In re: Application to Settle Boundaries of the Land of Kahuku

NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAII REPORTS OR THE PACIFIC REPORTER

Electronically Filed
Intermediate Court of Appeals
CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
30-JAN-2026
08:04 AM
Dkt. 74 SO

NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

IN RE APPLICATION TO SETTLE BOUNDARIES OF THE LAND OF
KAHUKU (PORTION), DISTRICT OF KA#U, ISLAND OF HAWAI#I
(S.P. NO. 3CSP-XX-XXXXXXX)

AND

LANCE KEAWE WILHELM, ROBERT K.W.H. NOBRIGA, ELLIOT K. MILLS,
CRYSTAL KAUILANI ROSE, and JENNIFER NOELANI GOODYEAR-KA#OPUA,
as Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, doing
business as KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v.
KEALIA RANCH LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company, ELIZABETH
LEE STACK, Personal Representative of the Estate of Elizabeth
Marks Stack, aka Elizabeth M. Stack, aka Elizabeth Stack,
Defendants-Appellants, and DOE DEFENDANTS 1-100, Defendants
(CIVIL NO. 3CCV-XX-XXXXXXX)

APPEALS FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT

SUMMARY DISPOSITION ORDER
(By: Nakasone, Chief Judge, and Wadsworth and McCullen, JJ.)

This appeal stems from a dispute over the common
boundary of adjoining lands in South Kona between
Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant Kealia Ranch LLC (Kealia Ranch)
and Respondents/Plaintiffs-Appellees Lance Keawe Wilhelm, Robert
K.W.H. Nobriga, Elliot K. Mills, Crystal Kauilani Rose, and
Jennifer Noelani Goodyear-Ka#opua, as Trustees of the Estate of
Bernice Pauahi Bishop, doing business as Kamehameha Schools
(Trustees). Kealia Ranch appeals from the March 24, 2023
"Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order Granting [the
Trustees'] Motion to Dismiss, or for Summary Judgment on,
NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAII REPORTS OR THE PACIFIC REPORTER

Petition to Complete Work of Rufus A. Lyman, Sole Commissioner of
Boundaries, Island of Hawaii, as to the Boundary of Kahuku
(Portion), District of Ka#u, Island of Hawaii Filed on August 2,
2021" (MSJ Order) and the March 24, 2023 "Final Judgment"
(Judgment) entered in the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit
(Circuit Court).1/
On appeal, Kealia Ranch contends that the Circuit Court
erred in several respects in dismissing Kealia Ranch's petition,
filed pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 664, Part
I, seeking to have the Circuit Court, "acting as the successor
Commissioner of Boundaries," complete the notes of survey
prepared by D.H. Hitchcock in the 1870's and issue "a corrected
certificate of boundaries for Kahuku (portion) . . . ."
After reviewing the record on appeal and the relevant
legal authorities, and giving due consideration to the issues
raised and the arguments advanced by the parties, we resolve
Kealia Ranch's contentions as follows, and affirm.

I. Background

The ahupua#a in South Kona known as Kahuku, Kealia 1st
and Kealia 2nd are adjoining lands that share a common boundary.
The Trustees own Kealia 1st and Kealia Ranch owns Kealia 2nd.
On June 2, 2021, the Trustees filed a complaint against
Kealia Ranch and others in the Circuit Court, Civil No.
3CCV-XX-XXXXXXX (the Civil Action), alleging that the Trustees
and Kealia Ranch dispute the location of the common boundary
between Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd, and seeking declaratory relief
to determine the location of the boundary.
On August 2, 2021, Kealia Ranch filed a separate
petition in the Circuit Court pursuant to HRS Chapter 664, Part I
(Petition), initiating this case, Special Proceeding No.
3CSP-XX-XXXXXXX (the Boundary Petition Proceeding). The Civil
Action and the Boundary Petition Proceeding were consolidated, at
least for purposes of hearings, by the Circuit Court's April 19,
2022 order, which consolidation was later terminated by the MSJ

1/
The Honorable Robert D.S. Kim presided.

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Order.
In summary, the Petition alleged as follows:

a. "[T]he owners of the ahupua'a of Kahuku,
Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd in South Kona, Island of
Hawaii submitted separate applications to the
Commissioner of Boundaries requesting that he
determine and settle the boundaries of the
ahupua'a of Kahuku, Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd."

b. "[T]he ahupua'a of Kahuku (portion),
Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd . . . are adjoining
lands."

c. "Between 1873 and 1876, Rufus A. Lyman,
the sole Commissioner of Boundaries for the Island
of Hawaii, conducted hearings, engaged in field
investigations, heard testimony from many
witnesses, received correspondence from interested
persons and reviewed the maps and notes of survey
that D. H. Hitchcock, surveyor, had prepared for
said applications."

d. On February 17, 1876, D. H. Hitchcock
testified before the Commissioner of Boundaries
that he would change his notes of survey relating
to the common boundaries of Kahuku, Kealia 1st
and Kealia 2nd.

e. "In his testimony of February 17, 1876,
D. H. Hitchcock did not explain the substance of
the 'change' that he proposed to make to his
original notes of survey . . . ."

