Andrew Lawrence Hosking and Bruce Mackay, in their v. TPG CAPITALMANAGEMENT, L.P., f/k/a TPG CAPITAL, L.

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
In re:
HELLAS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
(LUXEMBOURG) II SCA,
Debtor in a Foreign Proceeding.
FOR PUBLICATION
Chapter 15
Case No. 12-10631 (MG)
ANDREW LAWRENCE HOSKING and SIMON JAMES
BONNEY, in their capacity as joint compulsory liquidators
and duly authorized foreign representatives of HELLAS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS (LUXEMBOURG) II SCA,
Plaintiffs,
-against-
TPG CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P., et al.,
Defendants.
Adv. Proc. No. 14-01848 (MG)
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN
PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND COMPLAINT
A P P E A R A N C E S:
CHADBOURNE & PARKE LLP
Attorneys for Plaintiffs as against
All Defendants except Defendant Deutsche Bank AG
1301 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10019
By: 	Howard Seife, Esq.
Andrew Rosenblatt, Esq.
Marc D. Ashley, Esq.
WOLF HALDENSTEIN ADLER FREEMAN & HERZ LLP
Attorneys for Plaintiffs as against
Defendant Deutsche Bank AG
270 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
By: 	Alan McDowell, Esq.
Jeremy Cohen, Esq.
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KASOWITZ, BENSON, TORRES & FRIEDMAN LLP
Attorneys for the TPG Defendants
1633 Broadway
New York, New York 10019
By: 	Paul M. O’Connor III, Esq.
Andrew K. Glenn, Esq.
ROPES & GRAY LLP
Attorneys for Defendant Apax Partners, L.P.
1211 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
By: 	Robert S. Fischler, Esq.
Stephen C. Moeller-Sally, Esq.
CAHILL GORDON & REINDEL LLP
Attorneys for Defendant Deutsche Bank AG
80 Pine Street
New York, New York 10005
By: 	Charles A. Gilman, Esq.
Kevin J. Burke, Esq.
Philip V. Tisne, Esq.
Frederick W. Vaughan, Esq.
LATHAM & WATKINS LLP
Attorneys for the TCW Defendants
355 South Grand Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90071
By: 	Wayne S. Flick, Esq. (pro hac vice)
Amy C. Quartarolo, Esq. (pro hac vice)
MARTIN GLENN
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
Andrew Lawrence Hosking and Bruce Mackay (together, the “Plaintiffs”), in their
capacity as Joint Compulsory Liquidators of Hellas Telecommunications (Luxembourg) II SCA
(“Hellas II”), filed a complaint (the “Complaint,” ECF Doc. # 1), seeking to avoid and recover an
initial transfer made by Hellas II to its parent entity in the amount of approximately €1.57 billion
and to avoid and recover approximately €973.7 million of subsequent transfers allegedly made to
several named defendants and an unnamed class of transferees (together, the “Original
Defendants”). The Complaint asserted actual and constructive fraudulent transfer causes of
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action under the New York Debtor and Creditor Law (“NYDCL”) against each of the Original
Defendants, and an unjust enrichment claim under unspecified law against the Original
Defendants affiliated with the private equity firms Apax Partners LLP (“Apax Partners”) and
TPG Capital Management, L.P. (“TPG Capital”).
The Original Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint on various grounds, including
lack of standing, lack of subject matter jurisdiction, lack of personal jurisdiction, and failure to
state a claim. The Court granted in part and denied in part the motions to dismiss. See Hosking
v. TPG Capital Mgmt., L.P. (In re Hellas Telecomms. (Lux.) II SCA), 524 B.R. 488 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Hosking I”). The Complaint was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction as
to Apax Partners and the foreign-based Original Defendants affiliated with Apax Partners and
TPG Capital, see id. at 512; however, the Court concluded that personal jurisdiction could be
exercised over each of the other Original Defendants, see id. at 513.1 The Plaintiffs’ NYDCL
fraudulent transfer claims were dismissed for lack of standing.2 See id. at 529 & n.41. Only the
unjust enrichment claim survived against the United States (“U.S.”)-based Original Defendants
affiliated with Apax Partners and TPG Capital. See id. at 529, 539.
The Plaintiffs now seek leave to file a first amended complaint (the “First Amended
Complaint” or “FAC,” Ashley Decl. Ex. A) that: (1) joins additional proposed defendants (the
“Proposed Defendants”);3 (2) withdraws the unjust enrichment claim against Apax NY; (3)
1 	Specifically, the Complaint was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction as to: (i) Apax Partners, Apax
Partners Europe Managers Ltd., Apax Europe VI GP Co. Ltd., Apax Europe VI GP, L.P., Apax Europe VI-A, L.P.,
Apax Europe VI-1, L.P., Apax WW Nominees Ltd., and Martin Halusa (collectively, “Apax Europe”); and (ii) TPG
Capital, LLP (“TPG Europe”).
2 	Additionally, the Court dismissed the Plaintiffs’ actual fraudulent conveyance claim alleged under the
NYDCL on choice of law grounds, finding that United Kingdom (“UK”) or Luxembourg law, rather than New York
law, applied to such claims. See Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 521.
3 	The Proposed Defendants include: (1) TPG FOF IV, L.P., TPG FOF IV-QP, L.P., TPG Equity IV-A, L.P.
f/k/a TPG Equity IV, L.P., TPG Management IV-B, L.P., TPG Coinvestment IV, L.P., TPG Associates IV, L.P.,
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removes TCW Asset Management Company (“TCW Asset”) and TCW Group Inc. (“TCW
Group”) as Defendants; and (4) pleads new causes of action sounding in fraudulent transfer
under UK and Luxembourg law (the “Additional Claims”) against several of the Original
Defendants and the Proposed Defendants (together, the “Defendants”).4 (See the “Motion,” ECF
Doc. # 153 at 1–3.)
The Additional Claims include: (1) an actual fraudulent transfer claim under section 423
of the UK’s Insolvency Act 1986 (the “Insolvency Act”) against all Defendants except Apax NY
(the “Section 423 Claim”);5 (2) a fraudulent trading claim under section 213 of the Insolvency
Act against all Defendants except for the TPG Affiliate Defendants and the Transferee Class (the
“Section 213 Claim”); and, (3) in the alternative to the Section 423 Claim and the Section 213
Claim, an actual fraudulent transfer claim under Article 1167 of the Luxembourg Civil Code and
Article 448 of the Luxembourg Commercial Code against all Defendants except Apax NY (the
“Article 1167 Claim”). (Id. at 2.) The First Amended Complaint also asserts an unjust
enrichment claim against the TPG Capital Defendants, the TPG Advisors IV Defendants, and the
TPG Management IV, L.P., TPG Management III, L.P., Bonderman Family Limited Partnership, Bondo-TPG
Partners III, L.P., Dick W. Boyce, Kevin R. Burns, Justin Chang, Jonathan Coslet, Kelvin Davis, Andrew J. Dechet,
Jamie Gates, Marshall Haines, John Marren, Michael MacDougall, Thomas E. Reinhart, Richard Schifter, Todd B.
Sisitsky, Bryan M. Taylor, Carrie A. Wheeler, James B. Williams, and John Viola (collectively, “the TPG Affiliate
Defendants”), and William S. Price III (“Price”); and (2) TCW Capital Investment Corporation (“New TCW”).
4 	The Defendants include: (1) Apax Partners, L.P. (“Apax NY”); (2) (a) TPG Capital, David Bonderman,
James Coulter, and Price (collectively, the “TPG Capital Defendants”); (b) TPG Advisors IV, Inc., TPG GenPar IV,
L.P., and TPG Partners IV, L.P. (collectively, the “TPG Advisors IV Defendants”); (c) T3 Advisors II, Inc., T3
GenPar II, L.P., T3 Partners II, L.P., and T3 Parallel II, L.P. (collectively, the “T3 Advisors II Defendants”); and
(d) the TPG Affiliate Defendants (together with the TPG Capital Defendants, the TPG Advisors IV Defendants, the
T3 Advisors II Defendants, the “TPG Defendants”); (3) TCW/Crescent Mezzanine III, LLC, TCW/Crescent
Mezzanine Partners III L.P., TCW/Crescent Mezzanine Trust III, TCW/Crescent Mezzanine Partners III
Netherlands, L.P., and New TCW (collectively, “TCW”); (4) Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft (“DB”); and (5) an
unnamed class of transferees (the “Transferee Class”).
5 	The Section 423 Claim is asserted against: (i) the TPG Defendants, DB, and TCW (collectively, the
“Transferee Defendants”); (ii) the Transferee Class; and (iii) TPG Capital. (See FAC ¶¶ 205–212.)
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T3 Advisors II Defendants under New York or, in the alternative, UK or Luxembourg law.
(FAC ¶¶ 227–231.)
Oppositions to the Motion (collectively, the “Oppositions”) were filed by: (i) Apax NY
(the “Apax Opposition,” ECF Doc. # 164);6 (ii) the TPG Defendants (the “TPG Opposition,”
ECF Doc. # 161);7 (iii) TCW (the “TCW Opposition,” ECF Doc. # 158); and (iv) DB (the “DB
Opposition,” ECF Doc. # 162).8 The Plaintiffs filed a reply (the “Reply,” ECF Doc. # 174). 9 On
July 22, 2013, the Court heard argument and took the Motion under submission.
The Defendants argue that the Motion should be denied because it was filed in bad faith,
was unduly delayed, and is unduly prejudicial to the Defendants. According to the Defendants,
the Plaintiffs made a poor decision to plead their original claims solely under New York law and
now improperly seek a do-over after the parties spent months and millions of dollars litigating.
The Defendants also argue that amending the Complaint is futile because each of the claims in
the First Amended Complaint fails to state a plausible claim for relief: (1) a claim under section
423 of the Insolvency Act cannot be adjudicated by a court outside the UK; (2) the Section 213
Claim fails to adequately plead scienter; (3) the Plaintiffs lack standing to bring the Article 1167
Claim (a “creditor” claim); (4) the unjust enrichment claim is barred because (i) contracts
governed the challenged transfers, (ii) the claim is duplicative of fraudulent transfer claims, (iii)
section 546(e) of the Bankruptcy Code preempts the claim, and (iv) the claim is barred in a
6 	The Apax Opposition is supported by the declarations of Robert S. Fischler (the “Fischler Decl.,” ECF
Doc. # 164-1) and André Prüm (the “Prüm Decl.,” ECF Doc. # 164-2).
7 	The TPG Opposition is supported by the declarations of Barry Isaacs QC (the “Isaacs Decl.,” ECF Doc.
# 166) and André Prüm (the “Prüm Decl.,” ECF Doc. # 167).
8 	The DB Opposition is supported by the declaration of Peter J. Linken (the “Linken Decl.,” ECF Doc.
# 163).
9 	The Reply is supported by the declarations of Gabriel Moss QC (the “Moss Decl.,” ECF Doc. # 172) and
Marc Thewes (the “Thewes Decl.,” ECF Doc. # 173).
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chapter 15 case by section 1521(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code because it seeks identical relief to
a claim under section 548 (which cannot be brought in a chapter 15 case); (5) the claims should
be dismissed on international comity grounds; and, finally, (6) the claims should be dismissed
based on forum non conveniens. The Court must also address choice of law principles in
deciding whether UK or Luxembourg law applies.
As explained below, the Court concludes that the First Amended Complaint was not filed
in bad faith, was not unduly delayed, and is not unduly prejudicial to the Defendants; the Section
423 Claim can be adjudicated by this Court; UK law governs the Plaintiffs’ claims because it has
a palpably greater interest in the subject of the claims; the First Amended Complaint adequately
pleads the Section 213 Claim against each applicable Defendant; the Article 1167 Claim is
futile—the Plaintiffs lack standing to bring the claim because it belongs to creditors; the unjust
enrichment claim is not futile for any of the reasons argued; the claims should not be dismissed
on international comity grounds because permissive abstention is not available under the
circumstances; and the claims should not be dismissed under the forum non conveniens doctrine
because the Defendants have failed to establish that an adequate alternative forum exists to
adjudicate the claims. Accordingly, the Motion for leave to file the First Amended Complaint is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
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I. 	BACKGROUND
A. 	Facts Alleged in the First Amended Complaint10
In June 2005, eight investment funds (the “Sponsors”) allegedly formed by TPG Capital
and Apax Partners used a special purpose vehicle (“Troy GAC”) to acquire approximately 80%
of the equity in TIM Hellas Communications S.A. (“TIM Hellas”)—a Greek telecommunications
services provider—in a leveraged transaction. (See FAC ¶¶ 111–116.) In March 2005, TPG 11
and Apax12 allegedly organized a group of entities under Luxembourg law in preparation for the
acquisition of TIM Hellas, including Hellas II, Hellas Telecommunications, S.àr.l. (“Hellas”),
Hellas Telecommunications I, S.à.r.l. (“Hellas I”), Hellas Telecommunications Finance SCA
(“Hellas Finance”), and other related entities. (See id. ¶ 113.) Hellas II and Hellas Finance were
wholly owned by Hellas I, which in turn was wholly owned by Hellas. (Id. ¶ 114.) Hellas, the
ultimate parent of the Hellas entities, was wholly owned by the Sponsors. (Id.) The Sponsors
acquired the remaining shares of TIM Hellas in November 2005 through Troy GAC, and the
acquisition was principally funded by debt issued by the Hellas entities. (See id. ¶ 118.)
Subsequently, the Sponsors’ equity interests in TIM Hellas were cancelled, and TIM Hellas
merged into Troy GAC; the surviving entity became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hellas II.
(See id. ¶ 119.)
On June 15, 2005, Hellas issued 490,000 convertible preferred equity certificates
(“CPECs”) to the Sponsors with a par value of €49 million. (Id. ¶ 124.) The Sponsors
10 	The facts recited in this Opinion are the facts alleged in the proposed First Amended Complaint and
accepted as true for purposes of resolving the Motion. See E*Trade Fin. Corp. v. Deutsche Bank AG, 420 F. Supp.
2d 273, 282 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“For the purposes of evaluating futility [of a proposed amendment to a pleading], the
12(b)(6) standard is applied: all well pleaded allegations are accepted as true, and all inferences are drawn in favor
of the pleader.” (citing Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1174 (2d Cir. 1993))).
11 	“Apax” refers collectively to the Apax NY Defendant and its non-party affiliates, Apax Europe.
12 	“TPG” refers collectively to the TPG Defendants and their non-party affiliate, TPG Europe.
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transferred €49 million to Hellas in exchange for the CPECs. (Id.) At the same time, Hellas I—
the direct subsidiary of Hellas and direct parent of Hellas II—issued 490,000 CPECs to Hellas,
and Hellas II issued an equivalent number of CPECs to Hellas I. (Id.)
In a stock purchase deal that closed on January 31, 2006, TPG and Apax allegedly used
Hellas and its related entities to acquire Q-Telecom, a business unit of a large mobile
telecommunications provider in Greece. (See id. ¶ 131.) The Q-Telecom acquisition was
principally financed with debt issued by a subsidiary of Hellas II and cash contributed by one or
more of Hellas II’s other subsidiaries. (See id. ¶ 132.) On the same day, the Sponsors
transferred €28.3 million to Hellas in exchange for 282,681 additional CPECs issued by Hellas to
the Sponsors.13 (Id. ¶ 133.)
By June 2006, TPG and Apax “put in motion plans to dispose of [Hellas II]’s subsidiaries
in a sale to a third party.” (Id. ¶ 139.) TPG and Apax engaged Morgan Stanley and Lehman
Brothers as financial advisors in connection with an auction of TIM Hellas. (See id. ¶ 141.)
Morgan Stanley and Lehman Brothers prepared an information memorandum to be distributed to
prospective purchasers (the “Information Memorandum”), which was prepared with input from
TPG and Apax and approved by TIM Hellas’s board of directors. (Id.) TPG and Apax
demanded a sale price of at least €3.5 billion, more than double the total consideration paid to
acquire TIM Hellas and Q-Telecom. (Id. ¶ 142.)
Morgan Stanley and Lehman Brothers contacted more than 30 parties to solicit their
participation in the auction; however, less than half of these parties expressed sufficient interest
to receive a copy of the Information Memorandum. (Id. ¶ 143.) On October 9, 2006, five parties
submitted first-round, non-binding bids to acquire TIM Hellas. (Id.) These bids implied an
13 	Hellas transferred the €28.3 million to Hellas I, who then transferred this amount to Hellas II; in exchange,
corresponding CPECs were issued from Hellas II to Hellas I, and then from Hellas I to Hellas. (See FAC ¶ 133.)
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enterprise value of TIM Hellas ranging from €2.5–3.8 billion. (See id.) Three parties were
invited to the second round of the auction and provided access to certain diligence information.
(See id.) The deadline for these second-round bidders to submit binding offers was extended
from November 27, 2006 to November 30, 2006; however, the auction failed to generate any
binding offers despite the extension. (Id. ¶ 144.) By December 2006, TPG and Apax abandoned
the auction after bidders failed to meet their price and “instead took steps to extract those returns
from [Hellas II] under the guise of a purported ‘refinancing’ of its debt.” (Id.)
On or about December 21, 2006, the following multi-step transaction was completed (the
“December 2006 Transaction”): (1) Hellas II issued €960 million and $275 million of Floating
Rate Subordinated Notes due 2015 (the “Sub Notes”); (2) Hellas Finance and certain subsidiaries
of Hellas issued additional series of notes, the proceeds of which were transferred or loaned to
Hellas II; (3) Hellas II transferred a total of approximately €1.57 billion to its parent, Hellas I, of
which approximately €978.7 million was paid to redeem CPECs issued by Hellas II;14 (4) Hellas
I paid approximately €973.7 million to Hellas to redeem CPECs issued by Hellas I; and
(5) Hellas paid the Sponsors approximately €973.7 million to redeem CPECs issued by Hellas
(the “December 2006 CPEC Redemption”). (See id. ¶¶ 160–61, 68.) The Sponsors subsequently
transferred the proceeds of the December 2006 CPEC Redemption to the Transferee Defendants
and the Transferee Class. (See id. ¶¶ 170, 207, 221.)
In February 2007, TPG and Apax sold Hellas and its subsidiaries to Weather Investments
S.p.A.—later renamed WIND Telecom S.p.A. (“Weather Investments”)—an Italian corporation.
(See id. ¶ 192.) Weather Investments purchased 100% of the equity of Hellas for €500 million,
14 	The remaining portion of the €1.57 billion transferred from Hellas II to Hellas I was allegedly used to pay
the €500 million Floating Rate Senior PIK Notes due 2014 issued by Hellas Finance (and guaranteed by Hellas I), as
well as interest on such notes, and approximately €48.8 million in additional transaction costs associated with the
December 2006 Transaction. (See FAC ¶¶ 135, 160.)
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€6,435,736 of which was allocated toward the purchase of the remaining CPECs previously
issued by Hellas to the Sponsors at the par value of €1 per CPEC. (Id. ¶ 195.) Hellas II’s
financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2007 indicated that its debt-service
obligations grew and resulted in a net financial loss of more than €259.5 million; its “leverage
remained high at 12.4x EBIT, while its cash interest coverage declined to 1.2x EBIT.” (Id.
¶ 198.) On June 5, 2008, Apax Partners paid Weather Investments €500 million for a 5% equity
stake in the company. (Id. ¶ 199.)
