Reeves v. Commissioner of Social Security

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
___________________________________
TANYA R.,
Plaintiff,
DECISION AND ORDER
v.
1:24-CV-00375 EAW
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.
____________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Represented by counsel, Plaintiff Tanya R. (“Plaintiff”) brings this action pursuant
to Title XVI of the Social Security Act (“Act”), seeking review of the final determination
of the Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner”) denying her application for
supplemental security income (“SSI”). (Dkt. 1). This Court has jurisdiction over the matter
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g). 	(See id.). 	Presently before the Court are the parties’
cross-motions for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure (Dkt. 12; Dkt. 18), and Plaintiff’s reply (Dkt. 19).
For the reasons discussed below, the Commissioner’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings (Dkt. 18) is granted, and Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt.
12) is denied.
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BACKGROUND
On August 23, 2021, Plaintiff filed a protective application for SSI. (See Dkt. 6 at
235-44).1 	In her application, Plaintiff alleged that she was disabled because of anxiety,
depression, Barrett’s esophagus, and degenerative disc disease, with a disability onset date
of November 5, 2019. 	(See id.). 	The Social Security Administration (“SSA”) initially
denied Plaintiff’s application, as well as upon reconsideration, and Plaintiff requested a
hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). 	(See id. at 131-55). 	Following a
telephonic hearing on June 29, 2023, ALJ Stephen Cordovani issued an unfavorable
decision on July 31, 2023. (See id. at 18-37). Plaintiff requested Appeals Council review,
which was denied on February 26, 2024, making the ALJ’s decision the final determination
of the Commissioner. (See id. at 5-10). Plaintiff then filed this action on April 23, 2024.
(Dkt. 1).
LEGAL STANDARDS
I. 	District Court Review
“In reviewing a final decision of the SSA, this Court is limited to determining
whether the SSA’s conclusions were supported by substantial evidence in the record and
were based on a correct legal standard.” 	Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir.
2012) (citation modified). 	The Act holds that a decision by the Commissioner is
“conclusive” if it is supported by “substantial evidence.” 	See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
“‘Substantial evidence’ is ‘more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as
1 	Page numbers in docket citations refer to the CM/ECF-generated page numbers that
appear in the upper righthand corner of each document.
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a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” Talavera, 697 F.3d
at 151 (quoting Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971)). 	It is not the Court’s
function to “determine de novo whether [the claimant] is disabled.” Schaal v. Apfel, 134
F.3d 496, 501 (2d Cir. 1998) (citation modified). 	However, “the deferential standard of
review for substantial evidence does not apply to the Commissioner’s conclusions of law.”
Byam v. Barnhart, 336 F.3d 172, 179 (2d Cir. 2003) (citation modified).
II. 	Disability Determination
An ALJ follows a five-step sequential evaluation to determine whether a claimant
is disabled within the meaning of the Act. 	20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a); see Bowen v. City of
New York, 476 U.S. 467, 470-71 (1986). 	At step one, the ALJ determines whether the
claimant is engaged in substantial gainful work activity. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(b). If so, the
claimant is not disabled. Id. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step two and determines whether
the claimant has an impairment, or combination of impairments, that is “severe” within the
meaning of the Act, in that it imposes significant restrictions on the claimant’s ability to
perform basic work activities. 	Id. § 416.920(c). 	If the claimant does not have a severe
impairment or combination of impairments, the analysis concludes with a finding of “not
disabled.” 	Id. 	But if the claimant does have at least one severe impairment, the ALJ
continues to step three. Id.
At step three, the ALJ examines whether a claimant’s severe impairment meets or
medically equals the criteria of a listed impairment in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P,
Appendix 1 (“Listings”). 	Id. § 416.920(d). If the severe impairment meets or medically
equals the criteria of a listed impairment and has lasted, or is expected to last, for a
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continuous period of at least 12 months, then the claimant is disabled. Id. If not, the ALJ
determines the claimant’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”), which is the most “an
individual can still do despite his or her limitations . . . in an ordinary work setting on a
regular and continuing basis.” 	SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *2 (July 2, 1996). 	“‘A
regular and continuing basis’ means 8 hours a day, for 5 days a week, or an equivalent
work schedule.” Id.
The ALJ then proceeds to step four and determines whether the claimant’s RFC
permits the claimant to perform the requirements of his or her past relevant work. 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.920(f). If the claimant can perform such requirements, then he or she is not disabled.