f. "[O]n February 23, 1876, one week after
the close of testimony, the Commissioner of
Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman announced his decision
on the boundaries of Kahuku" which provided that
the "Certificate of Boundaries [for Kahuku] to be
issued as of today as soon as corrected notes of
survey are filed." (Emphasis omitted.)

g. "The records of the Commissioner of
Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman do not contain any
corrected notes of survey that D.H. Hitchcock
might have prepared, as he testified that he would
do; nor do the records of the State Surveyor,
State of Hawaii contain any such corrected notes
of survey."

h. "The certificate of boundaries that the
Commissioner of Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman
thereafter issued for Kahuku on February 23, 1876,
the same day of his decision, contains a course,
presumably based on D. H. Hitchcock's original and

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uncorrected notes of survey filed on February 17,
1876 . . . ."

i. "[Kealia Ranch] is an owner of Kealia
2nd, the boundaries of which are affected by the
notes of survey and certificate of boundaries for
Kahuku (portion) . . . ."

j. The Trustees are the owners of Kealia
1st.

The Petition did not allege that Kealia Ranch owns Kahuku or the
affected portion of Kahuku.
The Petition requested in relevant part that the
Circuit Court, "acting as the successor Commissioner of
Boundaries" pursuant to HRS Chapter 64, Part I:

a. "Determine that the original notes of
survey that D. H. Hitchcock had prepared for
Kahuku should be changed or corrected in the
manner that D. H. Hitchcock had described in his
testimony before the Commissioner of Boundaries
Rufus A. Lyman on February 17, 1876 and as the
Commissioner of Boundaries had stated in his
decision of February 23, 1876;"

b. "Prepare and issue the corrected notes of
survey and thereafter a corrected certificate of
boundaries for Kahuku (portion), nunc pro tunc;"
and

c. "Review and correct the notes of survey
and certificate of boundaries for Kealia 1st and
Kealia 2nd that the Commissioner of Boundaries
Rufus A. Lyman had heard concurrently with the
application for Kahuku to the extent they may be
affected by the corrected notes of survey and
certificate of boundaries for Kahuku (portion)[.]"

On August 1, 2022, the Trustees filed a motion to
dismiss, or for summary Judgment on, the Petition (MSJ). In
response, Kealia Ranch filed objections to the MSJ.
Following a September 30, 2022 hearing, the Circuit
Court entered a February 7, 2023 Minute Order granting the MSJ
and instructing the Trustees to prepare a written order.
On March 24, 2023, the Circuit Court entered the MSJ
Order and the Judgment. The MSJ Order included the following

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relevant FOFs:2/

3. [Kealia Ranch] does not own Kahuku or the portion
of Kahuku affected by the Petition.
4. Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 [(Certificate No.
85)] was issued for Kahuku on February 23, 1876.

5. Certificate of Boundaries Nos. 96 and 97 were
issued for Kealia 1 st and Kealia 2 nd, respectively, on June
14, 1876.

6. Land Commission Award No. 5368 and Royal Patent
No. 7723 were awarded and issued for Kealia 1 st.
7. Land Commission Award No. 7716 and Land Patent No.
8128 were awarded and issued for Kealia 2 nd.
8. The boundaries of Kealia 1 st are described by
survey in Royal Patent No. 7723.

9. The boundaries of Kealia 2 nd are described by
survey in Land Patent No. 8128.

. . . .

12. [HRS §] 664-6 . . . provides in pertinent part as
follows:
All owners of ahupuaas and portions of ahupuaas, ilis,
and portions of ilis and other denominations of lands
within the State, whose lands have not been awarded by
the land commissioners, patented or conveyed by deed
from the king or government, by boundaries decided in
such award, patent, or deed, may file with the
commissioner of boundaries for the circuit in which
the land is situated, an application to have the
boundaries of the land decided and certified to by the
commissioner or the commissioner's successor in
office.

13. The duties and decision of the commissioner of
boundaries are set forth in HRS § 664-7 which provides in
pertinent part as follows:

Upon giving a decision, the commissioner shall therein
describe the boundaries decided on by survey by
natural topographical features, or by permanent
boundary marks, or partly by each; and the
commissioner shall have the power to order such
surveys and marks to be made or erected as the
commissioner may consider necessary, at the expense of
the parties in interest, but the commissioner shall in
no case alter any boundary described by survey in any
patent or deed from the king or government, or in any
land commission award.

2/
The MSJ Order does not state that matters outside the pleadings
were excluded. We therefore review the order as a ruling on summary judgment.
See Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 12(b)(6); Andrade v. Cnty. of
Hawai#i, 145 Hawai#i 265, 268-70, 451 P.3d 1, 4-6 (App. 2019). A circuit court
deciding a motion for summary judgment does not generally make factual
findings. Where appropriate, we consider the Circuit Court's FOFs to be
statements of the uncontroverted facts.

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14. An appeal of a decision of the commissioner of
boundaries is governed by HRS § 664-8 which provides as
follows:
Any party aggrieved by the decision of the
commissioner of boundaries may appeal therefrom to the
intermediate appellate court, subject to chapter 602,
within thirty days from the rendition of the decision,
and within the period shall pay all costs accrued and
shall pay or deposit costs for appeal as provided in
sections 607-5, 607-6, and 607-7; provided that any
land owner absent from the State and not represented
by an authorized agent within the State shall have the
right of appeal for one year from the rendition of the
decision.