From December 21, 2006 (i.e., the date of the December 2006 Transaction) through the
February 2007 sale of Hellas to Weather Investments, TPG and Apax collected “consulting fees”
from Hellas II. (See id. ¶ 191.) Over this period of time, Hellas II “paid a minimum of €1.22
million in additional ‘consulting fees’ to Hellas I and, directly or indirectly, Hellas I then paid
approximately those same amounts to TPG and Apax (the “Consulting Fees Transfer”).” (Id.)
In 2009, Hellas II began considering a potential restructuring of its capital structure. (See
id. ¶ 201.) In anticipation of such a restructuring, Hellas II moved its center of main interests
from Luxembourg to the UK in August 2009, including by moving its head office and operating
office to London, England. (Id.) On November 26, 2009, the High Court of Justice of England
and Wales (the “High Court”) approved placing Hellas II into administration in England and
appointed joint administrators (the “Administrators”). (Id.) On December 1, 2011, the High
Court discharged the Administrators and ruled that Hellas II should be instead wound-up through
a compulsory liquidation. (Id. ¶ 152.) The UK’s Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
appointed the Plaintiffs as Joint Compulsory Liquidators on December 5, 2011.15 (See id. ¶ 18.)
15 	Andrew Lawrence Hosking and Carl Stuart Jackson were originally appointed as Joint Compulsory
Liquidators; Mr. Jackson was replaced by Simon James Bonney on May 17, 2013, and Mr. Bonney was replaced by
Bruce Mackay on May 7, 2014. (FAC ¶ 18.)
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B. 	Procedural History
On February 16, 2012, the Debtor filed a chapter 15 petition for recognition of its foreign
proceeding in this Court. (See Case No. 12-10631, ECF Doc. # 1.) The Court entered an order
granting recognition of the Debtor’s foreign main proceeding on March 14, 2012. (See Case No.
12-10631, ECF Doc. # 17.) This adversary proceeding was commenced nearly two years later,
on March 13, 2014. (See ECF Doc. # 1.)
In the Complaint, the Plaintiffs alleged that Hellas II was insolvent at the time of the
December 2006 CPEC Redemption and that the Original Defendants received portions of the
proceeds of such transaction from one or more Sponsors. (See Compl. ¶¶ 23–74, 118.) The
Plaintiffs sought to avoid and recover the following transfers as actual or constructive fraudulent
transfers under the NYDCL: (i) the initial transfer of €1.57 billion Hellas II made to Hellas I;
(ii) the subsequent transfers Hellas II ultimately made to the Original Defendants through the
Sponsors; and (iii) the Consulting Fees Transfer made from Hellas II to TPG and Apax. (See id.
¶¶ 155–168.) The Plaintiffs also asserted an unjust enrichment claim against TPG and Apax for
their receipt of payments made in the course of the December 2006 Transaction, the December
2006 CPEC Redemption, and the Consulting Fees Transfer. (See id. ¶¶ 169–173.)
The Original Defendants filed motions to dismiss the Complaint on various grounds,
including lack of personal jurisdiction, lack of subject matter jurisdiction, lack of standing, and
failure to state a claim. (See ECF Doc. ## 37, 41, 46, 50.) The Plaintiffs filed oppositions to the
motions to dismiss (ECF Doc. ## 79, 83, 84), and the Original Defendants filed reply briefs
(ECF Doc. ## 90, 91, 94, 98). 16
16 	The Plaintiffs also filed a supplemental opposition to DB’s reply brief (ECF Doc. # 104), and DB
responded by surreply (ECF Doc. # 106).
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On November 7, 2014, the Court entered an order scheduling a hearing on the motions to
dismiss and directing the parties to brief choice of law issues. (ECF Doc. # 115) On November
21, 2014, the Plaintiffs and the Original Defendants (collectively) filed supplemental briefs on
choice of law. (ECF Doc. ## 121, 122.) On December 3 and 16, 2014, the Court heard oral
argument on the motions to dismiss and took the matter under submission.
On January 29, 2015, the Court issued the Hosking I opinion granting in part and denying
in part the motions to dismiss. See Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 536. On February 13, 2015, the TPG
and Apax Original Defendants filed a motion seeking limited reargument on their motion to
dismiss the unjust enrichment claim (ECF Doc. # 139), arguing that the Court should reconsider
Hosking I and dismiss the unjust enrichment claim because the opinion did not address their
argument that the unjust enrichment claim is barred by section 546(e) of the Bankruptcy Code.
(See id. at 1–2.) The Plaintiffs filed an objection to the motion for reargument (ECF Doc. # 144),
and the TPG and Apax Original Defendants filed a reply (ECF Doc. # 146). On March 9, 2015,
the Court issued an opinion granting the TPG and Apax Original Defendants’ motion for limited
reargument in order to address the section 546(e) argument, but denying their motion to dismiss
the unjust enrichment claim, holding that such claim is not preempted by section 546(e) as a
matter of law. See Hosking v. TPG Capital Mgmt., L.P. (In re Hellas Telecomms. (Lux.) II SCA),
526 B.R. 499, 515 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Hosking II”).
Briefing on the Plaintiffs Motion to amend was completed on June 3, 2015. The Court
held a hearing on the Motion to amend the Complaint on July 22, 2015 and took the matter under
submission. This Opinion follows.
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C. 	The Parties’ Arguments
1. 	The Plaintiffs
The Plaintiffs argue that they should be granted leave to amend the Complaint because
the First Amended Complaint: (1) is not futile; (2) is not proposed in bad faith; (3) has not been
unduly delayed; and (4) would not unduly prejudice the Defendants. (Motion at 7.)
First, the Plaintiffs contend that the First Amended Complaint is not futile because it
states a claim upon which relief can be granted as to each of the Additional Claims. (Id.)
According to the Plaintiffs, the First Amended Complaint adequately alleges each Additional
Claim (id. at 8–10), they have standing to assert each Additional Claim (id. at 10–13), and each
Additional Claim is timely (id. at 13–16).
Second, the Plaintiffs assert that there is no plausible basis to find that the Motion reflects
malice or any other bad faith on the part of the Plaintiffs. (Id. at 16) The Plaintiffs note that the
Court dismissed their NYDCL fraudulent transfer claims for lack of standing in Hosking I, but
stated that it would not prejudge whether the Plaintiffs would have standing to assert fraudulent
transfer claims under applicable foreign law. (Id.) According to the Plaintiffs, the Motion is
consistent with this observation and reflects their good faith intention to amend the Complaint to
assert the Additional Claims under applicable foreign law. (Id.)
Third, the Plaintiffs argue that the Motion was not unduly delayed. (Id. at 17.) Soon
after the Hosking I opinion was issued and before any Defendant filed an answer to the
Complaint, the Plaintiffs negotiated the Fourth Case Management and Scheduling Order (the
“Scheduling Order,” ECF Doc. # 142), which provided them 30 days to file a motion for leave to
amend the Complaint from the date the order was entered. (See Motion at 5–6, 17.) The Court
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entered the Scheduling Order on February 17, 2015 (id. at 5), and the Plaintiffs timely filed their
Motion 30 days later (see id. at 17).
Finally, the Plaintiffs assert that the Defendants will not be unduly prejudiced by the First
Amended Complaint. (Id.) Because the Additional Claims all relate to the same conduct,
transactions, and occurrences alleged in the Complaint, the Defendants would be required to
spend few, if any, incremental resources to defend against the Additional Claims. (Id. at 17–18.)
2. 	Apax NY
The only claim asserted against Apax NY in the First Amended Complaint is the Section
213 Claim. (Apax Opp. at 1.) Apax NY argues that the Motion should be denied because it is
futile against it for two reasons:17 (1) the substantive law of Luxembourg applies under New
York choice of law rules, and Luxembourg law has no equivalent to section 213 of the
Insolvency Act; and (2) the First Amended Complaint does not adequately plead that Apax NY
had knowledge of, or was party to, Hellas II’s alleged fraud. (See id.)
First, Apax NY argues that there is an actual conflict between the laws of the UK and
Luxembourg, and therefore a choice of law analysis is required under New York choice of law
rules. (See id. at 5.) An actual conflict between UK and Luxembourg law exists because
(i) Luxembourg law has no equivalent to section 213 of the Insolvency Act (id. (citing Prüm
Decl. ¶¶ 6–12)); and (ii) a claim under the Luxembourg statute most closely resembling section
213, article 495-1 of the Luxembourg Commercial Code, can only be asserted in a Luxembourg
bankruptcy proceeding (id. (citing Prüm Decl. ¶¶ 13–16)). According to Apax NY, the Court
should hold that Luxembourg law governs because Luxembourg has a greater interest in this
17 	Apax NY also asserts that the Motion should be denied for reasons briefed by other Defendants and joins in
the Oppositions filed by the TPG Defendants and DB to the extent they argue that the Motion should be denied due
to the Plaintiffs’ bad faith and undue delay, on international comity grounds, and forum non conveniens grounds.
(See Apax Opp. at 5 & n.2.)
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litigation than the UK (Id. at 5–6.) The UK’s interest in having its law applied to this adversary
proceeding is primarily based on the fact that Hellas II’s foreign main proceeding is pending in
the UK as a result of Hellas II changing its “center of main interests” from Luxembourg to the
UK well after the December 2006 Transaction took place. (Id. at 7.) In contrast, the actions
underlying the Section 213 Claim significantly involved Luxembourg entities and individuals
and were effected pursuant to agreements governed by Luxembourg law. (See id. at 6–7.)
Second, Apax NY argues that the First Amended Complaint does not state a claim
against Apax NY because it fails to adequately plead that Apax NY had knowledge of, or was a
party to, Hellas II’s alleged fraud in effectuating the December 2006 Transaction.18 (See id. at 9
n.4.) Specifically, Apax NY asserts that the First Amended Complaint does not adequately
allege two necessary elements of a section 213 claim against Apax NY—(i) knowledge of the
alleged fraud; and (ii) knowing participation in the alleged fraud. Instead, it improperly uses
group-pleading that does not sufficiently identify any conduct supportive of this claim against
Apax NY individually. (See id. at 13–14.)
3. 	The TPG Defendants
The TPG Defendants argue that the Motion should be denied because the Plaintiffs’
proposed amendments (i) are unduly delayed, evincing bad faith (see TPG Opp. at 9–13); and
(ii) are futile (see id. at 13).19 According to the TPG Defendants, the Plaintiffs could have
alleged the Additional Claims at the outset of this Adversary Proceeding but strategically chose
not to, opting instead to forum- and law-shop by asserting solely New York law claims in a U.S.
18 	According to Apax NY, the Section 213 Claim is subject to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”)
9(b)’s heightened pleading standards for fraud claims. (Apax Opp. at 8.)
19 	The TPG Defendants also join the other Defendants’ Oppositions on a number of issues. (See TPG Opp. at
1 n.1.)
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court. (See id. at 9–10.) Despite the Court raising issues with the Plaintiffs’ choice of pleading
New York law claims nearly a year before the Motion was filed, the Plaintiffs did not seek to
amend the Complaint until after the Court issued the Hosking I opinion dismissing the NYDCL
claims. (See id. at 11.) Moreover, the Plaintiffs admit that they seek to amend their Complaint
to address the Hosking I opinion, essentially seeking to use Hosking I as an advisory opinion and
to “obtain a complete do-over after [the] adverse ruling.” (Id. (emphasis omitted).)
The TPG Defendants also argue that the First Amended Complaint is futile because each
of the claims asserted would be dismissed as a matter of law (id. at 13) and the First Amended
Complaint would be dismissed under the doctrine of forum non conveniens (id. at 28). First,
they argue that the Section 423 Claim is futile because it can only be brought in a court that has
jurisdiction to wind up Hellas II and, since this Court lacks such jurisdiction, it also lacks subject
matter jurisdiction over the Section 423 Claim. (See id. at 13–14.) Second, they contend that the
Section 213 Claim is futile because the First Amended Complaint does not adequately plead that
Hellas II defrauded its creditors (id. at 15), or that any of the TPG Defendants were “knowingly
parties” to the alleged fraud (see id. at 16–18).20 The TPG Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs
fail to plead fraudulent intent with the requisite degree of specificity, especially in light of the
advanced stage of fact discovery, and they instead rely on improper group pleading. (See id. at
17–18.) Third, the TPG Defendants assert that the Article 1167 Claim is futile because the
Plaintiffs lack standing to assert it: such a claim belongs to a company’s creditors, not its
liquidators appointed under non-Luxembourgish law. (See id. at 18–20.) Fourth, the TPG
Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs’ “new” unjust enrichment claim is futile because:
(i) contracts governed the CPEC redemptions, and an unjust enrichment claim must be dismissed
20 	The TPG Defendants also join in the section of the Apax Opposition that argues that the Section 213 Claim
is futile on choice of law grounds. (See TPG Opp. at 15.)
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where an enforceable contract governs the dispute (see id. at 20–21); (ii) it duplicates the other
tort-based claims, and an unjust enrichment claim is not available where it simply duplicates a
tort claim (see id. at 21–22); (iii) it is preempted by section 1521(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code
because it is virtually identical to an actual fraudulent transfer claim under the Bankruptcy Code
and therefore seeks the same relief available under section 548 (see id. at 22–23); and (iv) it is
barred by section 546(e) of the Bankruptcy Code (see id. at 23–28). Finally, the TPG
Defendants argue that the First Amended Complaint would be dismissed under the doctrine of
forum non conveniens. (See id. at 28–35).
4. 	TCW
The First Amended Complaint asserts the Section 423 Claim and the Article 1167 Claim
against TCW. (See FAC ¶¶ 205–212, 219–226.) TCW argues that the Motion is futile because
the First Amended Complaint fails to state either claim against any TCW Defendant.21 (See
TCW Opp. at 1.)
First, TCW contends that section 423 of the Insolvency Act must be read in conjunction
with section 425(2), which provides that an order made under section 423:
(a) shall not prejudice any interest in property which was acquired
from a person other than the debtor and was acquired in good faith,
for value and without notice of the relevant circumstances, or
prejudice any interest deriving from such an interest, and
(b) shall not require a person who received a benefit from the
transaction in good faith, for value and without notice of the
relevant circumstances to pay any sum unless he was a party to the
transaction.
(Id. at 6–7 (quoting Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45, § 425(2) (Eng.)).) TCW asserts that section
425(2)(a) applies because each TCW Defendant allegedly received proceeds from “a person
21 	TCW also joins in the sections of the TPG Opposition that argue that: (i) the proposed amendments are not
in good faith; (ii) the Section 423 Claim is futile because it cannot be asserted in this Court; and (iii) the Article
1167 Claim is futile because it belongs to creditors, not the Plaintiffs, as liquidators. (See TCW Opp. at 1.)
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other than the debtor.” (Id. at 7.) Accordingly, TCW argues that the Section 423 Claim against
TCW is futile because the First Amended Complaint does not allege that: (i) any TCW
Defendant acted in bad faith; (ii) knew of Hellas II’s alleged fraudulent intent in carrying out the
December 2006 Transaction or knew that the price of the December 2006 CPEC Redemption
may have been inflated; (iii) was involved in the December 2006 CPEC Redemption in a
capacity other than as a passive recipient of funds; or (iv) any TCW Defendant received proceeds
from the December 2006 CPEC Redemption without providing any value in return. (See id. at
8.) TCW further argues that section 425(2)(b) bars the Section 423 Claim against certain TCW
Defendants because the First Amended Complaint does not allege that such Defendants were a
party to the challenged December 2006 CPEC Redemption. (See id. at 11.)
Second, TCW contends that the First Amended Complaint fails to state the Article 1167
Claim against TCW because it does not allege either of two alternative, necessary elements for
such claim: (1) that any TCW Defendant is an “accomplice of the fraud;” or (2) that the transfer
of proceeds of the December 2006 CPEC Redemption to TCW lacked “valuable consideration.”
(See id. at 12–14.)
5. 	DB
Each of the Additional Claims is asserted against DB in the First Amended Complaint.
(See FAC ¶¶ 205–226.) DB argues that the Motion should be denied as futile for three reasons.22
First, DB argues that principles of international comity mandate denying the Motion because the
Additional Claims are asserted by foreign Plaintiffs, under foreign law, and are based on conduct
that occurred overseas. (See DB Opp. at 5–8.) According to DB, these overwhelmingly foreign
22 	DB also joins in the section of the Apax Opposition that argues that the Section 213 Claim is futile on
choice of law grounds (see DB Opp. at 22), and in the sections of the TPG Opposition that argue that: (i) the Motion
should be denied due to the Plaintiffs’ inexcusable, undue delay in filing the Motion; (ii) the Section 423 Claim is
futile because it cannot be asserted in this Court; and (iii) the Article 1167 Claim is futile because it belongs to
creditors, not the Plaintiffs, as liquidators (see id. at 4–5, 22).
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claims should be resolved in the UK and/or Luxembourg, not in this Court. (See id.) Second,
DB argues that the doctrine of forum non conveniens favors the dismissal of the Additional
Claims because: (i) the foreign Plaintiffs’ choice of forum, admittedly selected for strategic
reasons, is entitled to no deference (see id. at 9–10); (ii) a UK court is an adequate alternative
forum (see id. at 10–11); and (iii) the balance of public and private factors considered in a forum
non conveniens analysis weigh in favor of dismissal (see id. at 12–16). Third, DB contends that
the Section 213 Claim against DB is futile because the First Amended Complaint does not plead
a strong inference of DB’s fraudulent intent, which is required in light of the extensive discovery
taken to date. (See id. at 16–21.)
II. 	DISCUSSION
A. 	Amendment of a Pleading under FRCP 15(a)
FRCP 15(a), made applicable to this Adversary Proceeding by Federal Rule of
Bankruptcy Procedure (“Bankruptcy Rule”) 7015, provides:
A party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course within:
(A) 21 days after serving it; or (B) if the pleading is one to which a
responsive 	pleading 	is 	required, 	21 	days 	after 	service 	of 	a
responsive pleading or 21 days after service of a motion under
[FRCP] 12(b), (e), or (f), whichever is earlier.
FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(1); see FED. R. BANKR. P. 7015 (adopting FRCP 15 for adversary
proceedings). “In all other cases, a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s
written consent or the court’s leave.” FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2). In such cases, “[t]he court should
freely give leave when justice so requires.” Id.; accord In re Metzeler, 66 B.R. 977, 981 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 1986) (“Leave to amend is to be freely granted as Rule 15(a) provides.”). The liberal
standard for granting leave to amend must be balanced by other important goals such as the need
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to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the judicial system. In re Everfresh Beverages, Inc.,
238 B.R. 558, 570 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999).
A court may deny a motion for leave to amend “if the amendment (1) has been delayed
unduly, (2) is sought for dilatory purposes or is made in bad faith, (3) [would prejudice] the
opposing party . . . , or (4) would be futile.” Lee v. Regal Cruises, Ltd., 916 F. Supp. 300, 303
(S.D.N.Y. 1996) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). “An amendment to a
complaint is futile if the proposed claim could not withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to
[FRCP] 12(b)(6).” Lucente v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 310 F.3d 243, 258 (2d Cir. 2002) (citing
Dougherty v. N. Hempstead Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 282 F.3d 83, 88 (2d Cir. 2002)).
To survive a motion to dismiss under FRCP 12(b)(6), a complaint need only allege
“enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Vaughn v. Air Line Pilots
Ass’n, Int’l, 604 F.3d 703, 709 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009)). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability,
it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). Plausibility “is not akin to a probability requirement,” but rather
requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citation
omitted).