Id. 	But if he or she cannot, the analysis proceeds to the fifth and final step, wherein the
burden shifts to the Commissioner to show that the claimant is not disabled. 	Id.
§ 416.920(g). To do so, the Commissioner must present evidence to demonstrate that the
claimant, in light of his or her age, education, and work experience, “retains a residual
functional capacity to perform alternative substantial gainful work which exists in the
national economy.” Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 77 (2d Cir. 1999) (citation modified);
see 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(c).
DISCUSSION
I. 	The ALJ’s Decision
In determining whether Plaintiff was disabled, the ALJ applied the five-step
sequential evaluation set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a). (See Dkt. 6 at 21-33). At step
one, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since
applying for SSI on August 23, 2021. (Id. at 23).
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At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s obesity, cervical spine impairments,
lumbar spine impairments, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”) were
severe. 	(Id. at 23-26). 	He also found that Plaintiff’s gastroesophageal reflux disease,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, Barrett’s esophagus, left knee impairment, irritable bowel
syndrome, migraines, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder were not severe.
(See id.). Further, the ALJ considered the impact of Plaintiff’s major depressive disorder
and anxiety disorder on her mental work-related functioning and found that she was: (1)
mildly impaired in understanding, remembering, or applying information; (2) mildly
impaired in interacting with others; (3) mildly impaired in concentrating, persisting, or
maintaining pace; and (4) mildly impaired in adapting or managing herself. (See id. at 24-
25).
At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s severe impairments did not meet or
medically equal one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix
1. 	(See id. at 26). 	More specifically, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff’s severe
impairments did not meet or medically equal Listings 1.15, 1.16, or 3.02. (See id.). Then,
before proceeding to step four, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had the RFC to perform
“light work” as defined in 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b), except that she could:
Frequent[ly] 	[climb] 	ramps 	and 	stairs 	[and] 	frequent[ly]
balance as that term is defined in the Selected Characteristics
of Occupations (“SCO”); frequent[ly] stoop [to one] knee;
occasional[ly] crouch [or] crawl; [never] climb ladders[,]
ropes[,] [or] scaffolds; [never be exposed to] extreme heat,
cold, wetness[,] or humidity; [never be exposed to] loud noise
[or] vibration[s]; [never experience] concentrated exposure to
fumes, odors, dusts, gases, [areas of] poor ventilation, and
other respiratory irritants; [and never] work around hazards
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such as unprotected heights or dangerous moving mechanical
parts.
(See id. at 26-27 (citation modified)).
At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was unable to perform any past relevant
work. (Id. at 32). But at step five, the ALJ found that Plaintiff, given her age, education,
work experience, and RFC, could perform substantial gainful activity as a marker, router,
or photocopy machine operator. (See id. at 32-33). Accordingly, the ALJ determined that
Plaintiff was not disabled as defined by the Act. (Id. at 33).
II. 	The Commissioner’s Determination is Supported by Substantial Evidence and
Free from Legal Error
Plaintiff asks the Court to reverse or, alternatively, to remand this matter to the
Commissioner, generally arguing that the ALJ erred by: (1) failing to properly evaluate the
medical opinions; (2) assessing Plaintiff’s mental impairments; and (3) failing to support
the RFC determination with substantial evidence. (See Dkt. 12-1 at 11-30). The Court has
considered these arguments and, for the reasons discussed below, finds them to be without
merit.
A. 	Evaluation of Medical Opinion Evidence
For claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, such as Plaintiff’s, the ALJ “will not
defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical
opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), including those from [the claimant’s]
medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a). Further, “when a medical source provides one
or more medical opinions or prior administrative medical findings, [the ALJ] will consider
those medical opinions or prior administrative findings from that medical source together
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using 	the 	factors 	listed 	in 	paragraphs 	(c)(1) 	through 	(c)(5) 	of 	this 	section. 	Id.
§ 416.920c(b)(1). 	Those 	factors 	include: 	(1) 	supportability; 	(2) 	consistency; 	(3)
relationship with the claimant, including the length of the treatment relationship, the
frequency of examinations, the purpose and extent of the treatment relationship, and the
examining relationship; (4) specialization; and (5) any other factors that “tend to support
or contradict a medical opinion or prior administrative medical finding.” 	See id.