15. Pursuant to HRS § 664-10, the Hawaii Rules of
Civil Procedure apply to boundary application proceedings,
except to the extent that the rules are inconsistent with
the provisions of Part I of HRS Chapter 664.

Based on these FOFs,3/ the Circuit Court concluded in
COLs 2 through 6 as follows:

2. [Kealia Ranch] has no standing to bring the
Petition under HRS § 664-6 as [Kealia Ranch] does not own
Kahuku or the portion of Kahuku affected by the Petition.
3. Even if [Kealia Ranch] has standing to bring the
Petition under HRS § 664-6, the Court, acting as
commissioner of boundaries under Part I of HRS Chapter 664,
does not have the authority to grant the relief sought by
the Petition as the Court cannot "alter any boundary
described by survey in any patent or deed from the king or
government, or in any land commission award" under HRS
§ 664-8, the boundaries for Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd are
described by survey in Royal Patent No. 7723 and Land Patent
No. 8128, respectively, and the Court therefore cannot alter
or amend the boundary for Kahuku to the extent that such
alteration or amendment conflicts with the established and
immovable boundaries of Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd.

4. In addition, it is a factual impossibility for the
Court, acting as commissioner of boundaries under Part I of
HRS Chapter 664, to "complete the corrected notes of survey"
of D. H. Hitchcock as requested in the Petition if the
substance of the change to the original notes of survey are
not known and the corrected notes of survey either do not
exist or cannot be located as alleged in the Petition.
5. To the extent that the Petition seeks to reopen the
proceedings under the boundary application submitted for
Kahuku, Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 issued for Kahuku
on February 23, 1876 which describes the boundaries of
Kahuku "by survey by natural topographical features or by
permanent boundary marks, or partly by each", constitutes
the binding decision of Commissioner of Boundaries Rufus A.
Lyman under HRS § 664-7.

6. The thirty (30) day period (or the one (1) year
period to the extent the owner of Kahuku was absent from the
State when the decision was entered) to appeal the decision

3/
FOFs 13 through 15 are actually conclusions of law.

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set forth in Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 has long since
expired and there are no grounds or basis under Rule 60 of
the Hawaii Rules of Civil Procedure or otherwise to alter or
amend the boundaries for Kahuku set forth in Certificate of
Boundaries No. 85 or to reopen the boundary application
proceedings for Kahuku after almost 150 years.

On appeal, Kealia Ranch contends that the Circuit Court
erred in: (1) concluding that Kealia Ranch lacked standing (and
relatedly entering FOF 3 and COL 2); (2) concluding that granting
relief to Kealia Ranch would "lead to the alteration or amendment
of the boundary certificates and land patents for Kealia 1st and
Kealia 2nd" (and entering FOFs 6 through 9 and COL 3); (3)
concluding that "Boundary Certificate No. 85 for Kahuku is final
and cannot be challenged[,]" (and entering COLs 5 through 6); (4)
concluding that Kealia Ranch was not entitled to relief under
HRCP Rule 60(a) or "judicial precedent" (and entering COL 6); (5)
concluding that it was "factually impossible" to correct survey
notes or "complete the commissioner's work" (and entering COL 4);
and (6) entering the Minute Order and the Judgment based on
erroneous FOFs and COLs.

II. Discussion

We review the Circuit Court's grant of summary judgment
de novo. See supra note 2; Andrade, 145 Hawai#i at 269, 451 P.3d
at 5.
At the outset, Kealia Ranch contends the Circuit Court
erred in concluding that under HRS § 664-6, "Kealia Ranch had to
own a portion of Kahuku in order to seek relief" and therefore
lacked standing to file the Petition. Kealia Ranch argues that
its ownership of Kealia 2nd is undisputed and Certificate No. 85
(for Kahuku) affects Kealia 2nd's boundaries. Relying on Sierra
Club v. Hawaii Tourism Auth., 100 Hawai#i 242, 250-51, 59 P.3d
877, 885-86 (2002), Kealia Ranch asserts that its property rights
as an adjoining landowner "are affected by the commissioner's
inaction, which gives [it] standing."
In Tax Found. of Hawai#i v. State, 144 Hawai#i 175, 439
P.3d 127 (2019), the supreme court stated:

In Hawai#i state courts, standing is a prudential
consideration regarding the "proper – and properly limited –
role of courts in a democratic society" and is not an issue

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of subject matter jurisdiction, as it is in federal courts.
Importantly, this court has repeatedly ruled that standing
requirements may be tempered, or even prescribed, by
legislative declarations of policy. Therefore, standing
requirements can differ based on legislative enactments.