FRCP 9(b) requires a plaintiff alleging claims sounding in fraud to “state with
particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” F ED. R. CIV. P. 9(b). On the other
hand, a party’s requisite mental state, or scienter, “may be alleged generally.” Id.; see Cohen v.
Koenig, 25 F.3d 1168, 1173 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[T]he language of Rule 9(b) means that great
specificity [is] not required with respect to . . . allegations of . . . scienter.” (citation omitted)).
Despite FRCP 9(b)’s relaxed standard for pleading scienter, allegations of scienter must “give
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rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.” Kalnit v. Eichler, 264 F.3d 131, 138 (2d Cir.
2001) (quoting Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 307 (2d Cir. 2000)). “The requisite ‘strong
inference’ of fraud may be established either (a) by alleging facts to show that defendants had
both motive and opportunity to commit fraud, or (b) by alleging facts that constitute strong
circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness.’” Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A.,
459 F.3d 273, 290–91 (quoting Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1128 (2d Cir.
1994)).
The parties disagree about the standard applicable to pleading the fraud-based elements
of the Section 213 Claim. With respect to pleading the circumstances constituting fraud, the
Plaintiffs argue that they are subject to a more liberal pleading standard because they are
outsiders to the December 2006 CPEC Redemption (see Reply at 12), while the Defendants
contend that such a relaxed pleading standard does not apply where, as here, the “Plaintiffs have
received extensive document discovery . . . and taken multiple depositions of key witnesses”
(DB Opp. at 17; see TPG Opp. at 18). In response, the Plaintiffs contend that they have not
completed important discovery, including depositions of potentially key witnesses, and a
heightened pleading standard only applies when discovery is complete. (Reply at 12–13.)
Courts relax, but do not eliminate, the particularity requirement for pleading fraud where
the plaintiff is a bankruptcy trustee or a “third party[] who is pleading fraud on secondhand
information.” Devaney v. Chester, 813 F.2d 566, 569 (2d Cir. 1987) (quoting Hassett v.
Zimmerman (In re O.P.M. Leasing Servs., Inc.), 32 B.R. 199, 202 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1983)).
Reflecting the policy concerns underlying the relaxed particularity standard imposed on trustees
and other third parties, the Second Circuit explained that “the degree of particularity required
should be determined in light of such circumstances as whether the plaintiff has had an
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opportunity to take discovery of those who may possess knowledge of the pertinent facts.” Id.;
see Billard v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 683 F.2d 51, 57 (2d Cir. 1982) (“The policies underlying
Rule 9(b) call upon us to require greater precision than is found in this complaint when full
discovery has been had in a prior case.”); Liquidating Tr. v. Daimler AG (In re Old CarCo LLC),
435 B.R. 169, 192 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2010) (finding no justification to relax the particularity
requirement for trust’s intentional fraudulent conveyance claim where complaint was filed after
“Rule 2004 discovery was conducted that allowed access to numerous documents, as well as the
depositions of many witnesses”); Devaney v. Chester, 709 F. Supp. 1255, 1261 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)
(dismissing trustee’s fourth amended complaint for deficient allegations of fraud where trustee
“had the benefit of wide-ranging discovery before filing” the complaint). While the Court is
mindful of the Plaintiffs’ assertion that they have not been able to depose every potential witness,
fact discovery is overwhelmingly complete. Accordingly, the Plaintiffs will be afforded some,
but little, latitude in pleading fraud with particularity.
B. 	Futility
1. 	The Section 423 Claim23
The Defendants against whom the Section 423 Claim is asserted argue that the Section
423 Claim is futile because the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claim. Section
423(4) of the Insolvency Act provides that only the High Court or another court with jurisdiction
to wind up the debtor may grant relief under section 423. (See TPG Opp. at 13–14; TCW Opp.
at 6 n.3.) Because this Court is neither the High Court nor a court with jurisdiction to wind up
23 	“Determination of a foreign country’s law is an issue of law.” Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian
Kurier, Inc., 153 F.3d 82, 92 (2d Cir. 1998) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 44.1 and Bassis v. Universal Line, S.A., 436 F.2d
64, 68 (2d Cir. 1970)). To determine foreign law, FRCP 44.1 provides that “the court may consider any relevant
material or source, including testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Federal Rules
of Evidence.” F ED. R. CIV. P. 44.1. Additionally, FRCP 44.1 permits “the court . . . to conduct ‘[its] own research
and interpretation’ into the content of foreign law.” In re Tyson, 433 B.R. 68, 78 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (citations
omitted).
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Hellas II, the Defendants contend that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the Section
423 Claim. (See TPG Opp. at 14; TCW Opp. at 6 n.3.) The Plaintiffs respond that section
423(4) “is a purely procedural English venue statute, and is therefore inapplicable in this Court
even where English substantive law applies.” (Reply at 7.) Because federal procedural law
applies where a federal court adjudicates non-federal claims, the Plaintiffs contend, section
423(4) must be disregarded in favor of the applicable federal venue statutes, which establish that
this Court is the proper venue for the Adversary Proceeding. (See id. at 7–9.)
After the Plaintiffs filed their Reply, TCW filed a letter on behalf of all the Defendants
against whom the Section 423 Claim is asserted (the “Section 423 Defendants’ Letter,” ECF
Doc. # 177), advancing a new argument based on a recent Ninth Circuit decision, Seismic
Reservoir 2020, Inc. v. Paulsson, 785 F.3d 330 (9th Cir. 2015). The Defendants argue that the
reasoning in Siesmic, affirming dismissal of a Canadian statutory claim which, the court
concluded, could only be brought in a specified court in Canada, likewise applies to a claim
under section 423. (See Section 423 Defs.’ Letter at 1 (citing Seismic Reservoir, 785 F.3d at
335).) Therefore, the Defendants argue, the Section 423 Claim fails to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted. (See id. (citing Seismic Reservoir, 785 F.3d at 335).)
TCW and the TPG Defendants also object to the Section 423 Claim on an alternative
basis, arguing that section 425(2) of the Insolvency Act provides exceptions to a transferee’s
liability under section 423 but the Plaintiffs failed to plead the absence of each element of section
425(2). (See TCW Opp. at 6–14; TPG Opp. at 18 n.18.) In response, the Plaintiffs argue that
section 425(2) is an affirmative defense to liability under section 423 for good faith transferees;
the Plaintiffs do not have to plead the absence of good faith. (Reply at 21.) But even if the
Plaintiffs must plead the inapplicability of a section 425(2) defense, the Plaintiffs argue the
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defense is unavailable under the circumstances because TCW and the TPG Defendants provided
no consideration to Hellas II in the December 2006 CPEC Redemption. (See id. at 22–24.)
Finally, the Plaintiffs argue the section 425(2) defense only applies to subsequent transferees; the
First Amended Complaint alleges sufficient facts to collapse the steps of the December 2006
CPEC Redemption and find that none of the TCW or TPG Defendants was a subsequent
transferee. (See id. at 24–25.)
As discussed below, the Court concludes: (1) it has subject matter jurisdiction over the
Section 423 Claim under statutes enacted by Congress; (2) adjudication of the Section 423 Claim
by this Court is consistent with the UK’s cross-border insolvency regime; (3) this Court can
grant the Plaintiffs relief under section 423 of the Insolvency Act; and (4) the Plaintiffs need not
plead the inapplicability of section 425(2) to state a claim under section 423. Accordingly, the
Section 423 Claim is not futile.
a. 	The Court Has Subject Matter Jurisdiction over the Section 423
Claim
Section 423 of the Insolvency Act applies to “transactions entered into at an undervalue.”
Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45, § 423(1) (Eng.). Under such circumstances, “the court may . . .
make such order as it thinks fit for—(a) restoring the position to what it would have been if the
transaction had not been entered into, and (b) protecting the interests of persons who are victims
of the transaction.” Id. § 423(2). However, section 423(4) provides:
In this section “the court” means the High Court or—
(a) if the person entering into the transaction is an individual, any
other court which would have jurisdiction in relation to a
bankruptcy petition relating to him;
(b) if that person is a body capable of being wound up under Part
IV or V of this Act, any other court having jurisdiction to
wind it up.
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Id. § 423(4).
According to Gabriel Moss QC (“Moss”), the Plaintiffs’ expert on UK law, “section
423(4) is a provision relating to venue in the English courts and is procedural in nature.” (Moss
Decl. ¶ 4(a).) Moss asserts that section 423(4) addresses “complex English venue problems”
concerning insolvency proceedings. (See id. ¶ 7.) Section 423(4) provides that any section 423
claim can be filed in the High Court. (Id.) Additionally, a section 423 claim may also proceed in
“a local court with personal insolvency jurisdiction” in the case of an individual debtor, and in a
local court with jurisdiction to wind up “a corporate debtor (or a debtor treated as if it were a
corporate debtor, such as a partnership)” in the case of a corporate debtor. (Id.) Barry Isaacs QC
(“Isaacs”), the TPG Defendants’ expert on UK law, does not address whether section 423(4) is a
purely procedural venue provision. Rather, Isaacs states that section 117 of the Insolvency Act
sets forth the jurisdiction to wind up a company registered in England and Wales. (Isaacs Decl.
¶ 10; see id. ¶¶ 8–9.) Section 117(1) provides the High Court with such jurisdiction, and section
117(2) “provides that the county court of the district in which the company’s registered office is
situated has concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court where the amount of the company’s
share capital paid up or credited as paid up does not exceed €120,000.” (Id. ¶ 10.)
The Defendants argue that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the Section
423 Claim, citing Sunnyside Development Company LLC v. Cambridge Display Technology
Limited, No. C 08-01780 (MHP), 2008 WL 4450328 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2008). (See TPG Opp.
at 14 (citing Sunnyside, 2008 WL 4450328, at *9); TCW Opp. at 6 n.3 (same).) In Sunnyside,
the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California granted the defendants’ motion to
dismiss a claim under section 423 of the Insolvency Act for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
2008 WL 4450328, at *9. The defendants in Sunnyside argued that the district court lacked
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subject matter jurisdiction over the section 423 claim, emphasizing that section 423(4) defines
“the court” authorized to issue appropriate orders under section 423 as “the High Court [of
England and Wales].” Id. In response, the plaintiff argued that jurisdiction over claims brought
under section 423 is conferred to foreign courts under section 426(4), which provides that
“courts having jurisdiction in relation to insolvency law in any part of the United Kingdom shall
assist the courts having the corresponding jurisdiction in any other part of the United Kingdom
or any relevant country or territory.” Id. (citing Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45,§ 426(4) (Eng.)).
The court agreed with the defendants, finding that “section 426(4) does not confer jurisdiction on
any court” but rather “only provides for cooperation among courts that already have
jurisdiction.” Id.
The Plaintiffs argue that the TPG Defendants’ reliance on Sunnyside is misplaced
because the court in that case “failed to consider whether section 423(4) should be disregarded
on the grounds that it is procedural rather than substantive in nature.” (Reply at 10.) Rather, the
Plaintiffs contend, the proper choice of law analysis was performed by the court in Perforaciones
Martímas Mexicans S.A. de C.V. v. Grupo TMM S.A. de C.V., 2007 WL 1428654 (S.D. Tex. May
10, 2007), a case that is purportedly “directly on point.” (Reply at 10.)
The court in Perforaciones held that Mexican substantive law applied to a dispute arising
from a collision between a Mexican-owned ship and a Mexican-owned mobile drilling unit in
Mexican waters. See Perforaciones, 2007 WL 1428654, at *3–5. Thereafter, the defendants
filed a petition to limit its liability for the incident in Mexico. Id. at *1. Because applicable
Mexican law required all claims regarding the incident to be brought in the same Mexican court
in which the limitation petition was filed, the defendants moved to dismiss the plaintiffs’ Texas
federal court action on the grounds that the Mexican statute’s forum limitation provision
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controlled. Id. at *6. However, the court rejected the defendants’ argument, finding that the
forum limitation provision is procedural and “[s]ince U.S. courts apply U.S. procedural law, the
instant claim does not have to be heard in the same court in which the Mexican [petition] is
pending.” Id.
While Sunnyside is the only decision directly addressing whether a U.S. court has
jurisdiction to adjudicate a claim under section 423 of the Insolvency Act, it does not provide
much guidance. The Sunnyside decision did not address the issue before this Court—whether
section 423(4) constitutes a venue provision that need not be applied by U.S. federal courts.24
In Wachovia Bank v. Schmidt, 546 U.S. 303 (2006), the U.S. Supreme Court
distinguished venue from subject matter jurisdiction as follows:
[V]enue and subject-matter jurisdiction are not concepts of the
same order. Venue, largely a matter of litigational convenience, is
waived if not timely raised. 	Subject-matter jurisdiction, on the
other 	hand, 	concerns 	a 	court’s 	competence 	to 	adjudicate 	a
particular category of cases; a matter far weightier than venue,
subject-matter jurisdiction must be considered by the court on its
own motion, even if no party raises an objection.
Id. at 305. Unlike jurisdiction, which concerns a court’s power to render a valid judgment, venue
“relates solely to the place where jurisdiction should or may be exercised.” U.S. ex rel. Rudick v.
Laird, 412 F.2d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1969). Whether a U.S. federal court has subject matter
jurisdiction is a question of federal law, even where the applicable substantive law at issue is
foreign. See Al Fatah Int’l Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Shivsu Canadian Clear Waters Tech. (P) Ltd.,
649 F. Supp. 2d 295, 299 n.4 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“The subject matter jurisdiction of federal courts
is limited and supplied by federal statutes; it could not possibly be supplied by foreign law.”
24 	Additionally, because the plaintiff in Sunnyside was a private party, rather than Joint Compulsory
Liquidators appointed in a UK winding-up proceeding, as is the case here, the Sunnyside court did not address
whether UK’s adoption of the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006, addressed in Section II.B.1.b., below,
provides authority for the Plaintiffs to maintain the Section 423 Claim in this case.
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(citing Euro Tr. Trading S.A. v. Allgrains U.K. Co., Case No. 09 Civ. 4483 (GEL), 2009 WL
2223581, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2009))); Flame S.A. v. Freight Bulk Pte. Ltd., 762 F.3d 352,
366 (4th Cir. 2014) (Wilkinson, J., concurring) (concurring in holding that domestic law
determines whether a contract or judgment is maritime and emphasizing that “[w]hile foreign
law may or may not be instructive under the circumstances, it cannot determine the subject
matter jurisdiction of an American court”); cf. Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 452 (2004)
(“Only Congress may determine a lower federal court’s subject-matter jurisdiction.” (citing U.S.
CONST . art. III, § 1)). Additionally, federal law governs the determination whether venue for an
action pending in federal court is proper. See Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 27–
28 (1988) (holding that federal law governed parties’ venue dispute because federal statute
controlled the issue and “represent[ed] a valid exercise of Congress’ constitutional powers”); see
also Martinez v. Bloomberg LP, 740 F.3d 211, 220 (2d Cir. 2014) (“‘Questions of venue and the
enforcement of forum selection clauses are essentially procedural, rather than substantive, in
nature,’ and therefore should be governed by federal law.” (quoting Jones v. Weibrecht, 901 F.2d
17, 19 (2d Cir. 1990)) (citing Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443, 453 (1994)); In re Bd.
of Dirs. of Hopewell Int’l Ins. Ltd., 238 B.R. 25, 46–47 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999) (applying federal
common law to determine that New York was proper venue for ancillary proceeding under
former Bankruptcy Code section 304); Friedman v. Revenue Mgmt. of N.Y., Inc., 839 F. Supp.
203, 206 (S.D.N.Y. 1993), aff’d, 38 F.3d 668 (2d Cir. 1994) (“Determination as to proper federal
venue strictly depends on federal law.” (citing Leroy v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S. 173,
183 n.15 (1979))). Consequently, applicable federal law—not section 423(4) of the Insolvency
Act—dictates whether the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the Section 423 Claim and
whether venue is proper.
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The Court has already held that it has subject matter jurisdiction over this Adversary
Proceeding under section 1334(b) of title 28 of the United States Code (the “Judicial Code”).
See Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 515 (“Notwithstanding that the Plaintiffs’ claims are all state law
claims brought in an adversary proceeding related to a chapter 15 proceeding, this adversary
proceeding is related to a case under title 11 [of the Judicial Code].” (citing Parmalat Capital
Fin. Ltd. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 639 F.3d 572, 579 (2d Cir. 2011))). The fact that the First
Amended Complaint asserts claims under foreign law, rather than New York state law, does not
alter the Court’s conclusion. Additionally, this Court is the proper venue for this Adversary
Proceeding because it is where Hellas II’s chapter 15 case is pending. Section 1410 of the
Judicial Code governs venue of cases ancillary to foreign proceedings and provides that a case
under chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code may be commenced in the federal district court for the
district:
(1) in which the debtor has its principal place of business or
principal assets in the United States;
(2) if the debtor does not have a place of business or assets in the
United States, in which there is pending against the debtor an
action or proceeding in a Federal or State court; or
(3) in a case other than those specified in paragraph (1) or (2), in
which venue will be consistent with the interests of justice and the
convenience of the parties, having regard to the relief sought by the
foreign representative.
28 U.S.C. § 1410. Section 1409 of the Judicial Code governs venue of proceedings arising under
the Bankruptcy Code or arising in or related to cases under the Bankruptcy Code and provides, in
relevant part, that such a proceeding “may be commenced in the district court in which such case
is pending.” Id. § 1409(a).
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The Court’s conclusion that it has subject matter jurisdiction over the Section 423 Claim
is bolstered by the following additional observations. First, section 423(4) of the Insolvency Act
appears to be a procedural venue provision clarifying where a section 423 claim may be brought
in the UK. (See Moss Decl. ¶ 7.) While the Court is bound to apply the substantive law of the
UK to adjudicate the Section 423 Claim, it is not bound to follow UK procedural law. See, e.g.,
Bournias v. Atl. Mar. Co., 220 F.2d 152, 154 (2d Cir. 1955) (“In actions where the rights of the
parties are grounded upon the law of jurisdictions other than the forum, it is a well-settled
conflict-of-laws rule that the forum will apply the foreign substantive law, but will follow its
own rules of procedure.” (citing R ESTATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 585 (1934); JOSEPH H.
BEALE , THE CONFLICT OF LAWS § 584.1 (1935); GEORGE WILFRED STUMBERG, P RINCIPLES OF
CONFLICT OF LAWS 134 et seq. (2d ed. 1951))); Adelphia Recovery Tr. v. Bank of Am., N.A., 624
F. Supp. 2d 292, 307 (holding that substantive law of Pennsylvania but procedural law of the U.S
District Court for the Southern District of New York governed claims because “[a] court usually
applies its own local law rules prescribing how litigation shall be conducted even when it applies
the local law rules of another state to resolve other issues in the case” (citing RESTATEMENT
(SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 122 (1971))).25
Second, neither Isaacs nor Moss has identified any English decision indicating that
section 423(4) is an exclusive jurisdiction provision. However, even if section 423(4) were an
exclusive jurisdiction provision, this Court is not bound to enforce it. See, e.g., Randall v.
25 	The Court in Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), held that “[e]xcept in matters
governed by the Federal Constitution or by acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any case is the law of the
state.” Erie, 304 U.S. at 78. Simply put, the Erie doctrine requires “federal courts sitting in diversity [to] apply state
substantive law and federal procedural law.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996).