§ 416.920c(c).
The ALJ must articulate his or her consideration of the medical opinion evidence,
including how persuasive he or she finds the medical opinions in the case record. See id.
§ 416.920c(b). 	More specifically, the ALJ must explain how he or she considered the
“supportability” and “consistency” factors and may—but is not required to—explain how
he or she considered the remaining factors. 	See id. § 416.920c(b)(2). 	With respect to
“supportability,” the regulations provide that “the more relevant the objective medical
evidence and supporting presented by a medical source are to support his or her medical
opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), the more persuasive the medical
opinions or prior administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id. § 416.920c(c)(1) (citation
modified). 	And with respect to “consistency,” the regulations provide that “the more
consistent a medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) is with the
evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical sources in the claim, the more
persuasive the medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id.
§ 416.920c(c)(2).
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Here, the ALJ considered the opinions of consultative examiner Adam Brownfeld,
Ph.D., state agency reviewing psychiatric consultant P. Roy-Petrick, Ph.D., state agency
reviewing psychiatric consultant M. D’Ortona, Psy.D., consultative examiner Raquel
Benchoam-Ravid, M.D., state agency reviewing medical consultant A. Vinluan, M.D.,
state agency reviewing medical consultant J. Lawrence, M.D., former treating provider
John Hoffman, M.D., and treating provider Roxanne Conway, Nurse Practitioner. 	(See
Dkt. 6 at 30-31). 	As discussed herein, the ALJ articulated how he considered the
supportability and consistency factors in evaluating the opinions from these sources. (See
id.). And despite Plaintiff’s suggestion to the contrary, the ALJ did not need to individually
compare each medical opinion with one another in order to satisfy his obligations. 	See,
e.g., Linda A. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:24-CV-6258 (JLS), 2025 WL 3482747, at *4
(W.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2025) (“But an ALJ is not required to compare individual medical
opinions with each other; instead, an ALJ needs only to address the consistency of an
opinion with the remainder of the record.”).
For example, Dr. Hoffman opined on December 18, 2013, that Plaintiff was very
limited in standing, lifting, and carrying, and moderately limited in walking, sitting,
pushing, pulling, bending, and using stairs or other climbing. (See Dkt. 6 at 342-43). The
ALJ explained that Dr. Hoffman’s opinion “[was] stale relative to the period under
consideration, as it was rendered [in December 2013] some eight (8) years prior to the
application date and further was rendered contemporaneous[ly] with an initiating injury.”
(Dkt. 6 at 30). These were appropriate reasons not to fully credit the opinion. 	See, e.g.,
Lakeisha P. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:24-CV-00306 (JGW), 2025 WL 3506959, at
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*10 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 8, 2025) (“To be sure, ‘medical source opinions that are conclusory,
stale, and based on an incomplete medical record may not be substantial evidence to
support an ALJ finding.’” (quoting Camille v. Colvin, 104 F. Supp. 3d 329, 343 (W.D.N.Y.
2015), aff’d, 652 F. App’x 25 (2d Cir. 2016))); Patricia L. v. Saul, No. 20-CV-6173L, 2021
WL 1845914, at *2 n.1 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 2021) (“The ALJ’s decision not to give
controlling weight Dr. Gibbs’ opinions was not improper, given that his opinions were
rendered at the time of plaintiff’s ankle injury and surgery, and were not particularly
probative of her RFC before the injury, or after she had recovered from surgery.”). 	The
ALJ ultimately concluded that Dr. Hoffman’s opinion was “not persuasive relative to any
assessment of [the] current level of [Plaintiff’s] functional limitation.” 	(Id. at 32).
Although the ALJ did not use the words “supportability” and “consistency,” it is clear that
the ALJ considered those factors in evaluating Dr. Hoffman’s opinion. 	See, e.g., Angela
H.-M. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 631 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (W.D.N.Y. 2022) (“Although the ALJ
did not specifically use the words ‘supportability’ and ‘consistency’ in discussing Dr.
Bing’s opinion, it is clear from the record that the ALJ found his opinion to be inconsistent
and not supported by other evidence in the record, including the historical record and
records from Plaintiff’s treating sources.”).