Id. at 188, 439 P.3d at 140 (footnote omitted, emphasis added);
see Alpha, Inc. v. Bd. of Water Supply, 154 Hawai#i 486, 491, 555
P.3d 173, 178 (2024) ("standing often depends on statutes"
(citing and quoting Tax Found.)).
The relevant statute here is one in which standing
requirements have been prescribed by legislative declaration.
HRS § 664-6 (2016), quoted supra, provides that "owners of
ahupaas and portions of ahupaas, ilis, and portions of ilis and
other denominations of lands within the State . . . may file with
the commissioner of boundaries for the circuit in which the land
is situated, an application to have the boundaries of the land
decided and certified to by the commissioner . . . ." (Emphases
added.) The plain language of the statute distinguishes the
applicant owner's "land" from "adjoining land or lands[.]" Id.
("The application shall state the name of the land, the names of
the adjoining land or lands, and the names of the owners of the
same where known . . . ." (emphases added)). Thus, under HRS
§ 664-6, only owners of the subject land whose boundaries are to
be decided and certified may file the application prescribed by
that statute. See also In re Boundaries of Paunau, 24 Haw. 546,
554-55 (1918) (Haw. Terr.) (construing similar predecessor
statute: "[T]he right to file a petition for the purpose of
having boundaries decided and certified was conferred only upon
the owner of the land to be dealt with.").
The Circuit Court stated in FOF 3 that "[Kealia Ranch]
does not own Kahuku or the portion of Kahuku affected by the
Petition." Although Kealia Ranch purports to challenge FOF 3, it
did not allege in the Petition that it owned any part of Kahuku
and presents no argument on appeal explaining how specific facts
create a genuine issue of material fact as to FOF 3. See Hawai#i
Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 28(b)(7) ("Points not argued
may be deemed waived."). Kealia Ranch merely asserts that its
property rights as an adjoining landowner "are affected by the
commissioner's inaction[.]" However, the plain language of HRS

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§ 664-6 authorizes only the owner of Kahuku, not adjoining
landowners, to file an application to have the boundaries of
Kahuku decided.4/ The Circuit Court did not err in concluding
that Kealia Ranch did not meet the statutory requirements for
filing such an application.
Kealia Ranch asserts elsewhere in its opening brief
that "[it] is not initiating a NEW boundary application[,]'" but
"simply wants to have the commissioner's unfinished work
completed." The Petition, however, does not state that Kealia
Ranch is attempting to reopen, and to challenge or otherwise
oppose in part, the original application in the original boundary
proceeding for Kahuku. In any event, it would be too late to do
so. As reflected in FOF 4, which Kealia Ranch does not dispute,
the commissioner of boundaries issued Certificate No. 85 for
Kahuku on February 23, 1876. Kealia Ranch's predecessor-in-
interest had 30 days from the commissioner's decision to appeal
from it (or one year if absent from the Hawaiian Kingdom and not
represented by an authorized agent), but failed to do so. See An
Act to Facilitate the Settlement of Boundaries, by the
Appointment of Commissioners, and Extend the Term of the
Commission of Boundaries, Established by an Act Approved 23d
August, 1862, § 6, in Compiled Laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom (as
Statutes of 1868) at 530 (Lawrence McCully ed., 1884)5/
(predecessor statute to HRS § 664-8, quoted supra). The Circuit

4/
Kealia Ranch's apparent reliance on Sierra Club's "injury-in-fact"
test is misplaced in this context, where the legislature has prescribed
standing requirements. Cf. Alpha, Inc., 154 Hawai #i at 491, 555 P.3d at 178
("Tax Foundation held that the common law 'injury in fact' test does not apply
to declaratory judgment plaintiffs under HRS Chapter 632, because that test
conflicts with the legislature's intent in enacting Chapter 632 (citing Tax
Found., 144 Hawai#i at 188-89, 439 P.3d at 140-41)).
5/
Section 6 of the 1868 statute stated:

Any party deeming himself aggrieved by the decision of
any Commissioner of Boundaries, may appeal therefrom to the
circuit court of the island on which such hearing is had, or
the Supreme Court; . . . provided, however, that any party
desirous of so appealing shall give notice of the same to
the commissioner within thirty days after the rendition of
his decision, and paying the costs already incurred, and
depositing a bond for costs, as required on appeals to the
Supreme Court in civil cases; and further provided, that any
land-owner absent from the Kingdom, and not represented by
an authorized agent within the Kingdom, shall have the right
of appeal for one year from the rendition of said decision.

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Court was therefore correct in concluding that Certificate No. 85
constituted a binding decision of the commissioner, and the
period to appeal the decision set forth in Certificate No. 85 has
long since expired.6/
Given our disposition, we need not reach Kealia Ranch's
remaining contentions.
For the reasons discussed above, the MSJ Order and the
Judgment, entered on March 24, 2023, in the Circuit Court of the
Third Circuit are affirmed.

DATED: Honolulu, Hawai#i, January 30, 2026.

On the briefs:
/s/ Karen T. Nakasone
Michael J. Matsukawa Chief Judge
for Petitioner/Defendant-
Appellant Kealia Ranch, LLC.,
a Hawaii limited liability /s/ Clyde J. Wadsworth
company Associate Judge

Edmund W.K. Haitsuka and
Danielle N. Degele /s/ Sonja M.P. McCullen
(Haitsuka Degele LLP) Associate Judge
for Respondents/Plaintiffs-
Appellees.

6/
Further, HRCP Rule 60(a) does not apply in these circumstances,
where, among other things, the requested change to Certificate No. 85 is
substantive in nature. See Thomas-Yukimura v. Yukimura, 130 Hawai #i 1, 7-8,
304 P.3d 1182, 1188-89 (2013).