However, the Erie doctrine is not limited to federal courts sitting in diversity. Rather, the Erie doctrine applies,
“whatever the ground for federal jurisdiction, to any issue or claim which has its source in state law.” Maternally
Yours v. Your Maternity Shop, 234 F.2d 538, 540 n.1 (2d Cir. 1956) (citations omitted); cf. In re Coudert Bros. LLP,
673 F.3d 180, 187 (2d Cir. 2012) (noting that Erie clarified that “state law provides the rules of decision for the
merits of state law claims in bankruptcy court” (citing Erie, 304 U.S. at 77)).
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Arabian Am. Oil Co., 778 F.2d 1146, 1152–53 (5th Cir. 1985) (refusing to enforce exclusive
jurisdiction provision of Saudi Arabian labor law statute); Seismic Reservoir, 785 F.3d at 334
(holding that exclusive jurisdiction provision of Canadian statute did not divest the district court
of jurisdiction to adjudicate claim alleged under such statute); RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF
CONFLICT OF LAWS § 91 (“A state may entertain an action even though the state of the applicable
law has provided that action on the particular claim shall not be brought outside its territory.”).
Consequently, the Section 423 Claim is not futile on the basis that the Court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over such claim.
b. 	Resolution of the Section 423 Claim by this Court Is Consistent
with the UK’s Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (“UNCITRAL”) proposed
the adoption of a model law on cross-border insolvency in 1997 (the “Model Law”). See G.A.
Res. 52/158, annex, Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency of the United Nations Commission
on International Trade Law (Dec. 15, 1997). The Model Law was developed in an effort to
address unpredictable and efficient procedures for dealing with international insolvency
proceedings. See Tristan G. Axelrod, UK Supreme Court Highlights Parochial Roadblocks to
Cooperative Cross-Border Insolvency in Rubin v. Eurofinance SA, 31 WIS . I NT ’ L L.J. 818, 825
(2014). Under the Model Law, a central authority is granted administrative powers over the
debtor’s estate; debtors and creditors are encouraged “to then file ancillary proceedings in
foreign countries.” Id. “Issues in these ancillary proceedings can be litigated and assets can be
administered in a manner consistent with the laws of the debtor’s ‘centre of main interests’ [].”
Id.
The U.S. and the UK each adopted versions of the Model Law. See id. at 820. “In 2005,
Congress adopted chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code, which is based on the Model Law . . . .”
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In re Atlas Shipping A/S, 404 B.R. 726, 732–33 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009). In 2006, the UK
adopted the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 (the “CBIR”), also based on the Model
Law. See Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006, SI 2006/1030, ¶ 2(1) (hereinafter CBIR);
see also Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 524 (noting that the CBIR is UK’s equivalent to chapter 15 of the
Bankruptcy Code). The CBIR incorporates a modified version of the Model Law and has the
force of law in the UK. CBIR, sch. 1 (hereinafter UK Model Law).
In advancing their argument that the Court cannot adjudicate the Section 423 Claim, the
Defendants ignore that the CBIR trumps British insolvency law where the two conflict.
Specifically, the CBIR modifies British insolvency law as follows:
(1) 	British 	insolvency 	law 	(as 	defined 	in 	article 	2 	of 	the
UNCITRAL 	Model 	Law 	as 	set 	out 	in 	Schedule 	1 	to 	these
Regulations) and Part 3 of the Insolvency Act 1986 shall apply
with such modifications as the context requires for the purpose of
giving effect to the provisions of these Regulations.
(2) 	In the case of any conflict between any provision of British
insolvency law or of Part 3 of the Insolvency Act 1986 and the
provisions of these Regulations, the latter shall prevail.
CBIR ¶ 3. The UK Model Law defines “British insolvency law” in relevant part as “provision
extending to England and Wales and made by or under the Insolvency Act 1986 (with the
exception of Part 3 of that Act) or by or under that Act as extended or applied by or under any
other enactment (excluding the[] [CBIR]) . . . .” UK Model Law, art. 2(a)(i). Accordingly, to
the extent that Section 423(4) of the Insolvency Act conflicts with the CBIR, the CBIR prevails.
See CBIR ¶ 3(2).
If section 423(4) were an exclusive jurisdiction provision, as the Defendants suggest, but
which the Court rejects, it would conflict with the CBIR. Article 1 of the UK Model Law
provides in relevant part that the CBIR applies where “assistance is sought in a foreign State in
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connection with a proceeding under British insolvency law . . . .” UK Model Law, Art. 1, ¶ 1(b).
Additionally, Article 5 of the UK Model Law provides that “[a] British insolvency officeholder
is authorised to act in a foreign State on behalf of a proceeding under British insolvency law, as
permitted by the applicable foreign law.” Id. art. 5. The Plaintiffs filed the Adversary
Proceeding in this Court—a foreign court—in connection with Hellas II’s proceeding under
British insolvency law and to obtain personal jurisdiction over the Defendants. The Plaintiffs, as
the Joint Compulsory Liquidators of Hellas II, fall within the definition of “British insolvency
officeholder.” See id. Art. 2(b)(ii) (including within definition “a person acting as an insolvency
practitioner within the meaning of [S]ection 388” of the Insolvency Act); Insolvency Act 1986,
c. 45, § 388(1)(a) (Eng.) (including within definition a company’s “liquidator”). The Plaintiffs
allege various avoidance claims under foreign law, which may be adjudicated by this Court
under chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 1521(a)(7) (permitting court to grant
foreign representative “any additional relief that may be available to a trustee, except for relief
available under sections 522, 544, 545, 547, 548, 550, and 724(a)”); Fogerty v. Petroquest Res.,
Inc. (In re Condor Ins. Ltd.), 601 F.3d 319, 329 (5th Cir. 2010) (holding that section 1521(a)(7)
of the Bankruptcy Code does not preclude court from adjudicating claims under foreign
avoidance law). To the extent that section 423(4) would preclude the Plaintiffs from seeking
relief on their Section 423 Claim in this Court, it conflicts with the CBIR’s provisions
authorizing the Plaintiffs to act “on behalf of a proceeding under British insolvency law” in the
U.S. “as permitted by” U.S. law. UK Model Law, art. 5. Consequently, even if section 423(4)
were an exclusive jurisdiction provision, it would be trumped by the provisions of the CBIR. 26
26 	Unlike the issue in Sunnyside, 2008 WL 4450328, where the court concluded that section 426(4) of the
Insolvency Act, which provides that a UK court shall assist courts in foreign countries, does not provide jurisdiction
for a foreign court to adjudicate a claim under section 423, this case raises a different issue under UK Model Law,
Art. 1, ¶ 1(b), which provides authority for a foreign court to assist UK courts in insolvency proceedings.
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The Defendants argument, if successful, would effectively mean that the Joint Compulsory
Liquidators could not recover undervalue transfers if personal jurisdiction could not be obtained
against the transferee defendants in the High Court in the UK. The Model Law as adopted in the
UK and the US was designed to prevent such a result.
c. 	The Court Can Grant Relief under Section 423 of the Insolvency
Act
In the Section 423 Defendants’ Letter, the Defendants against whom the Section 423
Claim is asserted advance a new theory why the Section 423 Claim is futile. According to these
Defendants, the Section 423 Claim would not survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted because “Section 423 . . . empowers only certain courts
to grant the remedies set forth in the statute and . . . this Court is not among the courts
empowered under Section 423 to grant the remedies Plaintiffs seek.” (Section 423 Defs.’ Letter
at 1.) To support this argument, the Defendants attach the Ninth Circuit’s recent Seismic
Reservoir decision.
In Seismic Reservoir, a California corporation asserted federal and state law claims
against a California shareholder and director of the plaintiff’s Canadian parent company.
Seismic Reservoir, 785 F.3d at 332. The defendant asserted various counterclaims against two
Canadian directors of the plaintiff under state and foreign law, including a counterclaim for
shareholder oppression under section 242 of the Alberta Business Corporations Act (the “Alberta
Act”). See id. The district court dismissed the Alberta Act counterclaim for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, finding that “the Alberta Act vested exclusive jurisdiction in the Court of the
Queen’s Bench of Alberta.” Id. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit held that the district court erred in
dismissing the counterclaim for lack of jurisdiction but affirmed the judgment of dismissal on the
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grounds that the “counterclaim arising under the Alberta Act d[id] not raise a cause of action for
which the district court could grant relief.” Id. at 333. Specifically, the Ninth Circuit held that
the district court had jurisdiction over the Alberta Act counterclaim under section 1332 of the
Judicial Code, and the Alberta Act’s exclusive jurisdiction did not divest the district court of its
jurisdiction because foreign law does not dictate the subject matter jurisdiction of U.S. courts.
See id. at 334–35. The Ninth Circuit concluded that dismissal was nonetheless appropriate under
FRCP 12(b)(6) because the Alberta Act “provided a remedy available only through ‘the Court of
Queen’s Bench of Alberta,’” id. at 335 (quoting Business Corporations Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. B-9,
s. 1(m) (Can.)), and therefore “the counterclaim . . . [wa]s one upon which no relief could be
granted by the district court,” id.
This Adversary Proceeding is distinguishable from Seismic Reservoir in several respects.
First, the counterclaim at issue in Seismic arose under a Canadian corporate governance statute,
not section 423 of the Insolvency Act. While the Ninth Circuit noted that Canadian law
conclusively established that “only an Alberta Court has jurisdiction to grant a remedy for
oppression brought in respect of an Alberta corporation,” id. at 333, the Court has been unable to
locate any equally determinative UK precedent addressing whether section 423(4) is an exclusive
jurisdiction provision. Second, it is not clear whether section 242 of the Alberta Act has
extraterritorial effect. Section 423 of the Insolvency Act, on the other hand, does apply
extraterritorially if the transactions to be avoided bear a sufficient connection with the UK. See
Concept Oil Servs. Ltd. v. En-Gin Grp. L [2013] EWHC (Comm) 1897 [77] (Eng.); accord
Fortress Value Recovery Fund I LLP v Blue Skye Special Opportunities Fund LP [2013] EWHC
(Comm) 14 [113]–[114] (Eng.). Third, and significantly, Seismic did not involve chapter 15 of
the Bankruptcy Code, the purpose of which is to provide means to facilitate cooperation between
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U.S. and foreign courts and efficiently administer cross-border insolvencies. See 11 U.S.C.
§ 1501(a). Finally, the Court concludes that it can grant relief upon the Section 423 Claim
Where a person has entered into an undervalue transaction, section 423(2) provides that
the court may make an order to “(a) restor[e] the position to what it would have been if the
transaction had not been entered into, and (b) protect[] the interests of persons who are victims of
the transaction.” Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45, § 423(2). Additionally, section 425 provides a
non-exhaustive list of provisions that may be included in an order made under section 423. See
4Eng Ltd. v. Harper [2009] EWHC (Ch) 2633 [12] (Eng.). Specifically, section 425(1) provides:
Without prejudice to the generality of [S]ection 423, an order made
under that section with respect to a transaction may (subject as
follows)—
(a) require any property transferred as part of the transaction to
be vested in any person, either absolutely or for the benefit
of all the persons on whose behalf the application for the
order is treated as made;
(b) require any property to be so vested if it represents, in any
person’s hands, the application either of the proceeds of
sale of property so transferred or of money so transferred;
(c) release or discharge (in whole or in part) any security given
by the debtor;
(d) require any person to pay to any other person in respect of
benefits received from the debtor such sums as the court
may direct;
(e) provide for any surety or guarantor whose obligations to
any person were released or discharged (in whole or in
part) under the transaction to be under such new or revived
obligations as the court thinks appropriate; [and]
(f) provide for security to be provided for the discharge of any
obligation imposed by or arising under the order, for such
an obligation to be charged on any property and for such
security or charge to have the same priority as a security or
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charge released or discharged (in whole or in part) under
the transaction.
Id. § 425(1). While it is not clear that the Court could grant all the relief enumerated in section
425(1), it does not follow that—consistent with section 423(2)—the Court cannot order the
avoidance and recovery of assets transferred by Hellas at an undervalue if they are located in the
U.S. Furthermore, the CBIR specifically contemplates a foreign court providing assistance to a
UK court “where assistance is sought in connection with a proceeding under British insolvency
law.” UK Model Law, Art. 1, ¶ 1(b). Chapter 15 expressly provides that the foreign
representatives may be entrusted with the “realization of all or part of the debtor’s assets in the
United States.” 11 U.S.C. § 1521(a)(5); see also id. § 1521(b) (permitting entrusting distribution
of debtor’s assets in the U.S. to the foreign representative). A judgment entered in a foreign
representative’s avoidance action in the U.S. will be enforced in the UK under common law
principles if the defendant appears in the action. See Rubin v. Eurofinance SA [2010] UKSC 46
[6]–[10] (Eng.) (holding that avoidance orders made in insolvency proceedings by foreign court
will not be enforced in the UK unless the defendant was present in the foreign country when the
proceedings were commenced or submitted to the foreign court’s jurisdiction). Based on the
foregoing, the Court concludes that the Section 423 Claim is not futile—the Court can grant
relief under section 423 of the Insolvency Act.
d. 	The Plaintiffs Need Not Plead the Inapplicability of Section 425(2)
of the Insolvency Act
“The pleading requirements in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . . . do not compel a
litigant to anticipate potential affirmative defenses, such as the statute of limitations, and to
affirmatively plead facts in avoidance of such defenses.” Abbas v. Dixon, 480 F.3d 636, 640 (2d
Cir. 2007) (citing Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 (2007)); see United States ex rel. Maritime Admin.
v. Cont’l Ill. Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co. of Chi., 889 F.2d 1248, 1254 (2d Cir. 1989) (holding that
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plaintiff was not required to plead that defendant affirmative defense because FRCP 8(c)
“imposed upon [the defendant] the burden of pleading it”); Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640
(1980) (holding that plaintiff did not have burden of pleading lack of defendant’s qualified
immunity to state a civil rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, finding that “[s]ince qualified
immunity is a defense, the burden of pleading it rests with the defendant” (citation omitted)). A
statutory exception constitutes an affirmative defense, which the defendant has the burden of
pleading. Rosen v. Brookhaven Capital Mgmt., Co., Ltd., 194 F. Supp. 2d 224, 227 (S.D.N.Y.
227 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). Moreover, a defendant, not plaintiff, bears the burden of proof with
respect to good faith transferee affirmative defenses to fraudulent transfer actions under New
York law and the Bankruptcy Code. See Gowan v. Patriot Grp., LLC (In re Dreier LLP), 452
B.R. 391, 445–51 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011) (holding that defendants bear burden of proof
regarding good faith affirmative defenses under the NYDCL and section 548 of the Bankruptcy
Code); Christian Bros. High Sch. Endowment v. Bayou No Leverage Fund, LLC (In re Bayou
Grp., LLC), 439 B.R. 284, 303 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[The plaintiff] was not obligated to plead and
prove that [the defendants] had received their redemption payments in bad faith. Instead, [the
defendants] had the obligation under Section 548(c) [of the Bankruptcy Code] to prove their
good faith as an affirmative defense.” (citing Sharp Int’l Corp. v. State St. Bank & Tr. Co. (In re
Sharp Int’l Corp.), 403 F.3d 43, 54–55 (2d Cir. 2005))); Gredd v. Bear, Stearns Sec. Corp. (In re
Manhattan Inv. Fund Ltd.), 310 B.R. 500, 508 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (“[S]ection 548(c) [of the
Bankruptcy Code] designates the transferee’s good faith as an affirmative defense which may be
raised and proved by the transferee at trial.” (citing 11 U.S.C. § 548(c))). But see Silverman v.
Actrade Capital, Inc. (In re Actrade Fin. Techs. Ltd.), 337 B.R. 791, 802 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005)
(citing United States v. McCombs, 30 F.3d 310, 326 (2d Cir. 1994)) (observing that plaintiff has
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burden of proof on element of transferee’s lack of good faith under the NYDCL’s constructive
fraudulent transfer provision, “since it is essential to a finding of fair consideration,” an element
of the claim).
According to the Plaintiffs’ expert on UK law, English law recognizes a general bona
fide purchaser defense, which must be pleaded and proved by the defense. (Moss Decl. ¶ 14.)
This bona fide purchaser defense was codified in section 241(2) of the Insolvency Act and
applies to actions to set aside undervalue and preference transactions. (Id. ¶ 15.) Section 425(2)
reflects “a similarly worded statutory defense,” which “is described in a standard annotated
version of the statute as ‘protection for bona fide purchasers for value and without notice.’” (Id.
(quoting LEN SEALY & DAVID M ILMAN, A NNOTATED GUIDE TO THE I NSOLVENCY LEGISLATION
492 (16th ed. 2013)).) While Moss acknowledges that he is not aware of any case interpreting
whether section 425(2) constitutes an affirmative defense (see id. ¶ 18), the English Court of
Appeal has held that the comparable defense set forth in section 241(2) must be pleaded by the
defendant (see id. ¶ 19 (citing Re Sonatacus Ltd [2007] EWCA (Civ) 31 (Eng.), [2007] BCC
186).) According to Moss, the similar language and structure between section 241(2) and section
425(2) leads him to conclude that section 425(2) “inevitably will have the same interpretation [as
section 241(2)], namely that it provides a defense rather than constituting an element of the
claim, and that the onus is on the defendant to plead and prove good faith within section 425(2).”
(Id. ¶ 20.)
In 4Eng Ltd., the High Court considered the operation of sections 423 and 425—a novel
issue of law. 4Eng Ltd. [2009] EWHC at [12] (noting that “there is no relevant authority
governing the operation of these statutory provisions”). Justice Sales observed that section
423(2) sets forth the “broad objective” of a remedy for a claim under section 423, and “[a] wide
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jurisdiction is . . . conferred upon the court to fashion a suitable remedy.” 4Eng Ltd. [2009]
EWHC at [12]. Section 425, on the other hand, provides “[a]n extensive, non-exhaustive list of
the wide range of orders which may be made in pursuit of that objective . . . .” Id. Justice Sales
noted that while a transferee’s liability under section 423 does not depend on “any particular
mental state or action . . . that does not mean that such matters are irrelevant for defining the
extent of the liability to be imposed, or the order to be made, at the next stage in the analysis,
when the court considers the question of remedy under [section] 423(2) and [section 425].” Id.
at [11].
In light of Moss’s arguments and Justice Sales’s observations in the 4Eng Ltd. decision,
the Court finds that section 425(2) of the Insolvency Act is either an affirmative defense or a
provision establishing factors for the court to consider in fashioning a remedy under section
423—it does not set forth any elements of a claim under section 423. Thus, the Section 423
Claim is not futile on the basis that the Plaintiffs failed to plead the inapplicability of section
425(2).
