In the Interest of A.B., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-1469
Filed November 2, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF A.B.,
Minor Child,

H.S., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dickinson County, Shawna L.

Ditsworth, District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court’s order of permanency in this child-in-

need-of-assistance proceeding. AFFIRMED.

Samuel L. Lyon of Quail Law, PLC, Spencer, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Elizabeth K. Elsten of Johnson Law Firm, Spirit Lake, attorney and guardian

ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Badding, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court’s order of permanency in this child-in-

need-of-assistance (CINA) proceeding. She contends the court should have

granted her an additional six months to reunify with her child and disagrees with

the court’s finding a transfer of custody to the father was in the child’s best

interests. On our de novo review,1 we concur in the juvenile court’s findings and

conclusions. We affirm.

A.B. was in the mother’s physical care after a 2017 dissolution decree.2

A.B. is a nine-year-old with several emotional and behavioral challenges who

needs “structured routine, stability, [and] consistency with medication

management.” The mother has been unable to overcome her own substance-

abuse issues and adequately attend to her mental- and physical-health needs,

rendering her unable to provide A.B. with a safe and stable home.

The department of health and human services (DHHS) became involved

with the family in April 2021 because the mother was using methamphetamine

while caring for the child; voluntary services commenced.

In July, the mother drove A.B. to Missouri and placed her in the father’s care

while the mother attempted to deal with her issues.3 The mother again tested

positive for methamphetamine. Additionally, the mother was involved with a

partner who used methamphetamine and had a history of domestic violence.

1 In an equity action, our review is de novo. In re A.S.T., 508 N.W.2d 735, 737
(Iowa Ct. App. 1993). We give weight to the juvenile court’s findings of fact but are
not bound by them. Id. “The most important consideration in any CINA case is
the best interests of the child.” In re D.D., 653 N.W.2d 359, 362 (Iowa 2002).
2 The dissolution decree was entered without the father’s participation.
3 A.B.’s older brother was living with the father as well.
3

A CINA petition was filed on July 23. The mother entered into a safety plan

with DHHS on August 25, which noted the child was living with the father and would

be returning to Iowa over Labor Day weekend. The mother agreed A.B. would

reside with the maternal grandparents when the child arrived.

The CINA hearing was held on October 6, and on October 13, A.B. was

adjudicated CINA and placed in the custody of the maternal grandparents. The

adjudication order noted an interstate compact home study was requested for the

father’s home in Missouri. The mother was ordered to submit to random drug

testing, participate in substance-abuse treatment, and follow the recommendations

of her mental-health provider.

The mother continued to struggle with methamphetamine use and was

unable to sustain sobriety for more than a month or two. In June 2022, the mother

attempted inpatient treatment but remained for just a few days before leaving

because she needed medical treatment. However, she did not address her

medical issues or reengage with substance-abuse services. From June through

the time of the permanency hearing on August 23, the mother and A.B. saw each

other only once.4

In the meantime, A.B.’s father and his sister and parents have been

educated about A.B.’s needs for structure and treatment. The father visited A.B.

when in Iowa for court hearings and maintained contact by telephone. A.B. spent

spring break with him in April 2022. In May, the father made a motion to modify

custody. The father’s home study indicated placement with him was a viable

4 The father brought the child from Missouri to visit the mother, who was
hospitalized from August 2 to 5 after seeking emergency care.
4

option. Services for A.B. are available in Missouri but cannot be put in place unless

and until the child resides in the state.

On August 23, a hearing was held to address CINA review and permanency

and the father’s motions to modify placement and for concurrent jurisdiction. The

mother did not attend.5 The caseworker testified at trial that the mother admitted

ongoing methamphetamine use both before entering treatment in June 2022 and

between leaving treatment in June and the permanency hearing. The mother also

had significant untreated health issues. She was not actively engaged with service

providers and admitted she was not currently able to care for A.B.

The caseworker testified the father’s home study had been completed, and

she recommended A.B. be placed in the father’s custody, stating:

[W]e do have a father that we do not have any founded abuse reports
on. We do not have any—that we have concerns, but there’s no
imminent danger of placing her with her father. There are great
supports for [A.B.] in Missouri to help set up with services, with
schooling, with, you know, spending the night at grandma’s,
spending the night at the aunt’s, things like that. We have no
grounds to not place her with a parent when we have a parent
wanting to take care of their child.
....
I have been in really good contact, besides the last month, or
so, with [paternal grandmother], who has been a great support,
helping with [A.B.]. [Paternal aunt] has also been another great
support, you know, helping out, getting to school when she was in
Missouri prior. You know, going to their houses. The child care part
of it. It takes a village to raise children, and especially one with
special needs. And [the father] definitely has those good supports in
place. It doesn’t mean that we don’t have concerns about making
sure that she gets medication, that she gets therapy, but we had
some good discussions with [father and relatives] about the need for
her to have those services put in place.

5The mother’s attorney reported she was emotionally unable to attend the hearing
upon learning DHHS was no longer recommending reunification with her. She
authorized her attorney to proceed without her presence.
5

When asked whether the caseworker could recommend granting the

mother additional time to seek reunification, she testified A.B. had been out of the

mother’s custody since July 2021. “Having more time, I don’t see that we will be

anywhere different than where we are now in six months.” The caseworker stated

allowing the mother more time “isn’t going to do miracles.”

