Well Master Corporation v. Flowco Production Solutions, LLC

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Senior Judge Christine M. Arguello
Civil Action No. 21-cv-02145-CMA-KAS
WELL MASTER CORPORATION,
Plaintiff,
v.
FLOWCO PRODUCTION SOLUTIONS, LLC,
Defendant.
AMENDED1 ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS
This matter is before the Court on Defendant’s Partial Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. #
125.) The Motion is fully briefed. See (Docs. ## 154, 158.) The Court heard oral
argument on October 25, 2023. See (Doc. # 187.) For the following reasons, the Motion
is denied.
I. 	BACKGROUND
A. 	FACTS
This patent infringement case involves “plunger lift systems” (“plungers”) which
both Plaintiff Well Master Corporation (“Well Master”) and Defendant Flowco Production
Solutions, LLC (“Flowco”) manufacture and sell. Plaintiff Well Master owns three patents
concerning plunger lift systems—United States Patent Numbers 7,395,865 (“the ‘865
1 The Court amended its own order sua sponte to reflect the correct name of Defendant’s
Motion in the conclusion.
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patent”); 7,793,728 (“the ‘728 patent”); and 8,627,892 (“the ‘892 patent”). (Docs. ## 20-1
to 20-3.) The Motion to Dismiss, however, concerns only the ‘865 patent and ‘728
patent.
A plunger is a cylindrical and oftentimes metallic device placed in the interior
chamber or “tubing” of an oil-and-gas well. A plunger allows for the cultivation of
otherwise unreachable2 natural gas while simultaneously ejecting wastewater
suspended in the well tubing. The plunger works by sliding down to the well’s bottom
and sealing the well, which builds pressure below the plunger. That pressure eventually
lifts the plunger along with oil, wastewater, and the natural gas below. These
substances get separated and collected once they reach the surface. E.g., (Doc. # 137
at ¶ 14.)
Machining specific shapes into a plunger improves the device’s performance and
produces additional functions. Cutting fins into the plunger’s base can induce rotation to
better seal the well tubing. Sharpening the edges of those fins lets them double as a
cleaning implement. Machining a chamber or “bore” up through the plunger’s bottom,
when combined with perpendicularly intersecting holes drilled through the side wells,
can channel gas through the plunger to generate turbulence and improve rotation. See
generally (Doc. # 20-1 at 4–5.)
2 When a well taps into a new natural gas pocket, high gas pressure pushes the gas to the
surface. Over time, the gas pressure decreases and fluids used in the extraction process collect
within the tubing, which makes some remaining gas unreachable. E.g., (Doc. # 20 at ¶ 29); see
also (Doc. # 20-1 at 1).
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B. 	PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Well Master commenced this infringement action on August 9, 2021. (Doc. # 1.)
After some pre-answer motions practice, Flowco petitioned the PTAB for inter partes
review of all three patents-in-suit in their entirety. (Doc. # 83 at 1–2.) On September 12,
2022, the Court stayed this case pending the PTAB’s decision on whether to institute
review. (Doc. # 98.) On June 7, 2023, the Court lifted the stay after being notified by the
parties that the PTAB declined to institute review. (Docs. ## 115, 124.) Consequently,
Flowco filed its answer, counterclaims, and the partial motion to dismiss on June 30,
2023. (Docs. ## 125–126.) Well Master answered Flowco’s counterclaims on August
10, 2023. (Doc. # 148.) Oral argument on the partial motion to dismiss occurred on
October 25, 2023. (Doc. # 167.)
II. 	APPLICABLE LAW
A. 	RULE 12(b)(6)
Under Rule 12(b)(6), a defendant may move to dismiss any cause of action that
“fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). When
deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “the court's function . . . is not to weigh potential
evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the plaintiff's
complaint alone is legally sufficient.” Dubbs v. Head Start, Inc., 336 F.3d 1194, 1201
(10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation omitted). A legally sufficient complaint must contain
factual allegations that, “if accepted as true, [would] ‘state a claim to relief that
is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell
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Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Plausibility, in turn, requires
pleaded facts that support a “reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
misconduct alleged.” Id. A plaintiff's factual allegations, when examined under the Rule
12(b)(6) standard, are presumed true and construed “in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff.” E.g., Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1109 (10th Cir. 1991). However, not all
factual allegations receive this presumption. A court will not presume as true any
conclusory allegations unsupported by facts or “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of
a cause of action.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
“In the patent context, a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss may be a proper vehicle
to determine patent eligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101.” Securenet Sols. Grp., LLC v.