2. 	The Section 213 Claim
Section 213 of the Insolvency Act imposes liability on knowing participants in any
business of a debtor company that was carried on with the intent to defraud creditors or any other
person. See Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45, § 213 (Eng.). The Defendants argue that the Section
213 Claim is futile for two reasons: (1) Luxembourg law applies under choice of law principles,
but Luxembourg law has no equivalent to section 213 of the Insolvency Act (see Apax Opp. at
5–7; TPG Opp. at 15; DB Opp. at 22); and (2) the Plaintiffs fail to adequately plead that Hellas II
defrauded its creditors by completing the December 2006 CPEC Redemption (see Apax Opp.
at 9 n.4; TPG Opp. at 15–16; DB Opp. at 22), or that the Defendants were knowing parties to the
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alleged fraud (see TPG Opp. at 16–18; Apax Opp. at 10–16; DB Opp. at 22). The Plaintiffs
respond by arguing that England, not Luxembourg, has the greater interest in the application of
its law to the Plaintiffs’ claims (Reply at 16–19), and the Section 213 Claim is adequately
pleaded under UK law (see id. at 10–16).
a. 	UK Law Applies to the Section 213 Claim
First, the parties agree that the Court should apply New York choice of law rules to
determine which jurisdiction’s law applies to the Section 213 Claim. (See Apax Opp. at 5–7
(arguing that Luxembourgish law applies under New York choice of law rules); Reply at 17–19
(arguing that UK law applies under New York choice of law rules).) Under New York choice of
law rules, the Court must first determine whether there is an “actual conflict” between the
relevant laws of the implicated jurisdictions. GlobalNet Financial.com, Inc. v. Frank Crystal &
Co., 449 F.3d 377, 382 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing In re Allstate Ins. Co. v. Stolarz, 613 N.E.2d 639,
937 (N.Y. 1993); Zurich Ins. v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 642 N.E.2d 1065 (N.Y. 1994)).
An actual conflict exists where such laws provide different substantive rules; the differences
must be relevant to the issue to be determined and have a “significant possible effect on the
outcome of the trial.” Fin. One Pub. Co. Ltd. v. Lehman Bros. Special Fin., Inc., 414 F.3d 325,
331 (2d Cir. 2005) (emphasis in original) (citations marks omitted). However, “[i]f no actual
conflict exists, and if New York is among the relevant jurisdictions, the court may simply apply
New York law.” Licci ex rel. Licci v. Lebanese Canadian Bank, SAL, 672 F.3d 155, 157 (2d Cir.
2012) (“Licci I”) (citations omitted).
Second, the parties agree that there is an actual conflict between UK law and
Luxembourg law with respect to the Section 213 Claim. “[W]here there is a conflict of law in
cases involving tort claims, ‘New York applies an “interest analysis” to identify the jurisdiction
that has the greatest interest in the litigation based on the occurrences within each jurisdiction, or
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contacts of the parties with each jurisdiction, that relate to the purpose of the particular law in
conflict.’”27 Drenis v. Haligannis, 452 F. Supp. 2d 418, 427 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (quoting Pension
Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 446 F. Supp. 2d 163, 192
(S.D.N.Y. 2006)); see also Geron v. Seyfarth Shaw LLP (In re Thelen LLP), 736 F.3d 213, 219
(2d Cir. 2013) (“New York’s interest analysis requires that ‘the law of the jurisdiction having the
greatest interest in the litigation will be applied and . . . the [only] facts or contacts which obtain
significance in defining State interests are those which relate to the purpose of the particular law
in conflict.’” (quoting GlobalNet, 449 F.3d at 384))). For conduct-regulating laws, including
fraudulent conveyance statutes, courts generally follow the lex loci rule and “the law of the
jurisdiction where the tort occurred will generally apply because that jurisdiction has the greatest
interest in regulating behavior within its borders.” Drenis, 452 F. Supp. 2d at 427 (quoting
Pension Comm., 446 F. Supp. 2d at 192); accord Lyman Commerce Solutions, Inc. v. Lung, Case
No. 12-cv-4398 (TPG), 2014 WL 476307, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2014); see also United
Feature Syndicate, Inc. v. Miller Features Syndicate, Inc., 216 F. Supp. 2d 198, 215–16
(S.D.N.Y. 2002) (holding that Canadian law applied to fraudulent conveyance claim because
“the conveyance alleged by [the plaintiffs] to be fraudulent—the transfer of funds held by [one
defendant] to the [other defendants]—took place in Canada”).
New York choice of law rules do not require an uncompromising adherence to the lex
loci rule. See Golden Archer Invs., LLC v. Skynet Fin. Sys., 908 F. Supp. 2d 526, 539 (S.D.N.Y.
2012) (noting that the court “do[es] not blindly follow the lex loci rule” in applying the interest
analysis to conduct-regulating laws (citations omitted)). But when the allegedly wrongful
conduct occurs in a place different from the place of injury, the Second Circuit dictates that “it is
27 	While it is not clear that the Section 213 Claim is a tort claim, the parties’ assume that it is for choice of
law purposes. (See Apax Opp. at 6; Reply at 17.) Accordingly, the Court applies New York’s interest analysis to
the Section 213 Claim without deciding whether it constitutes a tort claim.
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the place of the allegedly wrongful conduct that generally has superior ‘interests in protecting the
reasonable expectation of the parties who relied [on the laws of that place] to govern their
primary conduct and in the admonitory effect that applying its law will have on similar conduct
in the future.’” Licci ex rel. Licci v. Lebanese Canadian Bank, SAL, 739 F.3d 45, 50–51 (2d Cir.
2013) (“Licci II”) (quoting Schultz v. Boy Scouts of Am., Inc., 480 N.E.2d 679, 684–85 (N.Y.
1985)); see also Lyman, 2014 WL 476307, at *3 (concluding that for fraudulent conveyance
claims, “the location of injury does not control; instead, it is the location of the defendant’s
conduct that controls” (citation omitted)).
The Plaintiffs argue that England has the greatest interest in seeing its law applied to the
claims alleged in the First Amended Complaint. (Reply at 17.) According to the Plaintiffs, the
First Amended Complaint alleges that little material conduct relating to the December 2006
CPEC Redemption occurred in Luxembourg. (Id.) Specifically, the First Amended Complaint
asserts that: (i) the December 2006 Transaction was planned, authorized, and executed by
entities and personnel operating out of England, Italy, Germany, and the U.S., not Luxembourg
(id. (citing FAC ¶¶ 22–39, 49–57, 86–91, 99–100, 122, 147–178)); (ii) the December 2006
CPEC Redemption was overwhelmingly funded with the proceeds of Sub Notes that were
marketed and sold in substantially greater amounts to U.S. and English investors, not
Luxembourgish investors (id. (citing FAC ¶¶ 163–164)); (iii) the funds raised by Hellas II and its
subsidiaries were subsequently transferred among non-Luxembourgish accounts, including
accounts in England, Germany, and the U.S. (see id. (citing FAC ¶ 167); (iv) with the exception
of two Luxembourgish individuals, the majority of the managers who signed the board
resolutions authorizing the December 2006 CPEC Redemption were located in England and Italy
(see id. (citing FAC ¶ 175)); (v) TPG and Apax executives located in England and Italy signed
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the redemption agreements authorizing the December 2006 CPEC Redemption (the “Redemption
Agreements”) (id. (citing FAC ¶¶ 173–174)); (vi) the initial transfer from Hellas II to Hellas I
and the subsequent transfer from Hellas I to Hellas were made between English bank accounts
(id. (citing FAC ¶ 168)); and (vii) after passing through a Luxembourgish bank account, the
overwhelming proportion of proceeds from the Hellas-entity transfers was disbursed around the
world, including to Defendants located in the U.S., England, and Belgium; only €2.5 million and
$2.88 million was subsequently distributed in Luxembourg (id. at 17–18 (citing FAC ¶¶ 169–
170)). Because Luxembourg’s relationship to the challenged transfers is relatively insignificant
as compared to England and other jurisdictions, the Plaintiffs argue that English law applies.
(See id. at 18–19.)
The Plaintiffs further contend that the European Union’s (the “E.U.”) insolvency regime
may be considered by the Court. (Id. at 19.) Under the policies embodied in the E.U.’s Council
Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings (the “E.U.
Insolvency Regulation”)28 —which has been adopted by England and Luxembourg—
Luxembourg would defer to English insolvency law (subject to certain inapplicable exceptions)
because Hellas II’s insolvency proceedings were opened in the UK. (See id.) Accordingly, the
Plaintiffs suggest, applying English law to the Section 213 Claim would be consistent with the
insolvency regime applicable to both the UK and Luxembourg.
By contrast, the Defendants argue that the choice of law analysis weighs in favor of the
application of Luxembourg law because: (1) Hellas II was a Luxembourg entity that had its
registered offices in Luxembourg in December 2006 (Apax Opp. at 6 (citing FAC ¶ 113));
(2) Hellas, the entity that authorized Hellas II’s participation in the December 2006 Transaction,
28 	Council Regulation 1346/2000, On Insolvency Proceedings, 2000 O.J. (L 160) 1 (EC) (hereinafter E.U.
Insolvency Regulation).
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also was a Luxembourg entity that had its registered offices in Luxembourg in December 2006
(see id. (citing FAC ¶ 113)); (3) Hellas’s board of managers included two residents of
Luxembourg (id. (citing FAC ¶¶ 19, 113); (4) the non-debtor Hellas entities that redeemed the
CPECs were Luxembourg entities with registered offices in Luxembourg (id. (citing FAC
¶ 113)); and (5) the CPECs and the Redemption Agreements are governed by Luxembourg law
and contain forum selection clauses that require litigation to be brought in a Luxembourg court
(id. (citation omitted)). According to the Defendants, the Plaintiffs have effectively conceded
that Luxembourg has a significant interest in the December 2006 Transaction by virtue of the
fact that they brought two other lawsuits relating to the CPEC redemptions in Luxembourg. (Id.
at 6–7.) Additionally, the Defendants argue that England’s interest in the December 2006
Transaction largely stems from the fact that Hellas II’s “foreign main proceeding is pending in
the U.K. as a result of [Hellas II]’s change of its ‘center of main interests’ well after the
December 2006 Transaction was effected.” (Id. at 7.)
While the interest analysis does not clearly favor the application of either jurisdiction’s
law, the Court holds that the UK has the greater interest in having its substantive law govern the
Plaintiffs’ claims. At all times relevant to the December 2006 Transaction, Hellas II and its
parent entities were Luxembourg entities with their registered offices in Luxembourg. (See FAC
¶ 113.) However, the First Amended Complaint alleges that these entities were dormant shelf
companies that did not generate any operating revenues or have any employees. (Id.) The
nominal registration status of these entities in Luxembourg is not enough to tip the interest
analysis toward the application of Luxembourg law. See Thelen LLP, 736 F.3d at 220 (holding
that partnership’s status as a registered California entity did not alter conclusion that New York
law should apply to fraudulent transfer claims). The Court acknowledges that the First Amended
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Complaint alleges that the initial transfers were made between these Luxembourg-based shelf
companies (see id. ¶¶ 113, 160–161), and the Redemption Agreement authorizing the initial
transfer between Hellas II and Hellas I indicated that it was signed in Luxembourg (see id.
¶ 173). However, the First Amended Complaint also alleges that the signors of that Redemption
Agreement were located in England and Italy when it was executed. (Id.) Moreover, the First
Amended Complaint alleges that this initial transfer was made between English bank accounts
(see id. ¶ 168) and was principally funded from the proceeds of the Sub Notes, a substantially
greater proportion of which was held by UK custodians than by Luxembourg custodians (see id.
¶¶ 160–164). Furthermore, the First Amended Complaint alleges that a substantial amount of the
actions relating to the December 2006 Transaction were taken by entities and individuals located
in countries outside Luxembourg, including the UK. (See id. ¶¶ 23–29, 49–57, 86–91, 99–100,
122, 147–178.)
Finally, it bears mentioning that the application of UK law to the Plaintiffs’ claims does
not lead to an absurd result under the insolvency regime applicable to both the UK and
Luxembourg. To the contrary, applying the substantive law of the UK to the Plaintiffs’ claims is
consistent with the result militated under the E.U. Insolvency Regulation. While the Court need
not apply foreign choice of law rules under the circumstances, see Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 521
(citing Weiss v. La Suisse, 141 F. App’x 31, 34 (2d Cir. 2005)), it is appropriate to underscore
that a UK or Luxembourg court faced with determining which law to apply to the claims at issue
would likely conclude that UK law governs, see E.U. Insolvency Regulation, art. 4(m)
(providing that the law of the state in which a debtor’s proceedings are opened determines “the
rules relating to the voidness, voidability or unenforceability of legal acts detrimental to
creditors”). Consequently, the Section 423 Claim is not futile on choice of law grounds.
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b. 	Whether the Section 213 Claim is Adequately Pleaded
Section 213 of the Insolvency Act governs fraudulent trading claims and provides:
(1) If in the course of the winding up of a company it appears that
any business of the company has been carried on with intent to
defraud creditors of the company or creditors of any other person,
or for any fraudulent purpose, the following has effect.
(2) The court, on the application of the liquidator may declare that
any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of the
business in the manner above-mentioned are to be liable to make
such contributions (if any) to the company’s assets as the court
thinks proper.
Insolvency Act 1986, c. 45, § 213 (Eng.) (emphasis added). A person is a “part[y] to the
carrying on of the business” if it “is involved in, and assists and benefits from, the offending
business.” Banque Arabe Internationale d’Investissement SA v. Morris [2002] B.C.C. 407, 414
(Eng.). With respect to the scienter element, a plaintiff need not allege that a defendant had
actual knowledge of the business’s fraudulent purpose to state a claim for fraudulent trading
under section 213; however, something more than gross negligence on the part of the defendant
is required. See Morris v. Bank of India [2005] EWCA (Civ) 693 [14] (Eng.). Indeed, liability
under section 213 will lie if a defendant has “blind-eye” knowledge of a fraudulent intent to
carry on any business of the debtor. Id. “[B]lind-eye knowledge requires . . . a suspicion that the
relevant facts do exist and a deliberate decision to avoid confirming that they exist.” Id.
(emphasis added). However, blind-eye knowledge is not established where a defendant has an
amorphous or speculative suspicion that the relevant facts exist. Id. “[I]n order for there to be
blind-eye knowledge, the suspicion must be firmly grounded and targeted on specific facts,” and
the defendant’s “deliberate decision must be a decision to avoid obtaining confirmation of facts
in whose existence the individual has good reason to believe.” Id. (emphasis added).
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As a threshold matter, the Defendants argue that the Section 213 Claim is futile because
the First Amended Complaint does not adequately plead that Hellas II’s business was carried on
with fraudulent intent and, therefore, the Defendants necessarily could not be knowing
participants to such fraud. (See Apax Opp. at 9 n.4; TPG Opp. at 15–16.) The Court disagrees.
The First Amended Complaint alleges facts giving rise to the strong inference that Hellas II
carried on business with the intent to defraud its creditors when it executed the December 2006
CPEC Redemption and the Consulting Fees Transfer.
For instance, the First Amended Complaint alleges that Hellas II carried out the
December 2006 CPEC Redemption “in knowing disregard of the fact that [Hellas II] was
insolvent or would be rendered insolvent thereby, and of the foreseeable disastrous consequences
for [Hellas II] and its creditors, and in particular the holders of the Sub Notes . . . .”
(FAC ¶ 210(a).) Hellas II’s intent to defraud creditors through this transaction is further
supported by the allegation that the December 2006 CPEC Redemption “was made without fair
or adequate consideration because the CPECs were redeemed at a premium of €951.3 million
over their aggregate par value.” (Id. ¶ 207.) Moreover, Hellas II allegedly fixed the redemption
price for the transaction “without a good-faith, arm’s-length determination of market value” (id.
¶ 210(c)), and without obtaining an independent appraisal (id. ¶ 210(d)). Additionally, Hellas II
allegedly consummated the December 2006 CPEC Redemption and the Consulting Fees Transfer
to the detriment of its creditors and “in knowing disregard of the fact that TPG and Apax would
improperly benefit” from such transactions. (Id. ¶ 210(i).)
These allegations sufficiently give rise to a strong inference that the December 2006
CPEC Redemption and the Consulting Fees Transfer were carried out with the intent to defraud
Hellas II’s creditors. Whether the First Amended Complaint adequately pleads that each
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Defendant against whom the Section 213 Claim is asserted was a knowing party to these
transactions is a different matter that is examined next as to each Defendant.
i. 	The Section 213 Claim against All TPG Defendants
Except the TPG Affiliate Defendants
The organizational structure of the TPG Defendants and their relationship to the Hellas
entities is complex but important to describe. TPG Capital, the hub of the intricate network of
affiliated investment funds, was founded by Bonderman, Coulter, and Price in 1992.29 (Id. ¶ 23.)
Bonderman is the President of TPG Capital, and Coulter is the Senior Vice President of TPG
Capital. (Id. ¶¶ 27, 29.) TPG Capital’s founders are also the sole shareholders of TPG Advisors
IV, Inc., the general partner of TPG GenPar IV, L.P., which, in turn, is the general partner of
TPG Partners IV, L.P. and was a manager of Sponsor TPG Troy LLC until its dissolution. (Id.
¶¶ 49–50.) Accordingly, TPG Capital’s founders are the sole owners of the TPG Advisors IV
Defendant with management control over the other TPG Advisors IV Defendants and Sponsor
TPG Troy LLC. (See id. ¶¶ 28, 42, 49–52.)
Bonderman and Coulter are also the sole shareholders of T3 Advisors II, Inc. (Id. ¶ 53.)
Additionally, Bonderman is the President and Chairman of the board of directors of T3 Advisors
II, Inc., and Coulter is the Vice President and a member of the board of directors of T3 Advisors
II, Inc. (Id.) T3 Advisors II, Inc. is the general partner of T3 GenPar II, L.P., which, in turn, is
the general partner of each of the other T3 Advisors II Defendants and was the manager of
Sponsor T3 Troy LLC until its dissolution. (See id. ¶¶ 54–56.) Accordingly, Bonderman and
Coulter—two of TPG Capital’s founders and the senior management of TPG Capital—are the
sole owners, managers, and directors of the T3 Advisors II Defendant with management control
over the other T3 Advisors II Defendants and Sponsor T3 Troy LLC. (See id. ¶¶ 28, 43, 53–57.)
29 	Price became a Partner Emeritus of TPG Capital in 2006. (FAC ¶ 31.)
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Non-party TPG Europe is a London-based limited liability partnership and affiliate of
TPG Capital. (See id. ¶ 23.) TPG Europe’s managing members are two Delaware limited
liability companies, whose sole members are Bonderman and Coulter, respectively. (Id. ¶ 32.)
Non-party Philippe Costeletos (“Costeletos”) “was at all relevant times a member and co-head of
TPG Europe, and . . . served as a director of Hellas and TIM Hellas.” (Id.) Non-party Matthias
Calice (“Calice”) “was at all relevant times a member of TPG Europe and served as a director of
Hellas, TIM Hellas, and several of the Sponsors.” (Id.) Specifically, Calice was a director of
seven of the eight Sponsors that collectively held all of Hellas’s CPECs and common stock. (See
id. ¶¶ 42–47.)
Altogether, TPG Defendants were members of only two of the eight Sponsors: TPG
Troy LLC and T3 Troy LLC. (See id. ¶¶ 42–43.) No TPG Capital Defendant was directly a
member of these Sponsors; however, all of TPG Capital’s founders are the sole shareholders of
the TPG Advisors IV Defendant with management control over Sponsor TPG Troy LLC (see id.
¶¶ 28, 42, 49–52), and Bonderman and Coulter are the sole shareholders of the T3 Advisors II
Defendant with management control over Sponsor T3 Troy LLC (see id. ¶¶ 28, 43, 53–57).
The board of managers of Hellas—Hellas II’s ultimate parent entity—consisted of six
non-party individuals, only two of which—Calice and Costeletos—are affiliated with TPG
Capital by virtue of their membership and management roles in TPG Europe. (See id. ¶¶ 19, 32.)
