven that

the loss of their bond would outweigh her inability to provide for N.W.’s developing

needs. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. Thus, termination was proper.

AFFIRMED.