State of Iowa v. Kentrall Edward Barnes

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-1958
Filed November 13, 2025

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

KENTRALL EDWARD BARNES,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Robert J. Richter,

Judge.

A defendant appeals his sentence. AFFIRMED.

Michael H. Johnson of Johnson Law Firm, Spirit Lake, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Joshua Henry, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Considered without oral argument by Ahlers, P.J., and Chicchelly and

Sandy, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Presiding Judge.

Kentrall Barnes pleaded guilty to operating while intoxicated (OWI), third

offense. When he committed the crime, he was on probation for OWI, second

offense. As a result, the State sought to revoke his probation in addition to having

him sentenced for OWI, third offense.

The district court held a combined sentencing and probation-revocation

hearing in the two cases. As to the OWI, third offense, the State recommended

imposition of a prison sentence. As to the probation-revocation, the State

recommended revocation of probation and imposition of the originally suspended

prison sentence. The State recommended that the two sentences run concurrently

to each other. In contrast, Barnes requested suspension of the prison sentence

for the OWI, third offense, with the requirement that he be placed at a residential

facility. Similarly, as to the probation-revocation proceeding, he asked for

modification of the conditions of probation to be placed at a residential facility.

The district court declined to follow either party’s recommendation. Instead,

it imposed the prison sentence for OWI, third offense; revoked probation; and

required Barnes to serve the original prison sentence for his OWI, second offense

conviction. And it ordered the two sentences to be served consecutively. Barnes

filed a motion to reconsider, which the court denied. Barnes appeals in the OWI,

third offense, case.1 He contends the district court abused its discretion by

(1) failing to give reasons why it didn’t follow either party’s recommendation;

1 Because Barnes appeals his sentence, which was neither mandatory nor agreed-

to, he has established good cause to appeal. See Iowa Code § 814.6(1)(a)(3)
(2024); State v. Damme, 944 N.W.2d 98, 105 (Iowa 2020).
3

(2) placing undue emphasis on his criminal history without sufficiently considering

mitigating factors; and (3) not giving sufficient weight to or simply ignoring the

evidence he presented from his probation officer, who recommended placement

at a residential facility. He also contends the district court failed to give adequate

reasons for imposing consecutives sentences.2 We review for abuse of discretion.

Damme, 944 N.W.2d at 105–06. We address his claims in order.

As to Barnes’s complaint about the district court failing to give reasons for

not following his or the State’s recommendations, the court was not required to

explain why it didn’t choose a certain sentence. It was only required to give

reasons for choosing the sentence it did. See State v. Smith, 17 N.W.3d 355, 359

(Iowa 2025). The court did that, stating:

Mr. Barnes, when the court makes a decision about the proper
sentence, I have to take into account several factors. These are the
factors I’m considering in your case.
I consider your age. Your attorney indicated that you are
thirty-two years old. So you’re an individual who knows the
difference between right and wrong and what’s expected of mature
adults in our community.
I also consider your family situation and realize you have three
children that you want to parent and that you were parenting and
assisting with their upbringing.
I also consider the impact my sentence would have on your
current employment as well as future employment.

2 Barnes’s brief makes a passing reference to the court considering improper
factors when it commented on Barnes being involved in a hit-and-run accident as
part of his commission of the offense of OWI, third offense. If this reference was
intended to raise an issue of consideration of improper factors, we deem the issue
forfeited for failure to cite any authority or make any substantive argument in
support of it. See State v. Jackson, 4 N.W.3d 298, 311 (Iowa 2024) (noting a party
forfeits an issue when a party fails to cite authority or make more than a perfunctory
argument in support of the issue). Even if the issue was not forfeited, we note that
Barnes’s written guilty plea agreed that the court could consider the minutes of
testimony to find a factual basis for the plea, and the minutes included details about
Barnes striking another vehicle and driving off. So that information was available
for the court’s consideration.
4

