In the Interest of L.C. and W.C., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-1300
Filed October 30, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF L.C. and W.C.,
Minor Children,

D.M., Mother of L.C.,
Appellant,

A.C., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Greene County, Ashley Beisch,

Judge.

The mother of one child and the father of both children separately appeal

the termination of their parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Jonathan Law of Mumma & Pedersen, Jefferson, for appellant mother of

L.C.

Joel Baxter of Baxter & Wild Law Office, PC, Guthrie Center, for appellant

father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Leah Patton of Patton Legal Services, LLC, Ames, attorney and guardian

ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Greer, P.J., and Buller and Langholz, JJ.
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GREER, Presiding Judge.

The juvenile court terminated the parental rights of the father of L.C. (born

in 2013) and W.C. (born in 2019) pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and

(j) (2024). It also terminated the rights of L.C.’s mother under

section 232.116(1)(e) and (f).1 The father and the mother both appeal.

Because “each parent’s parental rights are separate adjudications, both

factually and legally,” we consider the appeals separately. In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d

157, 171 (Iowa 2020). Our review is de novo. Id. at 166. And “[w]hile we are not

bound by the juvenile court’s factual findings, we accord them weight, especially

in assessing witness credibility.” Id.

I. Father’s Appeal.

As an impediment to reunification, the father was imprisoned at the time of

the termination trial following his 2023 convictions for attempted murder, willful

injury causing serious injury, and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury

after he shot his girlfriend in the head. He was ordered to serve prison terms of

twenty-five years, ten years, and one year consecutively for a total term of

incarceration not to exceed thirty-six years (with a mandatory minimum of more

than seventeen years).

On appeal, the father argues the juvenile court lacked subject matter

jurisdiction to decide the termination petition because the appeal of his convictions

was not yet completed. In a similar vein, he argues that the court was wrong to

terminate his parental rights because, if the court waited until he was successful

1 The juvenile court also terminated the parental rights of W.C.’s mother; she does

not appeal. Any reference to “the mother” means L.C.’s mother.
3

on his criminal appeal, the adjudicatory ground would not persist and the statutory

grounds for termination would not be met. Finally, he argues in the alternative that

the juvenile court should have exercised one of the permissive exceptions in

section 232.116(3) and established a guardianship in the children’s paternal

grandfather in lieu of terminating the father’s parental rights.2 We consider each

argument in turn.

The father purports to challenge the juvenile court’s subject matter

jurisdiction. He recognizes “[a] lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at

any stage in the proceedings.” In re B.T.G., 784 N.W.2d 792, 795 (Iowa Ct. App.

2010). But, while the heading of the father’s argument contests the court’s subject

matter jurisdiction, the body of the argument raises a due process challenge. The

father cites to the Due Process Clause and contends he was deprived of a fair

hearing on the termination petition because the trial was conducted before his

criminal appeal was decided. He asserts “that proceeding prior to the completion

of his initial appeal of his criminal conviction is a direct violation of the fundamental

principles of Due Process.” Constitutional issues—unlike subject matter

jurisdiction—“must be presented to and ruled upon by the district court in order to

2 In his petition on appeal, the father references testimony from the permanency

hearing in support of his claims. But neither parent ordered a transcript of the
permanency hearing. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.804(1) (requiring the appellant to
complete “the combined certificate form” and serve it “on each court reporter from
whom a transcript was ordered”). And “[i]f the appellant intends to argue on appeal
that a finding or conclusion is unsupported by the evidence or is contrary to the
evidence, the record on appeal must include a transcript of all evidence relevant
to such finding or conclusion.” Iowa R. App. P. 6.803(1). As we cannot review
what we do not have, we consider the merits of the father’s claims based on the
record that is available to us. See In re F.W.S, 698 N.W.2d 134, 135 (Iowa 2005)
(“The court may not speculate as to what took place or predicate error on such
speculation.”).
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preserve error for appeal.” In re K.C., 660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003). Because

the father raises an unpreserved constitutional claim, we do not consider it. And

insofar as it is necessary, we conclude the juvenile court had subject matter

jurisdiction to hear and decide the termination petition. See In re J.M., 832 N.W.2d

713, 719 (Iowa Ct. App. 2013) (“Only the constitution or a statute may confer

subject matter jurisdiction.”); see also Iowa Code § 232.109 (“The juvenile court

shall have exclusive jurisdiction over proceedings under this chapter to terminate

a parent-child relationship and all parental rights with respect to a child.”).