Senstar Corp., No. 19-cv-02913, 2020 WL 2557625, at *18 (D. Colo. May 20, 2020)
(citing Genetic Techs. Ltd. v. Merial LLC, 818 F.3d 1369, 1373-74 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). The
Court’s § 101 determination, however, “may only look to allegations in ‘the sources
properly considered on a motion to dismiss, such as the complaint, the patent[s], and
materials subject to judicial notice.’” E.g., Ivanti, Inc. v. Patch my PC, LLC, No. 22-cv-
00643, 2023 WL 2933406, at *4 (D. Colo. April 13, 2023) (internal citations omitted).
Specific to the patent context, a plaintiff’s typical presumption of truth extends to well-
pleaded factual allegations of activities that are well-understood, routine, or
conventional. Aatrix Software, Inc. v. Green Shades Software, Inc., 882 F.3d 1121,
1128 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
B. 	PATENT ELIGIBILITY
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Section 101 of the Patent Act defines patentable subject matter as “any new and
useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. This language is broad by design. See
Diamond v. Chakrabarty; 447 U.S. 303, 309 n.6 (1980); see also Bilski v. Kappos, 561
U.S. 593 (2010); accord S. Rep. No. 1979, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 5 (1952); H.R. Rep.
No. 1923, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 6 (1952). (“Congress intended statutory subject matter
to ‘include anything under the sun that is made by man.’”). However, “[t]his is not to
suggest that § 101 has no limits or that it embraces every discovery.” Chakrabarty, 447
U.S. at 309. Longstanding patent jurisprudence makes clear that “‘laws of nature,
natural phenomena, and abstract ideas’ are not patentable” to protect “‘basic tools of
scientific and technological work’ [from] monopolization.” Mayo Collaborative Servs. v.
Prometheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 70 (2012) (first quoting Diamond v. Diehr, 450
U.S. 175, 185 (1981); then quoting Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972)).
The Supreme Court offers a two-step framework for distinguishing patents that
claim laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas from those that claim
patent-eligible applications of those concepts. See Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573
U.S. 208, 217–18 (2014) (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 77–78). The court must determine
(1) “whether the claims at issue are directed to a patent-ineligible concept, i.e., a law of
nature, a natural phenomenon, or an abstract idea, and if so, (2) whether the elements
of the claim, considered both individually and as an ordered combination, add enough to
transform the nature of the claim into a patent-eligible application.” E.g., Affinity Labs of
Tex., LLC v. DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal quotations
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and citations omitted). The first step considers the “focus of the claimed advance over
the prior art to determine if the claim’s character as a whole is directed to excluded
subject matter.’” E.g., ChargePoint, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 765 (Fed.
Cir. 2019) (internal quotations omitted). Once that focus is identified, a court then must
determine whether that focus is directed to prohibited subject matter. In re Killian, 45
F.4th 1373, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (listing three “familiar class[es] of claims” (alteration in
original)). The repeat offenders include “claims to results,” “mental processes,” and
“methods of organizing human activity.” Id. If a court decides that the claim is directed to
a concept encompassed by one of these categories, the inquiry proceeds to step two,
which asks whether the claim elements add any “inventive concept” that applies the
abstract idea to which the claim is directed. See, e.g., Affinity Labs, 838 F.3d at 1258.
The added concept must be more than “well-understood, routine, conventional activity.”
Mayo, 566 U.S. at 73.
III. 	PARTY ARGUMENTS
Flowco’s Partial Motion to Dismiss challenges Claims 7, 8, and 11 through 16 of
the ‘865 patent along with Claims 11 through 15 of the ‘728 patent. (Doc. # 125 at 1.) In
short, Flowco argues that said claims fail the Alice test because each claim is directed
to the abstract concept of rotation, which Flowco characterizes as a law of nature, and
these claims add no “inventive step” novel enough to retain eligibility. E.g., id. at 13–20.
Flowco’s conclusion rests on three assertions. First, Flowco defines the character
of said claims as purely “rotation” (and, for Claim 16, “cleaning”) by process of
elimination—expressly disregarding any claim limitation that, in Flowco’s view, was
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disclosed in prior art. See, e.g., id. at 13–15, 17–18. Second, by presuming the claims
are directed to “rotation,” Flowco likens said claims to an established and disfavored
category of abstract ideas, “claims to results,” by identifying details missing from the
claim language that Flowco insists are necessary. Id. at 17–18. These two interim
premises, Flowco argues, mean that said claims fail step one of the Alice framework. Id.