But I need to balance all of that against the need for
deterrence, rehabilitation, the nature of the charge, harm to any
victim, and your criminal history. Deterrence is just a fancy word for
“I want to do something with my sentence that shows you this
behavior has to stop.” And, unfortunately, I kind of already thought I
was doing that with your last OWI where I gave you a pretty severe
suspended sentence.
And the history here with your probation, after I thought I was
sending you the message that this was for real, is that you kind of
didn’t take it seriously. We have probation violations that had to be
filed multiple times. There’s public intox charges. There’s positive
UAs. There’s failure to report for UAs. And then with all of that before
it, you get another OWI. And it’s a third offense. It’s a felony. It isn’t
just one of your run-of-mill OWIs either. It was a bad one. It was an
accident, hit-and-run situation. And you blew a .254. Basically it
looks like you’re almost, in a way, begging to be revoked and sent to
prison. And I don’t know what else I can do.
I know we haven’t tried the facility, but, frankly, I don’t think
you’re a good candidate for it. You’ve not been able to cooperate
with just formal probation, street probation. And basically did the one
thing that we definitely wanted to prevent—was another OWI and put
our community members at risk, their property, their safety. So I’m
not giving you the facility. I don’t think that’s appropriate.
In fact, I’m going to run the probation violation revocation
consecutive to the OWI. So it’s going to be a five-year prison
sentence imposed, $3,125 fine, revoke the probation on the other
two, and they’ll be served consecutively.

This sufficiently explained how the court arrived at its sentencing decision. It also

explained why the court did not follow the State’s or Barnes’s recommendation,

even though the court had no obligation to do so. See id. (noting that the court is

not required to give reasons for rejecting particular sentencing options). So we

find no abuse of discretion for failing to adequately explain the reasons for the

sentence.

We also find no merit in Barnes’s claim that the court placed too much

weight on his criminal history and not enough on mitigating factors. The above-

quoted statement refutes Barnes’s claim. While the court considered Barnes’s

extensive criminal history—as it was obligated to do, see Iowa Code
5

§ 907.5(1)(b)—it also gave consideration to mitigating factors. Barnes’s argument

boils down to asking us to weigh the sentencing factors differently than the district

court. But that is not our role as an appellate court. Our role is to assess whether

the district court abused its discretion in weighing the pertinent factors and arriving

at its sentencing decision. See State v. Wright, 340 N.W.2d 590, 593 (Iowa 1983)

(“The right of an individual judge to balance the relevant factors in determining an

appropriate sentence inheres in the discretionary standard.”). We find no abuse

of that discretion here.

Barnes also claims the court ignored or improperly weighed the testimony

of his probation officer recommending that Barnes be placed on probation at a

residential facility. We begin by noting that the court has no obligation to address

each claimed mitigating factor or the evidence supporting it. See State v. Phillips,

996 N.W.2d 419, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 2023) (noting the court is “not required to

specifically acknowledge each mitigating factor”). But despite not having the

obligation to do so, the court did so when it noted that Barnes was not a good

candidate for an OWI facility given his history. We also note that the court had no

obligation to follow the recommendations of the author of a presentence

investigation report (PSI) had one been prepared. See State v. Grgurich, 253

N.W.2d 605, 606 (Iowa 1977). The same holds true as to the recommendation of

an officer of the department of correctional services that is not reduced to writing

in a PSI, as happened here. We reject Barnes’s claim that the district court abused

its discretion by not following Barnes’s probation officer’s recommendation.

Finally, we address Barnes’s claim that the court did not give adequate

reasons for imposing consecutive sentences. We agree with Barnes that the court
6

was obligated to give reasons for imposing consecutive sentences. See State v.

Hill, 878 N.W.2d 269, 273–74 (Iowa 2016). But we disagree with Barnes that the

court did not do so. Preliminarily, we agree with the State that when the court said,

“In fact, I’m going to run the probation violation revocation consecutive to the OWI,”

immediately after giving the reasons for the sentence, this was simply the court’s

way of saying that it was imposing consecutive sentences for the same reasons it

had just recited in arriving at imposing a sentence of incarceration. It was

permissible for the court to do so. See id. at 275 (“Sentencing courts should also

explicitly state the reasons for imposing a consecutive sentence, although in doing

so the court may rely on the same reasons for imposing a sentence of

incarceration.”). This principle alone warrants rejecting Barnes’s claim. But there

is also the principle that “the oral colloquy and the written sentencing order may be

combined to determine whether sufficient reasons [for consecutive sentences]

have been given.” State v. Luke, 4 N.W.3d 450, 458 (Iowa 2024). Here, besides

the statements made at the sentencing hearing quoted above, the court also

issued a written sentencing order. That order included reasons for imposing

consecutive sentences that included:

– The nature and circumstances of the crime
– The plea agreement
– Defendant’s criminal history
– Defendant’s substance use history
– Defendant’s propensity for further criminal acts
– Defendant’s statement
– Defendant’s family circumstances
– Maximum opportunity for rehabilitation
– Defendant’s age and character
– Protection of the public from further offenses
7

These reasons, coupled with the statements made by the court during the

sentencing hearing, provided adequate reasons for its decision to impose

consecutive sentences.

Having rejected Barnes’s challenges to his sentence, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.