Sticking with the idea that the juvenile court should not have decided to

terminate his parental rights while his criminal appeal was still pending,3 the father

contests the statutory grounds for termination. He points out that both grounds

relied upon by the juvenile court, paragraphs (f) 4 and (j)5 of section 232.116(1),

3 While the father now contends it was wrong of the juvenile court to decide the

termination petition while his criminal appeal was still pending, we have not found
anywhere in the record where he moved for a continuance or asked the court to
delay the termination trial.
4 The juvenile court may terminate parental rights under section 232.116(1)(f)

when:
(1) The child is four years of age or older.
(2) The child has been adjudicated [CINA] pursuant to
section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or
for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
as provided in section 232.102.
5 The juvenile court may terminate parental rights under section 232.116(1)(j)

when:
(1) The child has been adjudicated [CINA] pursuant to
section 232.96 and custody has been transferred from the child’s
parents for placement pursuant to section 232.102.
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contain a common element requiring that “[t]he child has been adjudicated a child

in need of assistance [(CINA)] pursuant to section 232.96.” See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1)(f)(2), (j)(1). In this challenge, he claims that if the juvenile court

waited until he successfully appealed his criminal convictions, then the

adjudicatory ground of section 232.96A(14) would no longer persist, and the

grounds for termination would not be met. See Iowa Code § 232.96A(14)

(providing a child may be adjudicated CINA when “[t]he child’s parent . . . suffers

from . . . imprisonment . . . that results in the child not receiving adequate care or

being imminently likely not to receive adequate care”). But the father’s argument

misses the mark.

First, the juvenile court did not adjudicate the children CINA pursuant to

section 232.96A(14); the only ground relied on by the juvenile court for adjudication

was section 232.96A(12), which allows the court to adjudicate a child when “[t]he

child for good cause desires to have the child’s parents relieved of the child’s care

and custody.” Second, even if we assume the father just listed the wrong Code

section in his petition on appeal, the father did not challenge the CINA adjudication

when it took place. And we cannot review the validity of the past adjudication at

this point. In re J.D.B., 584 N.W.2d 577, 581 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998) (concluding the

parent appealing the termination of their parental rights could not challenge the

grounds for the CINA adjudication because the parent “did not appeal from any of

the CINA proceedings and the time for appeal has passed. [The mother] cannot

(2) The parent . . . has been imprisoned and it is unlikely that
the parent will be released from prison for a period of five or more
years.
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challenge deficiencies in the CINA proceedings in this appeal”). And third, if the

father had challenged the CINA adjudication at the appropriate time, the pertinent

question would be whether the grounds for adjudication existed at the time of the

adjudication. The argument the father makes about his future release from prison

following a successful criminal appeal might impact whether an open CINA case

should be closed. Or in other words, if the father was no longer imprisoned, it

might be appropriate to close a CINA case that was premised on the father’s

imprisonment under section 232.96A(14). See Iowa Code § 232.103(4). But an

improvement in a parent’s or family’s circumstances does not retroactively

invalidate an action taken by the juvenile court that was proper at the time the court

took the action.

Here, because there was an active, open CINA adjudication as to both L.C.

and W.C., all the elements under section 232.116(1)(f) and (j) were met at the time

of the termination hearing. See In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 305, 313 (Iowa 2021)

(considering whether the grounds for termination existed as of the time of the

termination hearing); see also In re L.B., 970 N.W.2d 311, 313 (Iowa 2022)

(interpreting the requirement “the child has been adjudicated” CINA in section

232.116(1) to mean an adjudication in the present proceeding and not any

previously closed cases). We agree with the juvenile court that clear and

convincing evidence supports termination pursuant to section 232.116(1)(f) and (j).

Finally, the father argues the court should have concluded termination was

unnecessary because it would be “detrimental to the child[ren] at the time due to

the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). He

maintains the juvenile court should have established a guardianship in the
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children’s paternal grandfather rather than terminating his parental rights. See id.

§ 232.117(5) (allowing the court, after a termination trial, to not order the

termination of parental rights but instead enter an order pursuant to

section 232.104); see also id. § 232.104(2)(d)(2) (allowing the court to transfer

guardianship of the child to an adult relative). For the court to establish a

guardianship under section 232.104(2)(d)(2), all of the following must apply:

a. A termination of the parent-child relationship would not be
in the best interest of the child.
b. Services were offered to the child’s family to correct the
situation which led to the child’s removal from the home.
c. The child cannot be returned to the child’s home.

Id. § 232.104(4).

The father did not establish that the children are so close to him that

termination of his rights would be detrimental to the children. See In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018) (providing the parent bears the burden to establish

an exception to termination is warranted). While the children share a bond with

the father, they spent much of their lives with the paternal grandfather even before

the father became incarcerated and the Iowa Department of Health and Human

Services became involved. Plus, the children need stability; they want and

deserve to know with whom their “forever home” will be. See id. at 478 (agreeing

with juvenile court that, in some circumstances, “a guardianship is woefully

inadequate to achieve the sort of stable, nurturing and permanent home” the child

needs). The paternal grandfather did not seem opposed to a guardianship, but he

also expressed his willingness to adopt the children. Termination of the father’s

parental rights and adoption by the grandfather is in these children’s best interests.