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Electronically Filed
Intermediate Court of Appeals
CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
30-JAN-2026
08:04 AM
Dkt. 74 SO

NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

IN RE APPLICATION TO SETTLE BOUNDARIES OF THE LAND OF
KAHUKU (PORTION), DISTRICT OF KA#U, ISLAND OF HAWAI#I
(S.P. NO. 3CSP-XX-XXXXXXX)

AND

LANCE KEAWE WILHELM, ROBERT K.W.H. NOBRIGA, ELLIOT K. MILLS,
CRYSTAL KAUILANI ROSE, and JENNIFER NOELANI GOODYEAR-KA#OPUA,
as Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, doing
business as KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v.
KEALIA RANCH LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company, ELIZABETH
LEE STACK, Personal Representative of the Estate of Elizabeth
Marks Stack, aka Elizabeth M. Stack, aka Elizabeth Stack,
Defendants-Appellants, and DOE DEFENDANTS 1-100, Defendants
(CIVIL NO. 3CCV-XX-XXXXXXX)

APPEALS FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT

SUMMARY DISPOSITION ORDER
(By: Nakasone, Chief Judge, and Wadsworth and McCullen, JJ.)

This appeal stems from a dispute over the common
boundary of adjoining lands in South Kona between
Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant Kealia Ranch LLC (Kealia Ranch)
and Respondents/Plaintiffs-Appellees Lance Keawe Wilhelm, Robert
K.W.H. Nobriga, Elliot K. Mills, Crystal Kauilani Rose, and
Jennifer Noelani Goodyear-Ka#opua, as Trustees of the Estate of
Bernice Pauahi Bishop, doing business as Kamehameha Schools
(Trustees). Kealia Ranch appeals from the March 24, 2023
"Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order Granting [the
Trustees'] Motion to Dismiss, or for Summary Judgment on,
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Petition to Complete Work of Rufus A. Lyman, Sole Commissioner of
Boundaries, Island of Hawaii, as to the Boundary of Kahuku
(Portion), District of Ka#u, Island of Hawaii Filed on August 2,
2021" (MSJ Order) and the March 24, 2023 "Final Judgment"
(Judgment) entered in the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit
(Circuit Court).1/
On appeal, Kealia Ranch contends that the Circuit Court
erred in several respects in dismissing Kealia Ranch's petition,
filed pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 664, Part
I, seeking to have the Circuit Court, "acting as the successor
Commissioner of Boundaries," complete the notes of survey
prepared by D.H. Hitchcock in the 1870's and issue "a corrected
certificate of boundaries for Kahuku (portion) . . . ."
After reviewing the record on appeal and the relevant
legal authorities, and giving due consideration to the issues
raised and the arguments advanced by the parties, we resolve
Kealia Ranch's contentions as follows, and affirm.

I. Background

The ahupua#a in South Kona known as Kahuku, Kealia 1st
and Kealia 2nd are adjoining lands that share a common boundary.
The Trustees own Kealia 1st and Kealia Ranch owns Kealia 2nd.
On June 2, 2021, the Trustees filed a complaint against
Kealia Ranch and others in the Circuit Court, Civil No.
3CCV-XX-XXXXXXX (the Civil Action), alleging that the Trustees
and Kealia Ranch dispute the location of the common boundary
between Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd, and seeking declaratory relief
to determine the location of the boundary.
On August 2, 2021, Kealia Ranch filed a separate
petition in the Circuit Court pursuant to HRS Chapter 664, Part I
(Petition), initiating this case, Special Proceeding No.
3CSP-XX-XXXXXXX (the Boundary Petition Proceeding). The Civil
Action and the Boundary Petition Proceeding were consolidated, at
least for purposes of hearings, by the Circuit Court's April 19,
2022 order, which consolidation was later terminated by the MSJ

1/
The Honorable Robert D.S. Kim presided.

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Order.
In summary, the Petition alleged as follows:

a. "[T]he owners of the ahupua'a of Kahuku,
Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd in South Kona, Island of
Hawaii submitted separate applications to the
Commissioner of Boundaries requesting that he
determine and settle the boundaries of the
ahupua'a of Kahuku, Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd."

b. "[T]he ahupua'a of Kahuku (portion),
Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd . . . are adjoining
lands."

c. "Between 1873 and 1876, Rufus A. Lyman,
the sole Commissioner of Boundaries for the Island
of Hawaii, conducted hearings, engaged in field
investigations, heard testimony from many
witnesses, received correspondence from interested
persons and reviewed the maps and notes of survey
that D. H. Hitchcock, surveyor, had prepared for
said applications."

d. On February 17, 1876, D. H. Hitchcock
testified before the Commissioner of Boundaries
that he would change his notes of survey relating
to the common boundaries of Kahuku, Kealia 1st
and Kealia 2nd.

e. "In his testimony of February 17, 1876,
D. H. Hitchcock did not explain the substance of
the 'change' that he proposed to make to his
original notes of survey . . . ."

f. "[O]n February 23, 1876, one week after
the close of testimony, the Commissioner of
Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman announced his decision
on the boundaries of Kahuku" which provided that
the "Certificate of Boundaries [for Kahuku] to be
issued as of today as soon as corrected notes of
survey are filed." (Emphasis omitted.)

