In the Interest of D.B., Jr., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0790
Filed August 18, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF D.B., JR.,
Minor child,

D.B., SR., Father,
Appellant,

MARTI D. NERENSTONE,
Guardian ad Litem, Appellant
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Charles D.

Fagen, District Associate Judge.

A father and the guardian ad litem for a minor child appeal the district court’s

order terminating the father’s parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Roberta J. Megel of State Public Defender’s Office, Council Bluffs, for

appellant father.

Marti D. Nerenstone, Council Bluffs, Guardian ad Litem for appellant minor

child.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith Lamberti, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Schumacher, JJ.
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SCHUMACHER, Judge.

A father and the guardian ad litem (GAL) for a minor child appeal the district

court’s order terminating the father’s parental rights. There is sufficient evidence

in the record to support termination of the father’s parental rights. The State

engaged in reasonable efforts to reunite the father and child. Termination of the

father’s parental rights is in the child’s best interests. The court properly

determined none of the exceptions to termination should be applied. Accordingly,

we affirm the decision of the district court.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

D.B., father, and C.B., mother, are the parents of D.B., who was born in

2009. The family has a long history of involvement with the Iowa Department of

Human Services (DHS).1 The most recent DHS involvement with the family began

in April 2019, due to reports the mother was using methamphetamine while caring

for the child. The child was removed from the parents’ custody on June 14 and

placed with the maternal grandmother.2

On September 20, the child was adjudicated to be in need of assistance

(CINA), pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (n) (2019). The father

was ordered to complete substance-abuse and mental-health evaluations and

1 The parents have a history of drug use and domestic violence. Juvenile court
proceedings were initiated in June 2012, then closed in May 2013. Proceedings
were initiated again in December 2013, then closed in March 2015. New
proceedings were initiated in December 2016, and were closed in October 2018.
At times, the child was removed from the parents’ care during these prior court
proceedings.
2 By the time of the termination hearing, the child had been removed from parental

custody six times in a period of nine years.
3

follow all recommendations. The father did not remain in contact with DHS or

participate in services. He did not attend court hearings.

The maternal grandmother reported that the father contacted her regarding

visits, but she refused and referred him to DHS. The father contacted DHS on

June 24, 2020. When a social worker attempted to contact him at the telephone

number he provided, the number was out of service. A DHS worker talked to the

father in August and he declined to participate in any services.

On November 16, the State filed a petition seeking to terminate the father’s

parental rights.3 The termination hearing was held on February 23, 2021. The

child was in shelter care due to behavioral problems. The court appointed special

advocate (CASA) testified the child was on an emotional roller coaster with the

father because the father would engage with him and bring him gifts, then let him

down. The CASA testified concerning stability and consistency for D.M. if the

father’s rights were terminated. A DHS worker testified the child could not be

placed with the father because there was insufficient information concerning the

father’s stability and parenting abilities.

The father testified that he believed he had a bond with the child. He stated

he was being treated for throat cancer and had other health problems. The father

asserted that he spent time with the child without the knowledge of DHS. He

testified he did not believe he needed supervised visitation and did not want to

have visits through DHS. The father indicated he did not need to participate in any

services. The father was living with a friend but stated he would get an apartment

3 The State did not seek to terminate the mother’s parental rights.
4

if the child was placed in his care. He also stated the child could be placed with

the mother. The child, who was then eleven years old, testified that he did not

want the father’s rights to be terminated. The child stated he had a bond with the

father.

The district court terminated the father’s parental rights under section

232.116(1)(b), (e), and (f) (2020). The court found:

The father has been ordered to do various services, and he
has not complied with the services offered. The child has been out
of his parents’ care for nineteen of the last twenty-two months with
little improvement towards reunification. He continues to wait for his
father to engage in services. This child needs and deserves
permanency in his life.