See In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997) (“An appropriate determination
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to terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability

and willingness of a family relative to take the child. The child’s best interests

always remain the first consideration.”).

We affirm the termination of the father’s parental rights to L.C. and W.C.

II. L.C.’s Mother’s Appeal.

The mother challenges the statutory grounds for termination, claims the loss

of her rights is not in L.C.’s best interests, and the court should have concluded

the close bond between the mother and L.C. precludes termination.

The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under

section 232.116(1)(e) and (f). “When the juvenile court terminates parental rights

on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any

ground we find supported by the record.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa

2012). We choose to review termination under section 232.116(1)(e), which allows

the court to terminate when each of the following elements are satisfied:

(1) The child has been adjudicated [CINA] pursuant to section
232.96.
(2) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for a period of at least six consecutive months.
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parents
have not maintained significant and meaningful contact with the child
during the previous six consecutive months and have made no
reasonable efforts to resume care of the child despite being given
the opportunity to do so. For the purposes of this subparagraph,
“significant and meaningful contact” includes but is not limited to the
affirmative assumption by the parents of the duties encompassed by
the role of being a parent. This affirmative duty, in addition to
financial obligations, requires continued interest in the child, a
genuine effort to complete the responsibilities prescribed in the case
permanency plan, a genuine effort to maintain communication with
the child, and requires that the parents establish and maintain a
place of importance in the child’s life.
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The mother challenges only the third element—whether she maintained significant

and meaningful contact with L.C. in the six months leading up to the termination

trial.

As the mother admitted in her testimony, she made no effort to complete

the responsibilities in the case permanency plan. The only contact she had with

the department was when the case manager spoke to her at hearings in the CINA

proceedings. The mother did not obtain a substance-use or mental-health

evaluation, submit to any drug testing, engage in mental-health therapy, or allow

the department into the home where she was living with her boyfriend. And the

mother had visits with L.C. only sporadically, which—according to the department

case manager—left the mother and L.C.’s relationship “strained and unattached.”

As it is defined by section 232.116(1)(e)(3), the mother failed to maintain

“significant and meaningful contact.” See In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 436–38

(Iowa Ct. App. 2015). So, the State proved the ground for termination under

section 232.116(1)(e).

The mother argues the loss of her rights is not in L.C.’s best interests. In

considering L.C.’s best interests, we “give primary consideration to the child’s

safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of

the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the

child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). We also give some weight to the child’s wishes.

See id. § 232.116(2)(b)(2) (considering “[t]he reasonable preference of the child, if

the court determines that the child has sufficient capacity to express a reasonable

preference”). Here, the case manager testified that eleven-year-old L.C. “has

throughout the case, regularly and almost monthly, expressed that she desires to
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live with her grandfather forever.” L.C. had spent much of her life—even before

the department became involved—in the care of her grandfather and other adult

family members. And, according to the case manager, L.C. and her half-sibling,

W.C., were thriving in the grandfather’s care:

They are normal, happy, healthy children who are thriving in
their environment. [The paternal grandfather] is a very hands-on and
engaged grandfather who provides them with every necessary
resource and service that they need. And they have both expressed
their comfortability and feelings of safety and stability at [his] home
consistently.
....
. . . Both children are extremely attached to [their
grandfather]. . . . It is very clear when you walk in the home that they
love their grandfather and their grandfather loves them. They are
affectionate towards him, hugging him, displaying those affections of
love between a grandchild and their grandfather. And [L.C.]
consistently expresses that he is the only thing that she felt has been
around for her throughout her life.

By refusing to have any involvement with the department, the mother failed to

prioritize L.C. and her needs. As the juvenile court put it, the mother “put forth very

little effort into obtaining or maintaining a relationship with her daughter over the

life of this case.” Meanwhile, the paternal grandfather has been a stable,

consistent caregiver, who L.C. can trust to be there for her. Terminating the

mother’s parental rights so L.C. can be adopted by the grandfather is in L.C.’s best

interests.

Finally, the mother argues termination should be avoided based on the

permissive exception in section 232.116(3)(c), which allows the court to forego

termination when “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination

would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-

child relationship.” The mother did not establish that L.C. would be disadvantaged
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by the termination of the mother’s parental rights. See In re A.B., 956 N.W.2d 162,

169 (Iowa 2021) (concluding “the existence of a bond is not enough” to apply

section 232.116(3)(c) to save the parent-child relationship). So, application of the

exception is not warranted.

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights to L.C.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.