g. "The records of the Commissioner of
Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman do not contain any
corrected notes of survey that D.H. Hitchcock
might have prepared, as he testified that he would
do; nor do the records of the State Surveyor,
State of Hawaii contain any such corrected notes
of survey."

h. "The certificate of boundaries that the
Commissioner of Boundaries Rufus A. Lyman
thereafter issued for Kahuku on February 23, 1876,
the same day of his decision, contains a course,
presumably based on D. H. Hitchcock's original and

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uncorrected notes of survey filed on February 17,
1876 . . . ."

i. "[Kealia Ranch] is an owner of Kealia
2nd, the boundaries of which are affected by the
notes of survey and certificate of boundaries for
Kahuku (portion) . . . ."

j. The Trustees are the owners of Kealia
1st.

The Petition did not allege that Kealia Ranch owns Kahuku or the
affected portion of Kahuku.
The Petition requested in relevant part that the
Circuit Court, "acting as the successor Commissioner of
Boundaries" pursuant to HRS Chapter 64, Part I:

a. "Determine that the original notes of
survey that D. H. Hitchcock had prepared for
Kahuku should be changed or corrected in the
manner that D. H. Hitchcock had described in his
testimony before the Commissioner of Boundaries
Rufus A. Lyman on February 17, 1876 and as the
Commissioner of Boundaries had stated in his
decision of February 23, 1876;"

b. "Prepare and issue the corrected notes of
survey and thereafter a corrected certificate of
boundaries for Kahuku (portion), nunc pro tunc;"
and

c. "Review and correct the notes of survey
and certificate of boundaries for Kealia 1st and
Kealia 2nd that the Commissioner of Boundaries
Rufus A. Lyman had heard concurrently with the
application for Kahuku to the extent they may be
affected by the corrected notes of survey and
certificate of boundaries for Kahuku (portion)[.]"

On August 1, 2022, the Trustees filed a motion to
dismiss, or for summary Judgment on, the Petition (MSJ). In
response, Kealia Ranch filed objections to the MSJ.
Following a September 30, 2022 hearing, the Circuit
Court entered a February 7, 2023 Minute Order granting the MSJ
and instructing the Trustees to prepare a written order.
On March 24, 2023, the Circuit Court entered the MSJ
Order and the Judgment. The MSJ Order included the following

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relevant FOFs:2/

3. [Kealia Ranch] does not own Kahuku or the portion
of Kahuku affected by the Petition.
4. Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 [(Certificate No.
85)] was issued for Kahuku on February 23, 1876.
5. Certificate of Boundaries Nos. 96 and 97 were
issued for Kealia 1 st and Kealia 2 nd, respectively, on June
14, 1876.
6. Land Commission Award No. 5368 and Royal Patent
No. 7723 were awarded and issued for Kealia 1 st.
7. Land Commission Award No. 7716 and Land Patent No.
8128 were awarded and issued for Kealia 2 nd.
8. The boundaries of Kealia 1 st are described by
survey in Royal Patent No. 7723.
9. The boundaries of Kealia 2 nd are described by
survey in Land Patent No. 8128.

. . . .

12. [HRS §] 664-6 . . . provides in pertinent part as
follows:

All owners of ahupuaas and portions of ahupuaas, ilis,
and portions of ilis and other denominations of lands
within the State, whose lands have not been awarded by
the land commissioners, patented or conveyed by deed
from the king or government, by boundaries decided in
such award, patent, or deed, may file with the
commissioner of boundaries for the circuit in which
the land is situated, an application to have the
boundaries of the land decided and certified to by the
commissioner or the commissioner's successor in
office.
13. The duties and decision of the commissioner of
boundaries are set forth in HRS § 664-7 which provides in
pertinent part as follows:

Upon giving a decision, the commissioner shall therein
describe the boundaries decided on by survey by
natural topographical features, or by permanent
boundary marks, or partly by each; and the
commissioner shall have the power to order such
surveys and marks to be made or erected as the
commissioner may consider necessary, at the expense of
the parties in interest, but the commissioner shall in
no case alter any boundary described by survey in any
patent or deed from the king or government, or in any
land commission award.

2/
The MSJ Order does not state that matters outside the pleadings
were excluded. We therefore review the order as a ruling on summary judgment.
See Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 12(b)(6); Andrade v. Cnty. of
Hawai#i, 145 Hawai#i 265, 268-70, 451 P.3d 1, 4-6 (App. 2019). A circuit court
deciding a motion for summary judgment does not generally make factual
findings. Where appropriate, we consider the Circuit Court's FOFs to be
statements of the uncontroverted facts.

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14. An appeal of a decision of the commissioner of
boundaries is governed by HRS § 664-8 which provides as
follows:

Any party aggrieved by the decision of the
commissioner of boundaries may appeal therefrom to the
intermediate appellate court, subject to chapter 602,
within thirty days from the rendition of the decision,
and within the period shall pay all costs accrued and
shall pay or deposit costs for appeal as provided in
sections 607-5, 607-6, and 607-7; provided that any
land owner absent from the State and not represented
by an authorized agent within the State shall have the
right of appeal for one year from the rendition of the
decision.
15. Pursuant to HRS § 664-10, the Hawaii Rules of
Civil Procedure apply to boundary application proceedings,
except to the extent that the rules are inconsistent with
the provisions of Part I of HRS Chapter 664.