The court also found, “This child could not be reunified with his father today, or in

the foreseeable future.” The court declined the father’s request for additional time

to work on reunification. The court determined the State engaged in reasonable,

but unsuccessful, efforts to reunify the child with the father. The court concluded

that termination of the father’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests. The

father and GAL appeal the district court’s decision.

II. Standard of Review

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear

and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear

and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to

the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary

concern is the best interests of the child. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa

2014).
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III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The father and GAL claim the State did not present sufficient evidence to

support termination of the father’s parental rights. “We will uphold an order

terminating parental rights where there is clear and convincing evidence of the

statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App.

2015), as amended (Oct. 16, 2015). “When the juvenile court orders termination

of parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we need only find grounds

to terminate on one of the sections to affirm.” Id. at 435. We focus on the

termination of the father’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(f).4

A. The GAL asserts the State did not present clear and convincing

evidence to support the third element, which is “[t]he child has been removed from

the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen

months, or for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home has

been less than thirty days.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(3) (emphasis added). The

GAL states the child was in a trial home placement with the mother from

September 8, 2020, until November 5, a period of fifty-nine days.

4 A parent’s rights may be terminated under section 232.116(1)(f) if the court finds:
(1) The child is four years of age or older.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a [CINA] pursuant to
section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or
for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
as provided in section 232.102.
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Section 232.116(1)(f)(3) presents two alternative tests. The circumstances

of this case may not come within the second alternative, as the trial home

placement with the mother was longer than thirty days. See id. However, the

circumstances come within the first alternative because the child was removed

from the parents’ custody on June 14, 2019, and the termination hearing was held

on February 23, 2021, twenty months later. Out of the last eighteen months before

the termination hearing, the child had been out of the parents’ custody for at least

twelve months. We conclude the State presented clear and convincing evidence

to support the third element of section 232.116(1)(f).

B. The father claims the State did not prove the fourth element—the

child could not be safely placed in his care. See id. § 232.116(1)(f)(4). We

consider whether the child could be returned at the time of the termination hearing.

In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010); In re C.W., 554 N.W.2d

279, 282 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996).

The DHS worker assigned to the case testified the child could not be placed

with the father at the time of the hearing because she did not have enough

knowledge of the father’s stability or parenting abilities. The father refused to

participate in any services, keep in contact with DHS, or attend supervised

visitation. The father did not attend any of the court hearings except the

termination hearing. Until he testified at that hearing, DHS workers did not even

know where the father lived. The district court highlighted the father’s “untreated

chemical dependency, untreated mental health problems, domestic abuse issue,

a lack of appropriate housing and employment, minimal compliance, criminal

activity and a lack of verification of commitment” remained after nineteen months
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of services. Given the father’s failure to participate in services to address these

problems, we conclude there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to

show the child could not be safely returned to the father’s care at the time of the

termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4).

C. As part of his claims concerning the sufficiency of the evidence, the

father contends the State did not engage in reasonable efforts to reunite him with

the child. “Reasonable efforts to reunite parent and child are required prior to

termination of parental rights.” In re M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App.

1996). A determination of whether services offered are reasonable depends upon

the circumstances of the case. In re S.J., 620 N.W.2d 522, 525 (Iowa 2000).

The father’s petition on appeal does not specify what additional services

should have been offered to him, stating only “there was a failure of reasonable

efforts by DHS to reunite the family.” Services were offered to the father, but he

was unwilling to participate. Further, the father did not request any additional

reasonable efforts prior to the termination hearing. Rather, he declined to

participate in any offered services. Where a parent “fails to request other services

at the proper time, the parent waives the issue and may not later challenge it at

the termination proceeding.” In re C.H., 652 N.W.2d 144, 148 (Iowa 2002).

Similarly, we will not review a reasonable efforts claim unless it is raised prior to

the termination hearing. See T.S., 868 N.W.2d at 442; In re L.M.W., 518 N.W.2d

804, 807 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (stating that a party challenging reasonable efforts

must do so prior to the termination hearing).