The board of directors of TIM Hellas—Hellas II’s subsidiary operating company—was
comprised of ten members, again, only three of which—Calice, Costeletos, and Vincenzo
Morelli—are affiliated with TPG Capital. (See id. ¶¶ 32, 122.)
Having laid out the complicated organizational structure of the TPG Defendants and their
relationship to the Hellas entities, the Court now turns to the allegations in the First Amended
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Complaint concerning the TPG Defendants against whom the Section 213 Claim is asserted to
determine whether the Section 213 Claim is adequately pleaded.
The First Amended Complaint alleges that “the operations of TPG Capital and its
affiliates, including TPG Europe, have been governed by a unified management at all relevant
times.” (Id. ¶ 24.) All partners of TPG Capital and TPG Europe are permitted to participate in
the “Investment Review Committee, which considers investment recommendations concerning
TPG’s investments from acquisition through exit” (id.), and, at all relevant times, all final
decisions concerning TPG’s investments, including the investments in TIM Hellas and Q-
Telecom, were allegedly made by the vote of TPG’s founders, including Bonderman, Coulter,
and Price (at least until Price became Partner Emeritus in 2006) (id.). Moreover, TPG’s
Investment Review Committee was allegedly presented with the December 2006 Transaction in
early December 2006. (Id.) On December 16, 2006, Vincenzo Morelli, an employee of an
unidentified TPG entity, wrote Coulter an email “warning of the precarious position in which
[Hellas II] would find itself upon execution of the December 2006 Transaction . . . .” (Id. ¶ 159.)
“Upon information and belief,” TPG Capital—through its founders Bonderman, Coulter, and
Price—approved TPG’s participation in the December 2006 Transaction. (Id.)
Hellas—as sole manager and general partner of Hellas II—adopted board resolutions
approving the December 2006 CPEC Redemption on December 18, 2006 (the “December 18
Resolutions”), which were executed by the members of Hellas’s board of managers, including
Calice and Costeletos. (See id. ¶ 175.) The December 18 Resolutions set forth that Hellas II
“intends to participate in a new refinancing of the existing indebtedness . . . the proceed[s] of
which shall be used for the repayment of existing deeply subordinated shareholder loans.” (Id.
¶ 176.) The December 18 Resolutions also recited that the “Optional Redemption Price” for the
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redemption of CPECs would be set by the board “based on the equity value of [Hellas II] and its
Subsidiaries on an arm’s length basis.” (Id.) However, no meeting of the board to determine the
Optional Redemption Price was allegedly held and no arm’s length determination of the Optional
Redemption Price was ever made. (See id. ¶ 176–179.) Instead, KPMG LLP (“KPMG”)
allegedly reverse engineered the Optional Redemption Price based on “an invented enterprise
value” of Hellas II supplied by Tanguy Serra (“Serra”), an employee of an unidentified TPG
entity.30 (Id. ¶ 178.)
Subsequently, the December 2006 CPEC Redemption was completed. To redeem the
CPECs issued by Hellas II to Hellas I, the entities entered into a redemption agreement dated
December 21, 2006 (the “Hellas I Redemption Agreement”). (Id. ¶ 173.) “The Hellas
Redemption Agreement recited that the Optional Redemption Price of €35.82 per CPEC
allegedly had been ‘determined by the Board of Managers on the basis of the equity value of the
Company and its Subsidiaries by resolutions adopted on December 18, 2006.’” (Id.) Calice—
along with Giancarlo Aliberti (“Aliberti”) of Apax Partners—executed the Hellas I Redemption
Agreement on behalf of Hellas II and Hellas I. (Id.) To redeem the CPECs issued by Hellas to
the Sponsors, the entities entered into a separate redemption agreement dated December 21, 2006
(the “Sponsor Redemption Agreement”). (Id. ¶ 174.) “The Sponsor Redemption Agreement
likewise recited that the Optional Redemption Price of €35.57 per CPEC allegedly had been
‘determined by the Board of Managers on the basis of the equity value of the Company and its
Subsidiaries by resolutions adopted on December 18, 2006.’” (Id.) Again, Calice and Aliberti
executed the Sponsor Redemption Agreement on behalf of Hellas and each Sponsor. (Id.)
30 	The First Amended Complaint does not specify which TPG entity Serra was employed by or whether it was
a TPG Defendant as opposed to TPG Europe. However, because Serra is not a Defendant, he presumably was
employed by non-party TPG Europe.
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The Sponsors managed by entities owned by the TPG Capital Defendants received nearly
€400 million in cash proceeds from the December 2006 CPEC Redemption. (See id. ¶¶ 42–43.)
TPG Troy LLC received approximately €352,934,646, and T3 Troy LLC received approximately
€46,667,144. (See id.) Ultimately, Bonderman, Coulter, and Price each received cash proceeds
from these amounts. (See id. ¶¶ 28, 30–31.) TPG Capital also received €495,000 from the
Consulting Fees Transfer. (Id. ¶ 191.)
Accepting all the alleged facts as true, the Court concludes that the First Amended
Complaint pleads facts giving rise to the strong inference that each of the TPG Defendants had
the requisite scienter to support liability under section 213 of the Insolvency Act. While TPG’s
active participation in the December 2006 Transaction was primarily taken through the actions of
non-party TPG Europe’s employees, TPG Capital and TPG Europe share a unified management.
Moreover, the TPG Defendants against whom the Section 213 Claim is asserted include TPG
Capital, its founders and top executives, and entities they wholly own and control. The
December 2006 Transaction was allegedly submitted to these ultimate decision makers for
approval and received their blessing, notwithstanding that concerns regarding the quantum of
debt involved in the transaction and the “crisis and setback [that needed] to be absolutely
avoided” were shared with one of TPG Capital’s co-founders. (Id. ¶ 159.) These shared
concerns raise a strong inference that the TPG Defendants’ top brass had a factual basis to
suspect that Hellas II was carrying on business with a fraudulent purpose through the December
2006 Transaction, but the TPG Defendants turned a blind eye to this suspicion. Consequently,
the Court concludes that the First Amended Complaint adequately pleads a Section 213 Claim
against the applicable TPG Defendants.
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ii. 	The Section 213 Claim against Apax NY
The First Amended Complaint alleges that Apax Partners is a London-based private
equity firm and “the holding partnership for the worldwide Apax partnership,” of which Apax
NY is a part. (See id. ¶ 34.) Like TPG Capital, “[t]he operations of Apax Partners and Apax
[NY] have been governed by a unified management . . . .” (Id. ¶ 35.) Apax’s management
consists of a seven-member “Executive Committee,” including two executives of Apax NY—
John Megrue (“Megrue”) and Mitch Truwit (“Truwit”). (Id.) Truwit is co-CEO for the
worldwide Apax organization (id.), while Megrue is the Chairman of Apax NY and sits on
various committees for the global organization, “which consider potential investments and make
investment decisions concerning Apax’s investments from acquisition through exit, including
with respect to Apax’s investment in TIM Hellas and Q-Telecom” (id. ¶ 39).
On December 4, 2006, Apax’s “International Exit Committee”—one of such committees
that considers and makes investment decisions—held a meeting to discuss, and ultimately
approve, “Apax’s participation in the December 2006 Transaction.” (Id. ¶ 154.) According to
the minutes of this meeting (the “International Exit Committee Minutes,” Fischler Decl. Ex. A),
Megrue—the Chairman of Apax NY—and the Apax deal team members that helped plan the
transaction were in attendance.31 (See FAC ¶ 154; Fischler Decl. Ex. A.) Among the Apax deal
team members in attendance at the meeting were Frank Ehmer (“Ehmer”) and Shashank Singh
(“Singh”). (Fischler Decl. Ex. A.) In a December 2, 2006 email, TPG’s Serra emailed Singh
31 	While the First Amended Complaint does not allege that the December 4, 2006 meeting of the Apax
International Exit Committee was attended by these deal team members, the minutes of the meeting indicate their
attendance. (See Fischler Dec. Ex. A.) Ordinarily a court cannot consider documents extraneous to a complaint for
purposes of determining the sufficiency of the pleadings, see Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 15 (2d
Cir. 2002), but a document may be considered “where the complaint ‘relies heavily upon its terms and effect,’ which
renders the document ‘integral’ to the complaint,” id. (quoting Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co.,
62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995)). The Court will consider the minutes of the International Exit Committee’s
December 4, 2006 meeting because they are integral to the Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding the presence of
committee members at that meeting and were relied on by the Plaintiffs in drafting the First Amended Complaint.
(See Reply at 14 (citing Fischler Decl. Ex. A).)
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and indicated that the parties were “putting the business under huge pressure to take [their]
money out a few months early.” (FAC ¶ 152.) Additionally, during a conference call among
DB, TPG, and Ehmer in the days preceding the December 4 meeting, the parties discussed the
“[c]oncern . . . that an aggressive recap overburdens the company and risks the equity at a 2 year
exit,” as memorialized in a December 3, 2006 email from David Bugge (“Bugge”), an employee
of DB. (FAC ¶ 153.) As a result of this concern, Bugge wrote that the “[b]alance seems to be
going away from a mega recap to doing a smaller recap of around 500m [euro].” (Id.) The
International Exit Committee Minutes reflect that two alternative recapitalization proposals were
considered along with the relative risks and rewards. (See Fischler Decl. Ex. A.) However,
“TPG and Apax nonetheless decided to execute the December 2006 Transaction with the largest
quantum of debt available, putting the interests of themselves and their investors over [Hellas II]
and its creditors.” (FAC ¶ 154.)
These allegations tenuously give rise to a strong inference that Megrue had a suspicion
that the December 2006 Transaction was being conducted with a fraudulent purpose but
refrained from confirming that this was the case. While these allegations barely plead requisite
scienter on the part of Apax NY, they are sufficiently particular in light of the fact that the
depositions of “Megrue, Singh, and Bugge—all noticed and awaiting proposed dates from [the]
Defendants—remain to be conducted.” (Reply at 16.) Accordingly, the Court holds that the
Section 213 Claim is not futile against Apax NY.
iii. 	The Section 213 Claim against DB
The First Amended Complaint alleges that DB prepared a presentation for TPG and Apax
on October 17, 2006, which proposed that “‘[a]s an alternative to the current ongoing sale
process,’ they ‘aggressively recapitalise [sic] the business’ to ‘allow for significant distributions
to shareholders.’” (FAC ¶ 149.) DB’s presentation offered two refinancing options: one
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proposal that would provide a €746 million distribution to CPEC holders with Hellas II bearing
€2.8 billion in total debt, and another proposal that would provide a €531 million distribution to
CPEC holders at a €2.5 billion total debt load. (Id.) On the same date, Apax’s Ehmer responded
to DB by email: “Come on – we love you guys. Even more so if you up your proposal to €3bn.”
(Id. ¶ 150.) Ehmer sent another email to DB on October 20, 2006, indicating that there was a
reasonable chance that Apax and TPG would pursue a recapitalization and stating “frankly, you
will need to think a bit more about quantum.” (Id.) In response, DB submitted a subsequent
presentation on November 10, 2006, laying out two revised recapitalization options. (Id.) Each
of the two options would result in Hellas II bearing €2.95 billion in total debt; “‘Recap option 1’
and ‘Recap option 2’ would permit a distribution to CPEC holders of €896 million or €944.3
million, respectively.” (Id.)
As alleged in the First Amended Complaint, TPG and Apax ultimately determined to
trudge forward with the December 2006 Transaction, “despite internal concerns that a debt
quantum and shareholder of th[e] size would risk overleveraging [Hellas II] and render[] it
insolvent.” (Id. ¶ 152.) These concerns were allegedly shared with DB, as evidenced by
Bugge’s December 3, 2006 email memorializing a conference call among DB, TPG, and Apax,
in which Bugge wrote that the concern was that the December 2006 Transaction “overburdens
the company” and the “[b]alance seems to be going away from a mega recap to doing a smaller
recap of around 500m [euro].” (Id. ¶ 153.)
These particularized allegations of DB’s scienter are meager. However, in light of the
fact that “none of the four [DB] personnel that [the] Plaintiffs noticed last year has . . . been
made available for deposition” (Reply at 13), these allegations give rise to a strong inference that
DB had blind-eye knowledge that the December 2006 Transaction was being pursued with a
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fraudulent purpose. The facts alleged support the inference that DB had a suspicion, grounded in
identifiable facts, that Hellas II and its controlling entities had determined to complete the
December 2006 Transaction with the intent to defraud creditors. Consequently, the Section 213
Claim is not futile as to DB.
3. 	The Article 1167 Claim
The Plaintiffs plead their Article 1167 Claim in the alternative to the Section 423 Claim
and the Section 213 Claim. (See Motion at 2.) The Defendants argue that the Article 1167
Claim is futile because the Plaintiffs lack standing.32 (See TPG Opp. at 18–20; TCW Opp. at 1;
DB Opp. at 22.) Specifically, the Defendants assert that a claim under article 1167 of the
Luxembourg Civil Code (restated in article 448 of the Luxembourg Commercial Code) belongs
solely to the debtor’s creditors. (See TPG Opp. at 18–19.) While a Luxembourg bankruptcy
receiver (i.e., curateur) would have standing to bring such an action on behalf of creditors, the
Plaintiffs have submitted no authority establishing that a receiver or liquidator of a foreign debtor
has standing to bring such an action on behalf of creditors in a foreign court. (See id. at 19.) The
Plaintiffs acknowledge the truth of the Defendants’ premises but reject their conclusion. The
Plaintiffs assert that they represent the interests of Hellas II’s creditors in the same manner a
curateur would and, therefore, they “should be treated identically as a matter of Luxembourg
law.” (Reply ¶ 20.)
According to Marc Thewes (“Thewes”), the Plaintiffs’ expert on Luxembourg law,
“[a]rticle 1167 . . . is a codification of what is commonly known as the Paulian Action . . . [and]
provides that creditors may on their own behalf, attack transactions made by their debtor in fraud
of their rights.” (Thewes Decl. ¶ 3.) Thewes asserts that “[t]here is no principle of Luxembourg
32 	TCW also argues that the Article 1167 Claim is not adequately pleaded as to any TCW Defendant. (See
TCW Opp. at 12–14.) Because the Court holds that the Article 1167 Claim is futile for other reasons, it is
unnecessary to address this argument.
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law or any Luxembourg court judgment of which [he is] aware that would prevent court-
appointed liquidators in English insolvency proceedings . . . from likewise bringing a Paulian
Action in the collective interest of the creditors . . . .” (Id. ¶ 4.) To the contrary, pursuant to the
E.U. Insolvency Regulation “Luxembourg must recognize the authority of court-appointed
liquidators in English insolvency proceedings as on par with the authority of court-appointed
receivers in Luxembourgish insolvency proceedings.” (Id.; see id. Ex. 1, art. 2(a).) However,
Thewes further asserts that under the E.U. Insolvency Regulation, “a court-appointed liquidator
in an English insolvency proceeding would not have occasion to rely upon Article 1167 even in
secondary proceedings pending in Luxembourg.” (Id. ¶ 9.) Under article 4(2)(m) of the E.U.
Insolvency Regulation, “a liquidator appointed in an insolvency proceeding opened in a Member
State outside of Luxembourg . . . [must] use the remedies offered by that Member State’s
insolvency law instead of using Article 1167 of the Civil Code.” (Id.; see E.U. Insolvency
Regulation, art. 4(2)(m).)
As the Court previously held, “[n]othing in schedule 4 of the Insolvency Act, the CBIR,
or any U.K. Law presented to the Court by the parties” supports the conclusion that the
Plaintiffs, as liquidators, “have the authority to bring any or all claims on behalf of [Hellas II]’s
creditors.” Hosking I, 524 B.R. at 527. And the Plaintiffs have not provided any further
evidence establishing that they have carte blanche authority to bring such claims on behalf of
creditors, including the Article 1167 Claim. Accordingly, the Article 1167 Claim is futile due to
the Plaintiffs lack of standing.33 The Motion for leave to amend the Complaint to assert the
Article 1167 Claim is therefore DENIED.
33 	Alternatively, the Article 1167 Claim is futile on choice of law grounds because the Court holds that UK,
not Luxembourg, law governs the Plaintiffs’ claims. (See discussion supra Section B.2.a.)
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4. 	The Unjust Enrichment Claim
The TPG Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim is futile for a
number of reasons. First, the unjust enrichment claim would not survive a motion to dismiss for
failure to state claim because the Redemption Agreements governed the challenged transfers, and
an unjust enrichment claim must be dismissed where an enforceable contract governs the subject
of such claim. (TPG Opp. at 20.) Second, the unjust enrichment claim would be dismissed
because it merely duplicates the Plaintiffs’ other tort-based claims. (See id. at 21–22.) Third, the
unjust enrichment claim is preempted by section 1521(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code, which bars
foreign representatives from seeking the relief available under section 548 of the Bankruptcy
Code. (Id. at 22.) Because the unjust enrichment claim is virtually identical to an actual
fraudulent transfer claim under section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code, the TPG Defendants argue,
the Plaintiffs seek the same relief available under section 548. (Id.)
Finally, the TPG Defendants renew their argument made in Hosking II: The unjust
enrichment claim is barred by section 546(e) of the Bankruptcy Code, which prohibits the
avoidance of certain types of applicable transfers. (See id. at 23.) First, the TPG Defendants
acknowledge that in Hosking II, the Court adhered to its ruling in Hosking I and denied their
motion to dismiss the unjust enrichment claim, holding that section 546(e) does not preempt an
unjust enrichment claim as a matter of law “where . . . the common law claim alleges facts
substantially identical to an actual fraudulent conveyance claim under section 548(a)(1)(A) [of
the Bankruptcy Code].” (Id. (citing Hosking II, 526 B.R. at 510).) However, the TPG
Defendants argue that the unjust enrichment claim is not virtually identical to a claim under
section 548(a)(1)(A) because it is based on transfers that occurred beyond section 548’s two-year
look-back period. (See id. at 25–26.) Second, in light of the fact that the Court questioned
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whether section 546(e) applies extraterritorially in Hosking II, the TPG Defendants argue that
section 546(e) indeed does apply to extraterritorial transfers. (See id. at 27–28.)
The Plaintiffs first assert that their unjust enrichment has already survived the TPG
Defendants’ motions to dismiss and for reargument, and none of the TPG Defendants’ rehashed
arguments warrant the Court revisiting its prior rulings. (Reply at 25.) Second, the Plaintiffs
argue that their unjust enrichment claim is not futile on the basis that the Redemption
Agreements purportedly governed the December 2006 CPEC Redemption because the First
Amended Complaint alleges facts sufficient to put the validity of such contracts in dispute. (See
id. at 26–29.) Third, the Plaintiffs contend that their unjust enrichment claim need not be
dismissed on the basis that it “duplicates” their tort-based fraudulent transfer claims because they
were pleaded in the alternative. (See id. at 30.) Fourth, the Plaintiffs argue that section 546(e)
does not preempt their unjust enrichment claim because: (i) the redemption payments do not fall
within the scope of section 546(e) (see id. at 31–32); (ii) section 546(e) does not preempt the
unjust enrichment claim because such claim is virtually identical to a claim under section
548(a)(1)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code (see id. at 32–33); and (iii) section 546(e) does not apply
extraterritorially (see id. at 33–34). Finally, the Plaintiffs argue that section 1521(a)(7) of the
Bankruptcy Code does not preempt their unjust enrichment claim because such claim constitutes
a common law claim that exists independently of federal bankruptcy law. (See id. at 34–36.)
a. 	The Unjust Enrichment Claim Is Not Futile on the Basis that
Contracts Governed the Subject Matter of the Claim
“It is a general rule under New York law that no claim for unjust enrichment lies where
the subject matter of the claim is covered by a written contract.” Sofi Classic S.A. de C.V. v.