The father testified he was willing and able to provide a home for A.B. and

arrange for her needs to be met.6

In closing statements, the attorney for the State asked that the court grant

the petition to modify and order concurrent jurisdiction. The father’s attorney

noted:

As much as it might be ideal to be able to do some kind of interim
trial visit, with the distance and the Interstate Compact issues, there
simply isn’t a mechanism; but I think there are enough safeguards in
place, and enough progress has been made by my client and his
support system to ensure a safe placement of [A.B.] with him in
Missouri.

Counsel for the mother objected to changing A.B.’s placement and

requested she be granted an additional six months to address her medical and

substance-abuse issues.

The child’s attorney and guardian ad litem (GAL) had no objection to

concurrent jurisdiction but did not recommend placement with the father “until we

can ensure that the same level of quality of services would be available

elsewhere.” The GAL’s permanency recommendation was for placement with

another parent or suitable family member.

6 The father testified he had been in an accident that resulted in his leg being
crushed. He used marijuana medicinally pursuant to a medical marijuana card.
He stated he would discuss alternative medications with his prescriber.
6

After a recess, the court issued its ruling, noting its options at permanency

were governed by statute. The court noted that effective July 1, a new subsection

created a priority of placement if the child could not be returned to home—the first

priority being transfer of legal custody to a parent, unless that option would not be

in the child’s best interests. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(d)–(4A) (Supp. 2022).

The court found custody could not be returned to the mother, did not believe giving

her an additional six months would result in the child being returned to her care,

and termination of her parental rights was not in the child’s best interests.

The court adopted DHHS’s recommendation that legal custody be placed

with the father, explaining:

I think [the father] should be commended for his participation and
cooperation with [DHHS]. Living a number of hours away, I am sure
that wasn’t easy, but [he] has also, in my opinion, addressed all of
the concerns that have been brought forth in regards to his home and
his ability to care for [A.B.] We have an approved home study from
the State of Missouri.

The court noted the father had been involved with the child’s medical care from a

distance, indicated a genuine care for what was best for the child, had family

support available as well as support from human services in Missouri and Iowa.

The court noted the father had addressed the GAL’s concerns and those raised by

the child’s therapist regarding the child’s need for structure, routine, and regular

discipline. The court also noted A.B. “has a relationship and bond with her father

as well as her extended family in Missouri” and had previously resided in Missouri.

The court commended the maternal grandparents for the “excellent care for [A.B.]

during this difficult time in her life.”
7

The court also stated:

We did hear some new information today regarding the issue
with the medical marijuana issue, and that wasn’t addressed in the
substance abuse evaluation; nor do I believe it was addressed in the
home study. I believe that is something that should be addressed by
[the father] with your medical doctor regarding appropriate treatment
and the use of the medical marijuana, combined with taking care of
[A.B.] full-time and what other options that there may be.
So, [father], I am going to include in the court’s order that you
follow up with your medical doctor, or any appropriate professional,
regarding the use of medical marijuana and in providing full-time care
for [A.B.] I’m also going to order, and I think this is one of [DHHS’s]
recommendations, that you do continue with your therapy that you
are attending currently once a week. I think the . . . recommendation
was that you would follow through with all recommendations of your
mental health provider, so I’ll adopt that recommendation as well, but
just reiterate to you that I think it is important for you to continue with
that as you go through this transition time for [A.B.] and in getting her
to your home full-time.
The court will also adopt the Father’s Motion for Concurrent
Jurisdiction and will include that in the court’s order as well.
I think the Father’s Motion to Modify Custody is essentially
moot at this point because the court is entering a permanency order
transferring custody of the child to the father. And the order will note
that as well.

A written order was filed on August 24. The mother appeals, contending the court

should have granted her an additional six months.

A six-month extension of time may be granted under Iowa Code

section 232.104(2)(b) if parental rights are not terminated following a permanency

hearing. In re D.P., No. 21-0884, 2021 WL 3891722, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 1,

2021). But an extension may be granted only if the court “determin[es] that the

need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end

of the additional six-month period.” In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa Ct. App.

2005) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b)). The mother claims she plans to

address both her medical and substance-abuse issues going forward. Given the
8

mother’s history of unsuccessful attempts to maintain sobriety and failure to deal

with her physical and medical needs, we cannot say it is likely the child could be

returned to the mother’s care within six months. See In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157,

171 (Iowa 2020) (noting we may look to a parent’s past actions for information

about their future conduct). We agree with the juvenile court’s opinion that giving

the mother an additional six months will do nothing but delay permanency.

After a permanency hearing the court must make a placement decision for

the child. Iowa Code § 232.104(2). When the court does not return the child to

the child’s home, does not grant an extension, and does not order the institution of

termination proceedings, the legislature has determined the first option is “to

transfer sole custody of the child from one parent to another parent.” Id.

§ 232.104(2)(d). An exception for that placement arises only “[i]f the court finds

that custody with either of the child’s parents is not in the child’s best interests.”

Id. § 232.102(1)(a). The mother seeks to avoid A.B.’s placement with the father

based on this exception. While there have been concerns raised, we note the

mother placed the child in the father’s care when she needed parenting assistance

and the child will continue to be under the supervision of the juvenile court. We

cannot find placement with the father is not in the child’s best interests. We affirm.

AFFIRMED.