Likewise, contrary to Plaintiff’s arguments, the ALJ properly addressed the
opinions of Dr. Brownfeld, Dr. Roy-Petrick, and Dr. D’Ortona. Dr. Brownfeld opined that
Plaintiff was not impaired in her ability to: (1) understand, remember, or apply simple and
complex directions; (2) use reason and judgment to make work-related decisions; (3)
interact adequately with supervisors, co-workers, and the public; (4) sustain concentration
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and perform a task at a consistent pace; (5) sustain an ordinary routine and regular
attendance at work; (6) maintain personal hygiene and appropriate attire; and (7) be aware
of normal hazards and take appropriate precautions, which the ALJ found persuasive. (See
Dkt. 6 at 31, 593). Dr. Brownfeld concluded that Plaintiff’s psychiatric problems were not
significant enough to interfere with her functioning on a daily basis. (See id. at 594). The
ALJ found this conclusion to be “consistent with [state agency psychologists] Dr. Roy-
Petrick and Dr. D’Ortona” and “supported by the benign clinical findings from Dr.
Brownfeld himself, with wholly normal findings on mental status examination, as well as
overall benign mental status examination findings with treating providers in the record.”
(Id. at 31). To the extent Dr. Brownfeld also opined that Plaintiff was moderately impaired
in her ability to regulate emotions, control her behavior, and maintain her well-being (see
id. at 593-94), the ALJ found that portion of the opinion unpersuasive on the grounds that
it was unsupported by Dr. Brownfeld’s own examination findings, inconsistent with
Plaintiff’s reported activities of daily living, inconsistent with a large body of Plaintiff’s
treatment records indicating benign mental status examinations, and inconsistent with the
opinions of Dr. Roy-Petrick and Dr. D’Ortona (see id. at 31). Both Dr. Roy-Petrick and
Dr. D’Ortona similarly opined that Plaintiff was mildly impaired in the four areas of mental
work-related functioning. 	(See id. at 82-83, 102-03). 	The ALJ found those opinions
persuasive, explaining that “these opinions are consistent with each other, consistent with
ultimate conclusion of Dr. Brownfeld above and further supported by Dr. Brownfeld’s
normal examination findings as well as to the treatment record.” 	(See id. at 31 (citation
modified)). 	Thus, contrary to Plaintiff’s contentions, the ALJ addressed the opinions’
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consistency with each other as well as their supportability by the record as a whole and
relied on proper grounds for discounting the portion of Dr. Brownfeld’s opinion containing
a moderate limitation. 	See, e.g., Daniel F. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:22-CV-00292
EAW, 2023 WL 6304722, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2023) (“The ALJ’s comparing of
those activities of daily living to restrictions set forth in medical opinions was appropriate.”
(citing Rusin v. Berryhill, 726 F. App’x 837, 840-41 (2d Cir. 2018))).
Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ’s conclusion that the opinions of Dr. Benchoam-
Ravid and NP Conway were unpersuasive was flawed. 	(See Dkt. 12-1 at 22-30). 	The
Court disagrees. 	Dr. Benchoam-Ravid opined that Plaintiff “should avoid being in
unprotected heights and operating machinery or motor vehicles because of headaches.”
(See Dkt. 6 at 601). She further opined that Plaintiff was markedly impaired in her ability
to walk, stand, sit, climb stairs, lift, carry, push, and pull heavy weights for a prolonged
period of time, as well as in her ability to stoop and squat. (See id.). NP Conway opined
that Plaintiff: (1) was incapable of even “low stress” jobs; (2) could not walk a single city
block without needing rest or experiencing severe pain; (3) could sit for only 10 minutes
at one time; (4) could only stand for 15 minutes at one time; (4) could sit for less than 2
hours total during an 8-hour workday; (5) could stand or walk for less than 2 hours total
during an 8-hour workday; (6) would need to shift positions at will; (7) would need to take
unscheduled breaks every 5 to 10 minutes; (8) would need to keep her legs elevated at a
waist-high level every 30 minutes; (9) could never lift and carry items less than 10 pounds;
(10) could never hold her head in a static position; (11) could never twist, stoop, crouch,
squat, or climb ladders; (12) would be absent more from work more than 4 days per month;
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and (13) would experience constant interference with attention and concentration in simple
work-related tasks. (See id. at 1256-58).