Hurowitz, 444 F. Supp. 2d 231, 249 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (citing Mathias v. Jacobs, 238 F. Supp. 2d
556, 571 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)). However, this general rule only applies “when the existence of a
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contract governing the transaction in question is undisputed.” Id. (citing Mathias, 238 F. Supp.
2d at 571); see Robinson v. Day, 103 A.D.3d 584, 586–87 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013) (rejecting
defendants’ argument that unjust enrichment claim fails because contracts cover its subject
matter, finding that “there is a bona fide dispute as to the existence of a contract” (quoting IIG
Capital LLC v. Archipelago, L.L.C., 36 A.D.3d 401, 405 (N.Y. App. Div. 2007))); Am. Tel. &
Util. Consultants v. Beth Israel Med. Ctr., 307 A.D.2d 834, 835 (N.Y. App. Div. 2003)
(“[W]here there is a bona fide dispute as to the existence of a contract or where the contract does
not cover the dispute in issue, plaintiff may proceed upon a theory of quantum meruit and will
not be required to elect his or her remedies.” (citation omitted)).
The Court concludes that the First Amended Complaint alleges facts sufficient to put the
validity of the Redemption Agreements in dispute. The First Amended Complaint alleges that
the Redemption Agreements misrepresent that the Optional Redemption Price to be used for the
December 2006 CPEC Redemption was determined by Hellas’s board of managers on the basis
of the equity value of Hellas II and its subsidiaries when in fact such Optional Redemption Price
was reverse engineered from an enterprise value invented by TPG and Apax. (See FAC ¶¶ 173–
174, 176–178.) The First Amended Complaint also alleges facts plausibly suggesting that the
Redemption Agreements are unenforceable for want of consideration by stating that “the
December 2006 CPEC Redemption was a dividend or distribution to shareholders devoid of any
consideration.” (Id. ¶¶ 207, 210.) To the extent the TPG Defendants argue that the Consulting
Fees Transfer, which is subject to the unjust enrichment claim, is also governed by a valid
contract (see TPG Opp. at 21), the First Amended Complaint alleges facts suggesting that any
such contract also lacked consideration (see FAC ¶ 208 (“The Consulting Fees Transfer was
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made without fair or adequate consideration, including because TPG and Apax provided no
‘consulting’ or ‘management’ services of value to the Company or its subsidiaries.”)).
b. 	The Unjust Enrichment Claim Is Not Futile on the Basis that it Is
Duplicative of the Fraudulent Transfer Claims
“An unjust enrichment claim is not available where it simply duplicates, or replaces, a
conventional contract or tort claim.” Corsello v. Verizon New York, Inc., 967 N.E.2d 1177, 1185
(N.Y. 2012) (citations omitted) (“Unjust enrichment is not a catchall cause of action to be used
when others fail.”); see Samiento v. World Yacht Inc., 883 N.E.2d 990, 996 (N.Y. 2008)
(affirming dismissal of unjust enrichment claim because “plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at
law”). A fraudulent transfer claim shares many features of a claim for unjust enrichment. See
Tese-Milner v. Edidin & Assocs. (In re Operations NY LLC), 490 B.R. 84, 99 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2013) (“The doctrine of fraudulent conveyance rests on principles of unjust enrichment.”
(quoting RESTATEMENT (THIRD ) OF RESTITUTION & UNJUST ENRICHMENT § 48 cmt. a (2011))).
However, FRCP 8(a) provides that “[r]elief in the alternative or of several different types may be
demanded.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(3). Indeed, courts have refused to dismiss unjust enrichment
claims on the basis that they were duplicative of fraudulent transfer claims, noting that “it is
conceivable that the plaintiff could recover under one theory but not the other.” In re Operations
NY LLC, 490 B.R. at 100; see Silverman v. H.I.L. Assocs. Ltd. (In re Allou Distribs., Inc.), 387
B.R. 365, 412 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2008) (“While there can be no doubt that the Trustee would not
be entitled to duplicative relief, there similarly is no doubt that at the pleadings stage, a plaintiff
is not required to elect a single theory upon which to proceed.”); cf. Amusement Indus., Inc. v.
Midland Ave. Assocs., LLC, 820 F. Supp. 2d 510, 529–32, 537–38 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (denying
motions to dismiss unjust enrichment and NYDCL fraudulent transfer claims without addressing
whether such claims were duplicative of one another). The Court holds that the unjust
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enrichment claim is not barred as duplicative of the Additional Claims sounding in fraudulent
transfer. Rather, the unjust enrichment claim is validly pleaded in the alternative to such
Additional Claims pursuant to FRCP 8(a).
c. 	The Unjust Enrichment Claim Is Not Futile on the Basis that
Section 546(e) of the Bankruptcy Code Bars Such Claim
The TPG Defendants’ argument that the unjust enrichment claim is futile because it is
barred under section 546(e) has already been considered and rejected. The Court declines to
further address this argument under the law of the case doctrine. See Sanders v. Sullivan, 900
F.2d 601, 605 (2d Cir. 1990) (“Under the law of the case doctrine, this court adheres ‘to its own
decision at an earlier stage of the litigation’ unless there are ‘cogent’ or ‘compelling’ reasons not
to, such as ‘an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the
need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.’” (quoting Doe v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Soc.
Servs., 709 F.2d 782, 789 (2d Cir. 1983)); Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Young,
Case No. 91 Civ. 2923 (CSH), 1996 WL 383135, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 1996) (“The law of the
case doctrine posits that ‘when a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue
to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case” unless the decision “is clearly
erroneous and would work a manifest injustice.’” (quoting Arizona v. California, 460 U.S. 605,
618 n.8 (1983))).
d. 	The Unjust Enrichment Claim Is Not Futile on the Basis that
Section 1521(a)(7) of the Bankruptcy Code Preempts Such Claim
Upon recognition, a foreign representative is entitled to certain mandatory relief pursuant
to section 1520 of the Code and the assistance of the bankruptcy court in administering the
foreign main proceeding. See Atlas Shipping, 404 B.R. at 738–39; 11 U.S.C. § 1520. Section
1521(a) of the Bankruptcy Code also authorizes the court to grant a foreign representative certain
additional forms of relief upon recognition, including “any additional relief that may be available
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to a trustee, except for relief available under sections 522, 544, 545, 547, 548, 550, and 724(a).”
11 U.S.C. § 1521(a)(7). In other words, a foreign representative may obtain relief available to a
trustee under the Bankruptcy Code except for the relief available under chapter 5’s avoidance
provisions.34 See Metzeler v. Bouchard Transp. Co. (In re Metzeler), 78 B.R. 674, 677 (Bank.
S.D.N.Y. 1987) (“[A] foreign representative may assert, under [chapter 15’s predecessor statute],
only those avoiding powers vested in him by the law applicable to the foreign estate.”).
This restriction on asserting avoidance actions is unique to chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy
Code. The UNCITRAL Model Law upon which chapter 15 is based does not include this
exception and instead permits “the recognizing court to grant any appropriate relief and grant[]
standing to the foreign representatives to bring avoidance actions under the law of the
recognizing state[, ] purposefully le[aving] open the question of which law the court should
apply . . . .” Condor, 601 F.3d at 326–27 (citing UNCITRAL, Model Law on Cross Border
Insolvency, art. 23 (1997); UNCITRAL, Guide to Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law on
Cross-Border Insolvency, ¶ 166 (1997)). During the debates and negotiations that led to the
enactment of the Model Law, the U.S. representatives expressed concerns about the choice of
law issues raised in allowing foreign representatives to bring avoidance actions in the
recognizing court. Id. The Fifth Circuit has explained that
[a]voidance laws have the purpose and effect of re-ordering the
distribution of a debtor’s assets, erasing the results of debtor and
creditor actions in favor of the collective priorities established by
the distribution statute. . . . 	When courts mix and match different
aspects of bankruptcy law, the goals of any particular bankruptcy
regime may be thwarted and the end result may be that the final
distribution is contrary to the result that either system applied alone
would have reached.
34 	Section 1507 of the Bankruptcy Code also provides that “[s]ubject to the specific limitations stated
elsewhere in this chapter the court, if recognition is granted, may provide additional assistance to a foreign
representative under this title or under other laws of the United States.” Id. § 1507(a).
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Id. at 326 (citations omitted). In an attempt to resolve or address these choice of law issues, the
U.S. prohibits foreign representatives of ancillary chapter 15 cases from bringing avoidance
actions under U.S. law, but permits foreign representatives of chapter 15 cases who have filed a
corresponding plenary chapter 7 or 11 case to bring such claims. Compare 11 U.S.C.
§ 1521(a)(7), with id. § 1523(a). This does not mean, however, that ancillary chapter 15 foreign
representatives are prohibited from bringing all avoidance actions—in Condor, the Fifth Circuit
held that foreign representatives are entitled to bring avoidance actions under applicable foreign
law. Condor, 601 F.3d at 329. In so holding, the Condor court observed that section
1521(a)(7)’s prohibition on bringing chapter 5 avoidance actions does not necessarily reflect
Congress’s intention to deny foreign representatives any avoidance powers supplied under
applicable foreign law. Id. at 324 (“If Congress wished to bar all avoidance actions whatever
their source, it could have stated so; it did not.”).
In any event, the Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim is not identical to an avoidance
action, particularly an avoidance action authorized by chapter 5 of the Bankruptcy Code, but
rather is a “standard common law” claim that “exist[s] independently of the bankruptcy.” In re
Fairfield Sentry Ltd. Litig., 458 B.R. 665, 684 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (holding that unjust enrichment
claim was a state law claim not created by federal bankruptcy law). While the unjust enrichment
claim bears close resemblance to the Plaintiffs’ Additional Claims sounding in fraudulent
transfer, it is not a cause of action created by chapter 5 of the Bankruptcy Code. The relief the
Plaintiffs seek in connection with their unjust enrichment claim is similar to the relief available
to a trustee under chapter 5’s avoidance powers, but not identical relief. Through a successful
avoidance action, a plaintiff may void a fraudulent transfer, effectively rendering it as if it never
occurred. See 11 U.S.C. § 544 (“The trustee . . . may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor
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or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable . . . .”); id. § 548 (“The trustee may
avoid any transfer . . . .”). While a plaintiff may seek rescission of a transfer as a remedy for an
unjust enrichment claim, RESTATEMENT (THIRD ) OF RESTITUTION & UNJUST ENRICHMENT § 54,
the primary aim of a claim for unjust enrichment is restitution, see, e.g., Beth Israel Med. Ctr. v.
Horizon Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc., 448 F.3d 573, 586 (2d Cir. 2006) (observing that
an element of a claim for unjust enrichment is “that equity and good conscience require
restitution” (quoting Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611, 616 (2d Cir. 2000))). Furthermore, the
Plaintiffs do not seek avoidance of the December 2006 CPEC Redemption or the Consulting
Fees Transfer in connection with their unjust enrichment claim. Rather, they “seek restitution
from TPG and an order of this Court disgorging all payments, profits, fees, benefits, incentives
and other compensation obtained by TPG as a result of its wrongful conduct.” (FAC ¶ 230.) For
all of the above reasons, the Court concludes that the unjust enrichment claim is not futile.
5. 	International Comity
The Defendants argue that the Motion should be denied on the basis of international
comity because the Additional Claims are asserted under foreign law and based on conduct that
occurred overseas. (See DB Opp. at 5–8; TPG Opp. at 1 n.1.) According to the Defendants,
given that Hellas II’s insolvency proceeding is pending in England, and England has a greater
interest in applying and interpreting its law under the circumstances, the Additional Claims
should proceed before an English court. (See DB Opp. at 5–8.) The Plaintiffs argue that the
Defendants effectively seek abstention based on the principle of international comity; however,
federal law explicitly does not permit permissive abstention from an adversary proceeding that is
related to a chapter 15 case. (See Reply at 47.) Moreover, according to the Plaintiffs, comity
militates in favor of granting their Motion because: (i) federal courts must exercise the
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jurisdiction conferred on them (id.); (ii) “courts apply international comity in favor of foreign
bankruptcy proceedings to protect the interest of the estates and the equitable distribution to
creditors” (id. at 48 (citation omitted)); and (iii) “courts regularly refuse to abstain from actions
where the wrongful conduct occurred abroad” (id. (citation omitted)).
The Plaintiffs are correct: Federal law does not authorize permissive abstention of this
Adversary Proceeding.35 Section 1334 of the Judicial Code confers jurisdiction over bankruptcy
cases. See 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)–(b). Section 1334(c)(1) sets forth the circumstances under
which a court may abstain from hearing certain types of bankruptcy-related proceedings and
provides, in relevant part:
Except with respect to a case under chapter 15 of title 11, nothing
in this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or
in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law,
from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under
title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.
Id. § 1334(c)(1) (emphasis added). Most courts that have interpreted the exclusionary scope of
this provision have held that it applies to “both the Chapter 15 case itself and cases ‘arising in or
related to’ Chapter 15 cases . . . .” Firefighters’ Ret. Sys. v. Citco Grp. Ltd., --- F.3d ---, Case
No. 14-30857, 2015 WL 3540718, at *3 (5th Cir. June 5, 2015); British Am. Ins. Co. Ltd. v.
Fullerton (In re British Am. Ins. Co. Ltd.), 488 B.R. 205, 239–40 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2013)
(holding that there is no “provision in federal law permitting abstention from matters arising
under chapter 15 or arising in a chapter 15 case”); Fairfield Sentry Ltd. v. Theodoor GGC
Amsterdam (In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd.), 452 B.R. 64, 83 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011), rev’d on other
grounds, 458 B.R. 665 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (same). But see Abrams v. Gen. Nutrition Cos., Civil
Action No. 06-1820 (MLC), 2006 WL 2739642, at *7 (D.N.J. Sept. 25, 2006) (holding that
35 	Mandatory abstention is also not applicable because no Defendant has timely moved for abstention. See 28
U.S.C. § 1334(c)(2) (“Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law claim or State law
cause of action . . . .”) (emphasis added).
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section 1334(c)(1) only prevents a court from exercising discretionary abstention over a case
“under” chapter 15, not “an action that is ‘related to” a bankruptcy case”).
The court in Abrams held that section 1334(c)(1) did not limit its discretion to abstain
from hearing a removed state court action related to a chapter 15 case, finding that the statute
only provided an exception to permissive abstention with respect to cases “under” chapter 15 and
the removed “action [wa]s only ‘related to’, not ‘under’ th[e] bankruptcy case.” Id. However,
the Abrams court’s analysis has been criticized on the basis that its reading of section 1334(c)(1)
“conflate[d] the terms ‘proceeding’ and ‘case.’” In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd., 452 B.R. at 83 n.19.
As the Fairfield Sentry court correctly observed, “[t]he language of the statute provides that the
case, not the proceeding, exists ‘under’ title 11; the proceeding still need only ‘aris[e] under title
11 or aris[e] in or [be] related to a case under title 11.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1)).
In Maxwell Communication Corporation plc v. Barclays Bank plc (In re Maxwell
Communication Corporation plc), 170 B.R. 800 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1994), the bankruptcy court
dismissed an adversary proceeding related a case under chapter 15’s predecessor, former section
304 of the Bankruptcy Code, holding that international comity militated dismissal of the claims.
See id. at 818, aff’d, 186 B.R. 807 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), aff’d, 93 F.3d 1036 (2d Cir. 1996) (“Because
I find that English law ought govern, considerations of comity dictate that these suits be
dismissed.”). However, the Maxwell decision is inapposite because it predated Congress’s
enactment of chapter 15 and the corresponding amendments to section 1334(c) that exclude
chapter 15 cases and related proceedings from permissive abstention. See Bankruptcy Abuse
Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-8, § 1501, 119 Stat 23, 215
(2005) (providing that the amendment to section 1334(c) shall take effect 180 days after April
20, 2005 and shall not apply to cases commenced before such date).
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Since the Court may not abstain from hearing an adversary proceeding related to a case
under chapter 15, the First Amended Complaint is not futile on international comity grounds.36
6. 	Forum Non Conveniens
Finally, the Defendants argue that the Motion should be denied as futile because the First
Amended Complaint would be dismissed under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. (See TPG
Opp. at 28–35; Apax Opp. at 5 n.2; DB Opp. at 9–16.) They argue that forum non conveniens
dismissal is warranted because the Additional Claims are asserted under foreign law,37 which
requires the parties to rely on foreign law experts to brief foreign law issues, the Plaintiffs’
choice of forum deserves little or no deference, adequate alternative forums can adjudicate the
Plaintiffs’ claims, and the various public and private factors considered in determining whether
to dismiss an action for forum non conveniens weigh in favor of dismissal. (See TPG Opp. at
28–35.) According to the Plaintiffs, courts in the Second Circuit apply a two-step test to
determine whether to dismiss an action for forum non conveniens. (Reply at 36 (citation
omitted).) Under this two-step test, the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that: (i) an
adequate, presently available alternative forum exists; and (ii) the balance of public and private
interest factors militate heavily in favor of such alternative forum. (Id. (citation omitted).) The
36 	Even if permissive abstention could be applied to an adversary proceeding in a chapter 15 case, the Court
would decline to abstain here. Permissive abstention is a doctrine affording courts discretion whether to abstain
from hearing certain matters, but “Courts must be sparing in their exercise of permissive abstention, and may abstain
only for a few extraordinary and narrow exceptions.” CCM Pathfinder Pompano Bay, LLC v. Compass Fin.
Partners LLC, 396 B.R. 602, 607 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (internal citations omitted); accord In re Residential Capital,
LLC, 519 B.R. 890, 903 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“A federal court must be ‘sparing’ in its exercise of permissive
abstention ‘because [it] possess[es] a virtual unflagging obligation . . . to exercise the jurisdiction given [to it].’”
(quoting Kirschner v. Grant Thorton LLP (In re Refco, Inc. Sec. Litig.), 628 F. Supp. 2d 432, 446 (S.D.N.Y. 2008))).
Courts in this district commonly consider multiple factors in deciding whether to permissively abstain, see In re
WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 293 B.R. 308, 332 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), many of which are similar to the factors courts
apply in considering application of forum non conveniens, which is considered and rejected in the next section of
this Opinion.
37 	The unjust enrichment claim is also asserted under foreign law in the alternative. (TPG Opp. at 30.)
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Plaintiffs argue that the Defendants have not, and cannot, satisfy their burden of establishing
either of these prongs. (Id.)
Whether to dismiss an action on forum non conveniens grounds is a decision that “‘lies
wholly within the broad discretion of the district court’ and should be reversed only if ‘that
discretion has been clearly abused.’” Peregrine Myanmar Ltd. v. Segal, 89 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir.