Based on these FOFs,3/ the Circuit Court concluded in
COLs 2 through 6 as follows:

2. [Kealia Ranch] has no standing to bring the
Petition under HRS § 664-6 as [Kealia Ranch] does not own
Kahuku or the portion of Kahuku affected by the Petition.

3. Even if [Kealia Ranch] has standing to bring the
Petition under HRS § 664-6, the Court, acting as
commissioner of boundaries under Part I of HRS Chapter 664,
does not have the authority to grant the relief sought by
the Petition as the Court cannot "alter any boundary
described by survey in any patent or deed from the king or
government, or in any land commission award" under HRS
§ 664-8, the boundaries for Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd are
described by survey in Royal Patent No. 7723 and Land Patent
No. 8128, respectively, and the Court therefore cannot alter
or amend the boundary for Kahuku to the extent that such
alteration or amendment conflicts with the established and
immovable boundaries of Kealia 1st and Kealia 2nd.

4. In addition, it is a factual impossibility for the
Court, acting as commissioner of boundaries under Part I of
HRS Chapter 664, to "complete the corrected notes of survey"
of D. H. Hitchcock as requested in the Petition if the
substance of the change to the original notes of survey are
not known and the corrected notes of survey either do not
exist or cannot be located as alleged in the Petition.
5. To the extent that the Petition seeks to reopen the
proceedings under the boundary application submitted for
Kahuku, Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 issued for Kahuku
on February 23, 1876 which describes the boundaries of
Kahuku "by survey by natural topographical features or by
permanent boundary marks, or partly by each", constitutes
the binding decision of Commissioner of Boundaries Rufus A.
Lyman under HRS § 664-7.

6. The thirty (30) day period (or the one (1) year
period to the extent the owner of Kahuku was absent from the
State when the decision was entered) to appeal the decision

3/
FOFs 13 through 15 are actually conclusions of law.

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set forth in Certificate of Boundaries No. 85 has long since
expired and there are no grounds or basis under Rule 60 of
the Hawaii Rules of Civil Procedure or otherwise to alter or
amend the boundaries for Kahuku set forth in Certificate of
Boundaries No. 85 or to reopen the boundary application
proceedings for Kahuku after almost 150 years.

On appeal, Kealia Ranch contends that the Circuit Court
erred in: (1) concluding that Kealia Ranch lacked standing (and
relatedly entering FOF 3 and COL 2); (2) concluding that granting
relief to Kealia Ranch would "lead to the alteration or amendment
of the boundary certificates and land patents for Kealia 1st and
Kealia 2nd" (and entering FOFs 6 through 9 and COL 3); (3)
concluding that "Boundary Certificate No. 85 for Kahuku is final
and cannot be challenged[,]" (and entering COLs 5 through 6); (4)
concluding that Kealia Ranch was not entitled to relief under
HRCP Rule 60(a) or "judicial precedent" (and entering COL 6); (5)
concluding that it was "factually impossible" to correct survey
notes or "complete the commissioner's work" (and entering COL 4);
and (6) entering the Minute Order and the Judgment based on
erroneous FOFs and COLs.

II. Discussion

We review the Circuit Court's grant of summary judgment
de novo. See supra note 2; Andrade, 145 Hawai#i at 269, 451 P.3d
at 5.
At the outset, Kealia Ranch contends the Circuit Court
erred in concluding that under HRS § 664-6, "Kealia Ranch had to
own a portion of Kahuku in order to seek relief" and therefore
lacked standing to file the Petition. Kealia Ranch argues that
its ownership of Kealia 2nd is undisputed and Certificate No. 85
(for Kahuku) affects Kealia 2nd's boundaries. Relying on Sierra
Club v. Hawaii Tourism Auth., 100 Hawai#i 242, 250-51, 59 P.3d
877, 885-86 (2002), Kealia Ranch asserts that its property rights
as an adjoining landowner "are affected by the commissioner's
inaction, which gives [it] standing."
In Tax Found. of Hawai#i v. State, 144 Hawai#i 175, 439
P.3d 127 (2019), the supreme court stated:

In Hawai#i state courts, standing is a prudential
consideration regarding the "proper – and properly limited –
role of courts in a democratic society" and is not an issue

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of subject matter jurisdiction, as it is in federal courts.
Importantly, this court has repeatedly ruled that standing
requirements may be tempered, or even prescribed, by
legislative declarations of policy. Therefore, standing
requirements can differ based on legislative enactments.