The ALJ found Dr. Benchoam-Ravid’s opinion unpersuasive for four reasons. (See
id. at 30). 	First, the opinion was “stated in unclear, vague terms rather than functional
terms as required, including . . . opining as to a ‘marked limitation for prolonged’
exertional[s] and/or posturals.” (Id.). This was an appropriate consideration. See Valdes-
Ocasio v. Kijakazi, No. 21-3152, 2023 WL 3573761, at *2 (2d Cir. May 22, 2023) (finding
that the ALJ properly afforded less weight to the opinion of an examining expert whose
opinion was vague as to the plaintiff’s specific limitations). 	Second, the opinion was
inconsistent with other pieces of objective medical evidence in the record, “including
multiple reports from [Plaintiff’s] own providers that she was ambulatory with a normal
gait.” 	(See Dkt. 6 at 30). 	Third, the opinion was inconsistent with the opinions of Dr.
Vinluan and Dr. Lawrence, both of whom “had the benefit of reviewing the balance of the
medical evidence of record” and concluded that Plaintiff could perform light work with
additional postural limitations. (See id.). And fourth, the opinion was unsupported by Dr.
Benchoam-Ravid’s own examination, which showed that Plaintiff “had full strength,
normal sensation and reflexes” in her cervical and lumbosacral spine. (See id.). Thus, as
is 	clear, 	the 	ALJ 	addressed 	Dr. 	Benchoam-Ravid’s 	opinions’ 	consistency 	and
supportability, as required.
The ALJ found NP Conway’s opinion unpersuasive for three reasons. 	(See id. at
31). 	First, the opinion “was inconsistent with [Plaintiff’s] own report of activities[,]
[which] includ[ed] mowing the lawn, attending to yardwork, helping her mother in the
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shower, hunting for crayfish on a field trip, reading, watching TV, and attending to
shopping, housework[,] and cooking for her family of five.” 	(Id.). 	As explained above,
this is a proper consideration. 	See, e.g., Lawrence K. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:23-
CV-00496 (DNH/CFH), 2024 WL 4133823, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. July 10, 2024) (“The
undersigned notes that ‘[t]he ALJ was permitted to consider plaintiff’s activities of daily
living when evaluating the opinion evidence of record.’” (quoting Jamie C. v. Kijakazi, No.
3:21-CV-105 (ATB), 2022 WL 4356182, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2022))), report and
recommendation adopted, 2024 WL 3823486 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2024). 	Second, the
opinion was inconsistent with the “findings throughout the record showing [that Plaintiff
was] ambulatory with a normal gait, including an observation [by] NP Conway [herself]
that [Plaintiff] had a normal gait, a normal lung examination[,] and . . . a normal mood and
affect.” (See Dkt. 6 at 31 (citation modified)). And third, the opinion “made no reference
at all to any spine impairments[] but instead cited [only to Plaintiff’s] COPD and
migraines.” (Id.).
Based on those explanations, the ALJ’s decision to discount Dr. Benchoam-Ravid’s
and NP Conway’s opinions was supported by substantial evidence, and Plaintiff’s
arguments to the contrary are unavailing. 	See Bonet ex rel. T.B. v. Colvin, 523 F. App’x
58, 59 (2d Cir. 2013) (“Whether there is substantial evidence supporting the [claimant’s]
view is not the question [on appeal]; rather, [reviewing courts] must decide whether
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision.” (citation modified)); see also Brault v.
Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm’r, 683 F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012) (explaining that “an ALJ is
not required to discuss every piece of evidence submitted,” as well as that “an ALJ’s failure
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to cite to specific evidence does not indicate that such evidence was not considered.”
(citation modified)).
In sum, the ALJ followed the regulations when evaluating the medical opinions in
the record. 	See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a). 	To the extent Plaintiff argues otherwise, her
arguments amount to a disagreement with the ALJ’s weighing of the evidence, and it is
“not the function of this Court to re-weigh evidence or to consider de novo whether
[Plaintiff] is disabled.” Teena H. o/b/o N.I.K. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 521 F. Supp. 3d 287,
292 (W.D.N.Y. 2021); see Pellam v. Astrue, 508 F. App’x 87, 91 (2d Cir. 2013) (“We think
that Pellam is, in reality, attempting to characterize her claim that the ALJ was not
supported by substantial evidence as a legal argument in order to garner a more favorable
standard of review.”). 	For those reasons, Plaintiff is not entitled to remand based on the
ALJ’s evaluation of the medical opinions in the record.