1996) (quoting Scottish Air Int’l, Inc. v. British Caledonian Grp., PLC, 81 F.3d 1224, 1232 (2d
Cir. 1996)). A federal court may act sua sponte to dismiss an action on grounds of forum non
conveniens. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44 (1991) (discussing the courts’
inherent power to dismiss an action sua sponte for forum non conveniens); see In re Alcon
Shareholder Litig., 719 F. Supp. 2d 263, 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (dismissing action sua sponte on
forum non conveniens grounds). Additionally, a motion to dismiss on forum non conveniens
grounds may be made at any time. 15 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT , ARTHUR R. M ILLER & EDWARD
H. COOPER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3828 (4th ed. 2008); cf. Jacobs v. Felix Bloch
Erben Verlag fur Buhne Film und Funk KG, 160 F. Supp. 2d 722, 742 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (“[T]he
caselaw seems to be clear that forum non conveniens motions are not governed by the same time
constraints imposed by Rule 12(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on personal
jurisdiction and venue motions.” (citations omitted)). However, in evaluating whether a
plaintiff’s choice of forum is convenient, the court may consider the defendant’s delay in
bringing a motion to dismiss on the basis of forum non conveniens. Genpharm Inc. v. Pliva-
Lachema a.s., 361 F. Supp. 2d 49, 59 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (citation omitted).
In the Second Circuit, courts apply a three-step analysis to determine whether to dismiss
an action for forum non conveniens. Wilson v. Eckhaus, 349 F. App’x 649, 650 (2d Cir. 2009)
(noting that the Second Circuit adopted a “three-step inquiry” to analyze forum non conveniens
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dismissal); see Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 73–74 (2d Cir. 2001) (en banc)
(adopting three-step process for determining whether forum non conveniens dismissal is
appropriate). First, the court must “determine[] the degree of deference properly accorded the
plaintiff’s choice of forum.” Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Access Indus., Inc., 416 F.3d 146, 153 (2d
Cir. 2005) (citing Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 73). Second, “after determining whether the plaintiff’s
choice is entitled to more or less deference,” the court must determine “whether an adequate
alternative forum exists.” Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 73; see Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 226
F.3d 88, 100 (2d Cir. 2000) (citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 254 n.22 (1981);
Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 506–07 (1947)). Third, the court must “then balance a
series of factors involving the private interests of the parties in maintaining the litigation in the
competing forums and any public interests at stake.” Wiwa, 226 F.3d at 100 (citing Gilbert, 330
U.S. at 508–09). “The defendant has the burden to establish that an adequate alternative forum
exists and then to show that the pertinent factors ‘tilt[] strongly in favor of trial in the foreign
forum.’” Id. (quoting R. Maganlal & Co. v. M.G. Chem. Co., 942 F.2d 164, 167 (2d Cir. 1991));
see Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 74–75 (“A defendant does not carry the day simply by showing the
existence of an adequate alternative forum. The action should be dismissed only if the chosen
forum is shown to be genuinely inconvenient and the selected forum significantly preferable.”)
a. 	Deference to the Plaintiffs’ Choice of Forum
A plaintiff’s choice of forum is entitled to great deference. Allstate Life Ins. Co. v. Linter
Grp. Ltd., 994 F.2d 996, 1001 (2d Cir. 1993) (citations omitted); Gilbert, 330 U.S. at 508
(“[U]nless the balance [of factors] is strongly in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff’s choice of
forum should rarely be disturbed.”). Where a plaintiff has brought an action in its home forum,
courts give the plaintiff’s choice of forum substantial deference “because it is presumed to be
convenient.” Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 71 (citing Piper, 454 U.S. at 255–56). A foreign plaintiff’s
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choice of the U.S. as a forum is entitled to less deference because “it ‘is much less reasonable’ to
presume that the choice was made for convenience.” Id. (quoting Piper, 454 U.S. at 256). “In
such circumstances, a plausible likelihood exists that the selection was made for forum-shopping
reasons . . . .” Id. Even if forum-shopping reasons did not inform the foreign plaintiff’s decision
to file an action in a U.S. court, “there is nonetheless little reason to assume that it is convenient
for a foreign plaintiff.” Id.
The Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum is entitled to little or no
deference because they are foreign liquidators who have “admitted the strategic and tactical
bases for filing suit in this jurisdiction, citing to the fact that New York law and the forum were
chosen because ‘constructive fraud claims no longer were—were never available in the U.K.’”
(DB Opp. at 10 (citing Dec. 16, 2014 Hr’g Tr. 29:5–8).) Defendants argue that because the
Plaintiffs’ choice of forum clearly evidences forum shopping, their choice of forum is entitled to
no deference. (See id.) Furthermore, the Defendants contend that the UK and Luxembourg are
both adequate alternative forums to adjudicate the Plaintiffs’ claims. (See TPG Opp. at 32–33.)
While acknowledging that certain of the U.S.-based Defendants may not be amenable to service
of process in these jurisdictions, the Defendants nonetheless assert that “courts regularly
condition forum non conveniens dismissal on submission to jurisdiction in the alternative
forum.” (Id. at 33 (citing cases).)
The Plaintiffs argue that their choice of forum was motivated by “genuine convenience
and should be afforded substantial deference.” (Reply at 40.) According to the Plaintiffs, their
choice of forum critically permits them “to perfect personal jurisdiction over all 44 Defendants
named in the FAC plus the hundreds of additional U.S. transferees who are putative defendant
class members.” (Id.) Additionally, the majority of the proceeds of the December 2006 CPEC
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Redemption ultimately “entered the U.S. and is thus potentially available for efficient judgment
here.” (Id. (citation omitted).) The Plaintiffs contend that the Defendants have not established
that all the Defendants and the Transferee Class are subject to foreign personal jurisdiction. (Id.
at 37–39.) Moreover, Luxembourg lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’
avoidance-based claims under the E.U. Insolvency Regulation. (Id. at 39 & n.26.)
In determining the degree of deference to be afforded to a foreign plaintiff’s choice of a
U.S. forum, courts consider various factors to ascertain whether the plaintiff’s forum choice was
motivated by convenience or instead the desire to forum shop. See Norex, 416 F.3d at 155
(citing Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72). The following factors are generally considered relevant in
determining whether the plaintiff’s choice of forum was motivated by genuine convenience: “[1]
the convenience of the plaintiff’s residence in relation to the chosen forum, [2] the availability of
witnesses or evidence to the forum district, [3] the defendant’s amenability to suit in the forum
district, [4] the availability of appropriate legal assistance, and [5] other reasons relating to
convenience or expense.” Id. (quoting Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72). “Circumstances indicative of
forum shopping . . . include ‘[1] attempts to win a tactical advantage resulting from local laws
that favor the plaintiff’s case, [2] the habitual generosity of juries in the United States or in the
forum district, [3] the plaintiff’s popularity or the defendant’s unpopularity in the region, or [4]
the inconvenience and expense to the defendant resulting from litigation in that forum.’” Id.
(quoting Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72).
The above factors weigh in favor of granting the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum substantial
deference. First, the “[c]ircumstances indicative of forum shopping” are not present here. There
is no evidence that any of the parties are relatively more or less popular here than in any other
jurisdiction. It is likely that the Defendants, who are overwhelmingly U.S.-based entities and
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individuals, would suffer less inconvenience and expense litigating in the U.S. than in a
European forum. Except for the fact that the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum was based, in part, on
their mistaken belief that they could assert a constructive fraudulent transfer claim under U.S.
law (see Reply at 41), it is not clear that they sought any tactical advantage resulting from local
laws that favor their case.
Second, the factors evidencing a plaintiff’s motivation by genuine convenience indicate
that the Plaintiffs’ choice of forum was substantially driven by such considerations. While this
Court is not necessarily convenient in relation to England, the Plaintiffs’ residence, the Plaintiffs’
counsel is located in New York. Moreover, this Adversary Proceeding is related to a chapter 15
case and concerns Hellas II’s assets located in the U.S.; it therefore necessarily was brought in
the U.S., and New York is a relatively convenient U.S. forum in relation to England. The
twenty-three witnesses noticed for depositions are scattered throughout the world; eight
witnesses are located in the U.S., twelve witnesses (including the Plaintiffs) are located in
England, and the remaining three witnesses are located in Austria, Italy, and India. (Reply at
44.). The Defendants have allegedly not asserted that any witnesses under their control would be
unavailable to testify at deposition or trial. (Id.) Nor is there any single forum that appears to
obviate the issue regarding witness availability. (Id.) In any event, because the Defendants are
“sophisticated global financial institutions . . . for whom producing documents or witnesses in
any forum poses no special inconvenience” (id. at 43), this factor is not wholly consequential.
Moreover, the Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction in this Court and are represented
by capable legal counsel located in New York. (Id. at 41, 43.) See Norex, 416 F.3d at 155–56
(noting that “substantial deference” to a plaintiff’s choice of forum is generally appropriate when
“such a choice is made to obtain jurisdiction” over the defendant). Finally, the Defendants have
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not filed a motion to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds more than one year after the
Adversary Proceeding was commenced, notwithstanding that motions to dismiss were briefed,
argued, and decided, and discovery has been overwhelmingly completed. The Defendants’ delay
in moving for forum non conveniens dismissal belies their assertion that this Court is not a
convenient forum.
b. 	The Existence of an Adequate Alternative Forum
The Defendants have not established that an adequate alternative forum exists. “An
alternative forum is ordinarily adequate if the defendants are amenable to service of process there
and the forum permits litigation of the subject matter of the dispute.” In re Monegasque De
Reassurances S.A.M. v. Nak Naftogaz of Ukraine, 311 F.3d 488, 499 (citing Piper, 454 U.S. at
254 n.22). A court cannot dismiss an action on forum non conveniens grounds unless it
“satisf[ies] itself that the litigation may be conducted elsewhere against all defendants.” PT
United Can Co. Ltd. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 138 F.3d 65, 73 (2d Cir. 1998) (citing Blanco v.
Banco Industrial de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974, 981 (2d Cir. 1993)). “If there is no adequate
alternative forum, the inquiry ends, and the motion to dismiss is denied.” Id. (citing Piper, 454
U.S. at 254 n.22).
The Defendants argue that the UK and Luxembourg are both adequate alternative forums.
(See TPG Opp. at 32–33.) With respect to the UK, two of the Additional Claims are brought
exclusively under UK law, the unjust enrichment claim is asserted in the alternative under UK
law, and the majority of the relevant witnesses and certain Defendants dismissed for lack of
personal jurisdiction are located in the UK. (Id. at 33.) The Defendants argue that Luxembourg
is an adequate alternative forum because the Plaintiffs have already commenced litigation in
Luxembourg concerning the December 2006 Transaction, the Article 1167 Claim is asserted
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under Luxembourg law, and the unjust enrichment claim is asserted in the alternative under
Luxembourg law. (Id.)
Yet, the Defendants have not established that each Defendant is amenable to service of
process in either the UK or Luxembourg; nor have they asserted that they consent to personal
jurisdiction in either jurisdiction. While a defendant’s agreement to submit to the jurisdiction of
the foreign forum will generally satisfy the requirement that the defendant be amenable to
process there, see DiRienzo v. Phillip Servs. Corp., 232 F.3d 49, 57 (2d Cir. 2000), vacated in
part on other grounds, 294 F.3d 21 (2d Cir. 2002), the Defendants have not agreed to submit to
the jurisdiction of either the UK or Luxembourg. They therefore have failed to establish the
existence of an adequate alternative forum at this time. See Rio Tinto PLC v. Vale S.A., Case No.
14 Civ. 3042 (RMB), 2014 WL 7191250, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 17, 2014) (“The Court finds that
England is not, in this instance, an adequate alternative forum to New York because, as noted,
Defendants Cilins and Touré, who reside in the United States, may not be amenable to service of
process by English courts.”).
It is important to note, however, that a UK court may very well have personal jurisdiction
over DB, a German company that “conducted the majority of its activities in connection with the
alleged claims from its London Branch . . . .” (DB Opp. at 11 n.7.) Indeed, counsel for DB
acknowledged that a UK court would have jurisdiction over DB at the hearing on the Motion.
(See July 22, 2015 Hr’g Tr. 79:15–17, ECF Doc. # 179.) While the UK may therefore be an
adequate (and even convenient) forum with respect to DB, the Court nonetheless concludes that
the claims against DB should not be dismissed on forum non conveniens grounds under the
circumstances. First, the Plaintiffs have not filed and “have no current plan” to file an action in
the UK against the foreign-based Original Defendants that were dismissed for lack of personal
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jurisdiction in Hosking I. (See id. at 12:6–12.) Accordingly, there is no pending action in the
UK to which the action against DB could be transferred. Second, the overwhelming majority of
the Defendants—indeed every Defendant except DB—is located in the US and not indisputably
subject to personal jurisdiction in the UK. Therefore, dismissing the action as to DB on forum
non conveniens grounds would force the Plaintiffs to inefficiently litigate the same claims in two
different courts, based on the same facts, and supported by the same evidence. At this time, the
Court cannot agree that this would be an appropriate result.38 As a result, for all the above
reasons, the Court concludes that the First Amended Complaint is not futile on the basis of forum
non conveniens.
C. 	Bad Faith
“[W]hile there is little law in the Second Circuit on what constitutes bad faith in the
context of a motion for leave to amend a pleading, the precedent that exists indicates that the
amendment itself must embody unfair strategic maneuvering.” On Track Innovations Ltd. v. T-
Mobile USA, Inc., Case No. 12 Civ. 2224 (JCF), 2014 WL 406497, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 3, 2014)
(internal citations omitted); see Primetime 24 Joint Venture v. DirecTV, Inc., Case No. 99 Civ.
3307 (MHD), 2000 WL 426396, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 2000) (“[W]hen the opponent of an
amendment asserts that the movant is acting in bad faith, there must be something more than
mere delay or inadvertence for the court to refuse to allow amendment.” (citations omitted)).
The Defendants argue that the Motion should be denied on the basis that it was filed in
bad faith, asserting that the Second Circuit’s decision in State Trading Corporation of India v.
Assuranceforeningen Skuld, 921 F.2d 409 (2d Cir. 1990), is directly on point. (TPG Opp. at 9
38 	The Court does not decide whether forum non conveniens dismissal as to DB would be appropriate at a
later time if, for instance, the Plaintiffs commenced a similar action in the UK against the Original Defendants that
were dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction in Hosking I.
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(citing State Trading, 921 F.2d at 418).) The Plaintiffs argue that State Trading is
distinguishable and “instead only serve[s] to illustrate that bad faith is absent here.” (Reply at 3.)
In State Trading, the Second Circuit held that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in denying a plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend its complaint on the basis that the amendment
was unduly delayed and sought in bad faith. 921 F.2d at 417–18. The plaintiff was an Indian
owner of cargo lost in a capsized ship who asserted claims solely under Connecticut law against
the Norwegian insurer of the Belgian ship owner. See id. at 410–11. The parties disputed
whether the choice of law provision in the insurance policy governing the dispute required the
application of Norwegian or Panamanian law, see id. at 411, but the magistrate judge granted the
defendant summary judgment, finding that, in any event, “it was inappropriate to apply
Connecticut law because the only nexus Connecticut had to the insurance policy was the
presence within the state of [the defendant]’s exclusive U.S. agent,” id. at 412. After judgment
was entered, the plaintiff moved for reconsideration and leave to amend its complaint to add
causes of action under Norwegian and Panamanian law. Id. The district court adopted the
magistrate judge’s recommendation that the motion to amend be denied “because of [the
plaintiff]’s unjustified delay in seeking to amend its complaint nineteen months after [the
defendant] first challenged the applicability of Connecticut law.” Id.
On appeal, the Second Circuit held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying leave to amend, finding that it was not unreasonable to impute lack of good faith to the
plaintiff for its undue delay in seeking leave to amend. Id. at 418. The plaintiff’s lack of good
faith was further evidenced by the fact that it did not file a proposed amended complaint with its
motion for leave to amend. Id. (citing Twohy v. First Nat’l Bank of Chi., 758 F.2d 1185, 1197
(7th Cir. 1985) (holding that failure to include proposed amended complaint with motion for
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leave to amend indicates lack of diligence and good faith)). Additionally, the court gave
credence to the defendant’s argument that the plaintiff “deliberately chose not to amend its
complaint earlier to include causes of action based on foreign law because any admission that
foreign law applied to this case would have increased the chance of dismissal on forum selection
clause or forum non conveniens grounds.” Id.
State Trading is distinguishable for a number of reasons. First, unlike in State Trading,
the Plaintiffs arguably had a good faith basis to originally assert NYDCL fraudulent transfer
claims based on transfers made to entities and individuals in the U.S., which were funded with
Sub Notes sold in the U.S. and governed by New York choice of law provisions. (See Compl.
¶¶ 23–40, 49–73, 77–78, 121–122.) Second, unlike in State Trading, there is little to suggest that
the Plaintiffs chose not to seek leave to amend its Complaint to assert the Additional Claims in
order to stymy a potential motion to dismiss on forum non conveniens grounds. In light of the
fact that the Defendants never moved to dismiss for forum non conveniens despite having ample
opportunity to do so, it is not clear that the Plaintiffs’ failure to originally plead the Additional
Claims was done in order to thwart the prospect of forum non conveniens dismissal. Third,
unlike in State Trading, no judgment has been entered by the Court. Indeed, no summary
judgment motions have yet been filed. Finally, as set forth below, the Plaintiffs did not unduly
delay seeking leave to amend their Complaint. While the Plaintiffs clearly could, and perhaps
should, have originally pleaded their claims under foreign law, the fact that they seek to do so
now is not necessarily indicative of bad faith.
D. 	Undue Delay and Undue Prejudice
A party is generally allowed “to amend its pleadings in the absence of a showing by the
nonmovant of prejudice or bad faith.” Block v. First Blood Assocs., 988 F.2d 344, 350 (2d Cir.
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1993) (citing State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 654 F.2d 843, 856 (2d Cir. 1981)).
Prejudice is considered in relation to the length of a plaintiff’s delay in seeking leave to amend.
See id. “[T]he longer the period of an unexplained delay, the less will be required of the
nonmoving party in terms of a showing of prejudice.” Evans v. Syracuse City Sch. Dist., 704
F.2d 44, 47 (2d Cir. 1983). In determining whether a defendant is prejudiced by an amendment
adding a claim, courts in the Second Circuit “consider whether the assertion of the new claim
would: (i) require the opponent to expend significant additional resources to conduct discovery
and prepare for trial; (ii) significantly delay the resolution of the dispute; or (iii) prevent the
plaintiff from bringing a timely action in another jurisdiction.” Block, 988 F.2d at 350 (citations
omitted).
The Court concludes that the Plaintiffs did not unduly delay filing the First Amended
Complaint and the Defendants are not unduly prejudiced by the filing. First, soon after Hosking
I was decided and before any Defendant filed an answer to the Complaint, the Plaintiffs
negotiated the Scheduling Order permitting them 30 days to file the Motion. (Motion at 17.)
The Plaintiffs then filed the Motion within the time period allowed by the Scheduling Order.
(Id.) With the benefit of hindsight, the Plaintiffs should have filed a motion for leave to amend
their Complaint before the Court ruled on the prior motions to dismiss. However, the Plaintiffs
believed in good faith that their claims asserted under New York law would survive a motion to
dismiss. And they should not be denied leave solely on the basis that their assumption turned out
to be incorrect. Second, the First Amended Complaint does not unduly prejudice the
Defendants. The Additional Claims are based on the same events underlying the causes of action
asserted in the original Complaint and involve similar elements, thus requiring little incremental
discovery or further delay to resolve. Further, each of the Proposed Defendants is related to the
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Original Defendants and therefore little incremental resources will be required to be spent on
legal defense.
III. 	CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in
part. The Motion is DENIED as to the Article 1167 Claim because such claim is futile. The
Motion is GRANTED in all other respects.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: August 19, 2015
New York, New York
_____Martin Glenn____________
MARTIN GLENN
United States Bankruptcy Judge
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