The district court found, “Reasonable, but unsuccessful, efforts were made

to reunify the child with his father.” We conclude the services offered to the father
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were reasonable under the circumstances of the case and we find sufficient

evidence in the record to support termination of the father’s parental rights under

section 232.116(1)(f).

IV. Best Interests

The father and the GAL cite to section 232.116(2), which states termination

must be in a child’s best interests. In considering a child’s best interests, we give

“primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the

long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and

emotional needs of the child under section 232.116(2).” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33,

41 (Iowa 2010). “It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency

after the State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by

hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable

home for the child.” Id.

The father and the GAL assert the court should have given more deference

to the child’s stated preference to maintain a relationship with the father. In a best

interest analysis, if a child has been placed with a foster family, the court should

consider “[t]he reasonable preference of the child, if the court determines that the

child has sufficient capacity to express a reasonable preference.” Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2)(b)(2); see also In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 224 (Iowa 2016). By its

terms, section 232.116(2)(b)(2) applies “If the child has been placed in foster care.”

See In re K.A., No. 18-0232, 2018 WL 1633524, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 4, 2018)

(emphasis added). The child was not in foster care at the time of the termination

hearing, and, therefore, section 232.116(2)(b)(2) does not apply.
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Furthermore, the court should consider whether a child’s preference is

reasonable under the facts of the case. See In re B.A.L., No. 12-1059, 2012 WL

3860816, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 6, 2012) (finding a child’s preference to live

with the father was not reasonable because he could not provide a safe

environment). The CASA assigned to this case testified:

But [the child] is up and down. His letdowns, when [the father] lets
him down, that emotional kind of roller coaster that [the child] goes
through, that weighed a lot into me thinking that it is in [the child’s]
best interest [to terminate parental rights] based on the past
relationship over the three years that I’ve seen.

She stated that terminating the father’s parental rights would provide more stability

and consistency for the child.

The father created a roller coaster of emotions for the child—sometimes

appearing in the child’s life and showering the child with gifts, then disappearing

for periods of time. The father was not able to provide the stability needed by the

child to help address the child’s behavioral problems. We conclude that

termination of the father’s parental rights is in the child’s best interests.

V. Exceptions

The father and GAL contend the district court should have decided to not

terminate the father’s parental rights based on the exceptions to termination found

in section 232.116(3). The court may decide to not terminate a parent’s rights if,

among other things, “[a] relative has legal custody of the child,” “[t]he child is over

ten years of age and objects to the termination,” or “[t]here is clear and convincing

evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to

the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(a), (b),

(c).
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“The factors weighing against termination in section 232.116(3) are

permissive, not mandatory.” In re A.R., 932 N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019)

(quoting In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 474–75 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011)). “The court

may exercise its discretion in deciding whether to apply the factors in section

232.116(3) to save the parent-child relationship based on the unique

circumstances of each case and the best interests of the child[ ].” Id. (citing In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014)).

The district court did not address this issue, and we question whether it has

been preserved for our review. In re K.C., 660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003) (“Even

issues implicating constitutional rights must be presented to and ruled upon by the

district court in order to preserve error for appeal.”); In re C.D., 508 N.W.2d 97,

100 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (“Matters not raised in the trial court, including

constitutional questions, cannot be asserted for the first time on appeal.”). A

motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2) is essential to the

preservation of error when a trial court does not resolve an issue. In re A.M.H.,

516 N.W.2d 867, 872 (Iowa 1994).

Even if the issue had been properly raised, we find the evidence does not

support a finding that it would be in the child’s best interests to apply an exception

to termination. Although the child objected to the termination, as discussed above,

the relationship was not beneficial to the child due to the father’s lack of

consistency. The district court found the child did not have a close bond with the

father. The evidence does not show that the relationship is so close that it would

be appropriate to deny termination. Additionally, the child was not in the legal

custody of a relative. J.B.’s custody remained with DHS at the time of the
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termination hearing. We conclude the court properly did not apply an exception to

termination under section 232.116(3). We affirm the decision of the district court.

AFFIRMED.