B. 	Assessment of Mental Impairments
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by not finding Plaintiff’s mental impairments to
be severe or including any corresponding mental limitations in the RFC. (See Dkt. 12-1 at
13-14, 20-21). As noted, at step two, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s major depressive
disorder and anxiety disorder were non-severe and correspondingly found that Plaintiff was
only mildly impaired in the four areas of mental work-related functioning. (See Dkt. 6 at
24-25).
In deciding a disability claim, an ALJ is tasked with “weigh[ing] all of the evidence
available to make an RFC finding that [is] consistent with the record as a whole.” Matta
v. Astrue, 508 F. App’x 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2013). “When formulating a claimant’s RFC, the
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ALJ must consider not only her severe impairments, but her non-severe impairments as
well.” Novas v. Kijakazi, No. 22-CV-1020 (MKV) (BCM), 2023 WL 2614362, at *11
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2023) (citation modified), report and recommendation adopted, 2023
WL 2613550 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2023). “This does not mean, however, that the ALJ must
include a specific limitation in the RFC corresponding to each of the claimant’s non-severe
impairments. To the contrary: by definition, an impairment which is not severe does not
significantly limit the claimant’s physical or mental ability to do basic work activities.”
DuBois v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 20-CV-8422 (BCM), 2022 WL 845751, at *5
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2022) (citation modified).
As particularly relevant here, “there are no regulations that mild limitations require
mental limitations in the RFC.” Jane M. A. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 19-cv-00808, 2021
WL 63066, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2021). In other words, “while it is true that nonsevere
impairments and ‘mild’ limitations can cause functional restrictions,” an ALJ is not
compelled to conclude that they do if such a finding is not supported by the record. 	See
Lynette W. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 19-CV-1168-FPG, 2021 WL 868625, at *4
(W.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2021) (emphasis in original); see also Katherine R. v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., No. 1:20-CV-01055-MJR, 2021 WL 5596416, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2021)
(“Where . . . an ALJ’s findings of only mild limitations in mental functioning are supported
by substantial evidence in the record, the ALJ is not required to include mental limitations
or restrictions in the RFC.”). To the extent that Plaintiff’s argument can be read to suggest
that the ALJ was required to include any limitations in the RFC related to her mental
limitations, “the law only requires the ALJ to evaluate non-severe impairments in the RFC
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analysis, not to include limitations in the RFC[;] [t]o hold otherwise would defy logic:
requiring an ALJ to limit a claimant’s ability to work due to a non-severe impairment
suggests that the non-severe impairment causes significant work limitations, which runs
counter to the non-severity finding.” Catherine Jean D. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 20-
CV-1581-FPG, 2022 WL 4115367, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2022) (emphasis in original)
(citation modified); see Christian H. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 20-CV-1490MWP, 2022
WL 3648022, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2022) (“Although an ALJ must account for
limitations caused by both severe and nonsevere impairments in formulating the RFC, if a
mental impairment causes only mild limitations that do not result in any functional work-
related restrictions, the ALJ does not err by formulating an RFC without mental limitations
or restrictions.” (citation modified) (citing Parker-Grose v. Astrue, 462 F. App’x 16, 18
(2d Cir. 2012))); Maura B. C. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:21-CV-0294 (DEP), 2022 WL
2789102, at *6 (N.D.N.Y. July 15, 2022) (“‘While the analysis at steps two and three
concerns the functional effects of mental impairments, the RFC analysis at step four
specifically considers work-related physical and mental activities in a work setting,’ such
that ‘a finding at steps two or three does not automatically translate to an identical finding
at step four.’” (emphasis in original) (quoting Wells v. Colvin, 87 F. Supp. 3d 421, 436
(W.D.N.Y. 2015))).
Here, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s mental impairments do not cause more than
minimal limitations in her ability to perform basic work activities. 	In light of that
conclusion, the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff was no more than mildly impaired in the four
areas of mental work-related functioning was supported by substantial evidence and it was
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not error for the ALJ to determine that inclusion of greater limitations in the RFC was not
warranted. See Rucker v. Kijakazi, 48 F.4th 86, 91 (2d Cir. 2022) (acknowledging that “the
substantial evidence standard is not high.” (citation modified)).
C. 	RFC Determination
Finally, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ mischaracterized evidence and/or cherry-
picked benign findings in determining her RFC. (See Dkt. 12-1 at 13, 16-18).