Id. at 188, 439 P.3d at 140 (footnote omitted, emphasis added);
see Alpha, Inc. v. Bd. of Water Supply, 154 Hawai#i 486, 491, 555
P.3d 173, 178 (2024) ("standing often depends on statutes"
(citing and quoting Tax Found.)).
The relevant statute here is one in which standing
requirements have been prescribed by legislative declaration.
HRS § 664-6 (2016), quoted supra, provides that "owners of
ahupaas and portions of ahupaas, ilis, and portions of ilis and
other denominations of lands within the State . . . may file with
the commissioner of boundaries for the circuit in which the land
is situated, an application to have the boundaries of the land
decided and certified to by the commissioner . . . ." (Emphases
added.) The plain language of the statute distinguishes the
applicant owner's "land" from "adjoining land or lands[.]" Id.
("The application shall state the name of the land, the names of
the adjoining land or lands, and the names of the owners of the
same where known . . . ." (emphases added)). Thus, under HRS
§ 664-6, only owners of the subject land whose boundaries are to
be decided and certified may file the application prescribed by
that statute. See also In re Boundaries of Paunau, 24 Haw. 546,
554-55 (1918) (Haw. Terr.) (construing similar predecessor
statute: "[T]he right to file a petition for the purpose of
having boundaries decided and certified was conferred only upon
the owner of the land to be dealt with.").
The Circuit Court stated in FOF 3 that "[Kealia Ranch]
does not own Kahuku or the portion of Kahuku affected by the
Petition." Although Kealia Ranch purports to challenge FOF 3, it
did not allege in the Petition that it owned any part of Kahuku
and presents no argument on appeal explaining how specific facts
create a genuine issue of material fact as to FOF 3. See Hawai#i
Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 28(b)(7) ("Points not argued
may be deemed waived."). Kealia Ranch merely asserts that its
property rights as an adjoining landowner "are affected by the
commissioner's inaction[.]" However, the plain language of HRS

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§ 664-6 authorizes only the owner of Kahuku, not adjoining
landowners, to file an application to have the boundaries of
Kahuku decided.4/ The Circuit Court did not err in concluding
that Kealia Ranch did not meet the statutory requirements for
filing such an application.
Kealia Ranch asserts elsewhere in its opening brief
that "[it] is not initiating a NEW boundary application[,]'" but
"simply wants to have the commissioner's unfinished work
completed." The Petition, however, does not state that Kealia
Ranch is attempting to reopen, and to challenge or otherwise
oppose in part, the original application in the original boundary
proceeding for Kahuku. In any event, it would be too late to do
so. As reflected in FOF 4, which Kealia Ranch does not dispute,
the commissioner of boundaries issued Certificate No. 85 for
Kahuku on February 23, 1876. Kealia Ranch's predecessor-in-
interest had 30 days from the commissioner's decision to appeal
from it (or one year if absent from the Hawaiian Kingdom and not
represented by an authorized agent), but failed to do so. See An
Act to Facilitate the Settlement of Boundaries, by the
Appointment of Commissioners, and Extend the Term of the
Commission of Boundaries, Established by an Act Approved 23d
August, 1862, § 6, in Compiled Laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom (as
Statutes of 1868) at 530 (Lawrence McCully ed., 1884)5/
(predecessor statute to HRS § 664-8, quoted supra). The Circuit

4/
Kealia Ranch's apparent reliance on Sierra Club's "injury-in-fact"
test is misplaced in this context, where the legislature has prescribed
standing requirements. Cf. Alpha, Inc., 154 Hawai #i at 491, 555 P.3d at 178
("Tax Foundation held that the common law 'injury in fact' test does not apply
to declaratory judgment plaintiffs under HRS Chapter 632, because that test
conflicts with the legislature's intent in enacting Chapter 632 (citing Tax
Found., 144 Hawai#i at 188-89, 439 P.3d at 140-41)).
5/
Section 6 of the 1868 statute stated:
Any party deeming himself aggrieved by the decision of
any Commissioner of Boundaries, may appeal therefrom to the
circuit court of the island on which such hearing is had, or
the Supreme Court; . . . provided, however, that any party
desirous of so appealing shall give notice of the same to
the commissioner within thirty days after the rendition of
his decision, and paying the costs already incurred, and
depositing a bond for costs, as required on appeals to the
Supreme Court in civil cases; and further provided, that any
land-owner absent from the Kingdom, and not represented by
an authorized agent within the Kingdom, shall have the right
of appeal for one year from the rendition of said decision.

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Court was therefore correct in concluding that Certificate No. 85
constituted a binding decision of the commissioner, and the
period to appeal the decision set forth in Certificate No. 85 has
long since expired.6/
Given our disposition, we need not reach Kealia Ranch's
remaining contentions.
For the reasons discussed above, the MSJ Order and the
Judgment, entered on March 24, 2023, in the Circuit Court of the
Third Circuit are affirmed.

DATED: Honolulu, Hawai#i, January 30, 2026.

On the briefs:
/s/ Karen T. Nakasone
Michael J. Matsukawa Chief Judge
for Petitioner/Defendant-
Appellant Kealia Ranch, LLC.,
a Hawaii limited liability /s/ Clyde J. Wadsworth
company Associate Judge

Edmund W.K. Haitsuka and
Danielle N. Degele /s/ Sonja M.P. McCullen
(Haitsuka Degele LLP) Associate Judge
for Respondents/Plaintiffs-
Appellees.

6/
Further, HRCP Rule 60(a) does not apply in these circumstances,
where, among other things, the requested change to Certificate No. 85 is
substantive in nature. See Thomas-Yukimura v. Yukimura, 130 Hawai #i 1, 7-8,
304 P.3d 1182, 1188-89 (2013).

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