It is well-settled that “an ALJ is not permitted to ‘cherry pick’ evidence that supports
his RFC finding.” Michelle J. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:21-CV-00306 CJS, 2023 WL
2623587, at *4 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2023) (defining cherry-picking as “inappropriately
crediting evidence that supports administrative conclusions while disregarding differing
evidence from the same source.” (citation modified)). “Courts frequently remand an ALJ’s
decision when it ignores or mischaracterizes medical evidence or cherry-picks evidence
that supports his RFC determination while ignoring other evidence to the contrary.”
Jackson v. Kijakazi, 588 F. Supp. 3d 558, 585 (S.D.N.Y. 2022); see Estrella v. Berryhill,
925 F.3d 90, 97 (2d Cir. 2019) (“When viewed alongside the evidence of the apparently
cyclical nature of Estrella’s depression, the ALJ’s two cherry-picked treatment notes do
not provide ‘good reasons’ for minimalizing Dr. Dron’s opinion.”). 	However, “an
allegation of cherry-picking is seldom successful because crediting it would require a court
to re-weigh record evidence,” and “what a claimant may label as cherry-picking can often
be described more neutrally as weighing the evidence.” Lisa T. v. Kijakazi, No. 3:20-CV-
1764 (SVN), 2022 WL 2207613, at *3 (D. Conn. June 21, 2022) (citation modified). That
is the case here.
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Specifically, as explained above, the ALJ appropriately weighed the medical
opinion evidence and thoroughly explained his rationale for the persuasive value assigned
to each opinion. (See Dkt. 6 at 30-32). To support her cherry-picking argument, Plaintiff
contends that the ALJ improperly relied on Plaintiff’s benign mental status examinations
and failed to acknowledge the abnormal findings or the fact that most of the mental status
examinations after March of 2020 were performed by telehealth. (See Dkt. 12-1 at 16).
But the ALJ’s discussion of Plaintiff’s mental status examinations highlighted the
inconsistencies between the multiple medical opinions, treatment records, and any conflicts
with Plaintiff’s reported activities of daily living. 	(See Dkt. 6 at 24-25). 	The ALJ
acknowledged Plaintiff’s reports of memory problems, not wanting to be around others,
and trouble concentrating, and he then properly weighed those reports in determining the
persuasive value of the medical opinion evidence and Plaintiff’s own reports of her
activities of daily living in crafting the RFC. (See id.). Specifically, he highlighted the fact
that Plaintiff does all of the cooking for her family, manages doctor appointments and
medication for her children, her mother, and her fiancé, as well as managing money and
shopping. (See id. at 25). That fact that some of Plaintiff’s appointments were by telehealth
was not a factor requiring explicit discussion by the ALJ or serve as a basis to conclude
that the ALJ’s decision was flawed. See, e.g., Lakesha R. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:23-
CV-00918 (AMN/ML), 2024 WL 3517733, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. July 24, 2024) (“Whether or
not PA Morabito’s evaluations of Plaintiff were performed in-person or through telehealth
does not impact or remedy the deficiencies noted by the ALJ . . . .”). Thus, “while Plaintiff
points to other evidence in the record suggesting greater limitations than recognized by the
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ALJ, the question here is whether the ALJ’s determination was properly supported by the
record, not whether a contrary finding might also have been supported.” 	See Barrington
C. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:24-CV-00528 (AMN/TWD), 2025 WL 1884886, at *9
(N.D.N.Y. May 12, 2025) (citation modified), report and recommendation adopted, 2025
WL 1682610 (N.D.N.Y. June 16, 2025).
In short, it is the responsibility of the ALJ and not this Court “to weigh the
conflicting evidence in the record.” Clark v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 143 F.3d 115, 118 (2d
Cir. 1998). 	As the Court explained, the ALJ provided ample reasoning to support his
determinations in arriving at the RFC. The Court has no difficulty gleaning the basis for
the ALJ’s RFC finding from his decision and it therefore rejects Plaintiff’s argument that
the ALJ cherry-picked and mischaracterized the evidence. 	Remand is accordingly not
warranted.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Commissioner’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings (Dkt. 18) is granted, and Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt.
12) is denied. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment and close this case.
SO ORDERED.
________________________________
ELIZABETH A. WOLFORD
Chief Judge
United States District Court
Dated: 	January 15, 2026
Rochester, New York
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