Third, Flowco cites the same prior art for the first Alice prong to argue that said prior art
precludes the challenged claims from providing any inventive addition to the “rotation,”
which means that these claims fail the second step under Alice. Id. at 19–20.3
For its part, Well Master characterizes the character of the aforementioned
claims as directed to “specific advancements over prior art methods” beyond mere
rotation. (Doc. # 154 at 14–16); Doc. # 187 at 42:5–8). If the Court disagrees, Well
Master alternatively argues that neither “rotation” nor “cleaning” counts as an abstract
idea but, rather, both concepts are physical actions that can be viewed in the abstract.
(Doc. # 154 at 15–16.) Further, supposing the Court reaches step two of the Alice
framework, Well Master contends that Flowco failed to show the lack of an inventive
concept because its position rests on an improperly truncated analysis that conflates
obviousness with inventiveness. Id. at 27.
IV. ANALYSIS
3 Flowco reiterates these points in its reply, (Doc. # 158 at 10–14), and debates several
contested but tangentially relevant points of law that the Court need not decide today. E.g., id. at
1–8.
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As a preliminary matter, the Court opts to treat the asserted independent claims
as representative of any dependent claims that stem from them.4 Those independent
claims are, from the ‘865 patent, Claims 7, 12, and 16 along with Claim 11 of the ‘728
patent.
A. 	ALICE STEP ONE
Assessing a claim’s “character as a whole” necessitates some degree of claim
construction. Consequently, courts are directed to construe the claims “to whatever
extent is needed to conduct the § 101 analysis.” Aatrix Software, 882 F.3d at 1125
(citing BASCOM Glob. Internet Servs., Inc. v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1352
(Fed. Cir. 2016)). “[T]he § 101 inquiry must focus on the language of the Asserted
Claims.” ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 767 (internal quotation omitted). Proper construction
also requires reading the claim language “in view of the specification.” Markman v.
Westview Instruments, 52 F.3d 967, 979–980 (Fed. Cir. 1995); see also SciMed Life
Sys., Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 242 F.3d 1337, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2001);
4 “Courts may treat a claim as representative in certain situations, such as if the
patentee does not present any meaningful argument for the distinctive significance of
any claim limitations not found in the representative claim or if the parties agree to treat
a claim as representative.” Berkheimer v. HP Inc., 881 F.3d 1360, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
(internal citation omitted); see also Sisvel Int’l S.A. v. Sierra Wireless, Inc., 81 F. 4th
1231, 1241 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (“When a dependent patent claim and the independent
claim it incorporates are not separately argued, then, absent some effort at distinction,
the claims rise or fall together.”) Plaintiff takes no position on representativeness, nor
does it “present any meaningful argument for the distinctive significance of any claim
limitations not found in the representative claim.” Ivanti, 2023 WL 2933406, at *5
(exercising discretionary authority to treat an independent claim as representative of its
dependent claims); accord Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(c) (empowering district courts to, inter
alia, simplify issues for the sake of facilitating the just, speedy, and inexpensive
disposition of the action). Thus, the Court sua sponte elects to conduct representative
analyses of the asserted independent claims unless stated otherwise below.
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but see ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 765, 767 (internal citations omitted) (warning that
“reading a limitation from the [specification] into the claims” is a “cardinal sin[ ]” of patent
law).
With these legal principles in mind, the Court now turns to the patents-in-suit.
The Court first considers the ‘865 patent and, subsequently, the ‘728 patent. Because
Flowco asserts essentially the same arguments as to Claims 7 (‘865 patent), 12 (‘865
patent), 11 (‘728 patent), and their concomitant dependent claims, the Court elects to
address Flowco’s contentions via three representative analyses.
1. 	The ‘865 patent: Claims 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, & 15
The Court selects Claim 7 as representative of Claim 8 and first looks to the
claim language. Claim 7 recites:
A method of controlling fluid flow in a tubing string in a plunger lift system of
an oil and gas well wherein an elongated plunger controllably travels
vertically therethrough, comprising: arranging an array of fins on a lower
end of said elongated plunger, wherein said fins create turbulence in gas
within said tubing string; and rotating said elongated plunger about a
longitudinal axis thereof, as said plunger travels through said tubing string
in said plunger lift system; arranging an elongated bore in said plunger from
said lower end thereof; and drilling a plurality of side holes into said bore
through said plunger.
(Doc. # 20-1 at 6.) The Court also elects to treat Claim 12 as representative of Claims
13 through 15. Claim 12 recites:
A method of controlling fluid flow in a tubing string in a plunger lift system of
an oil and gas well wherein an elongated plunger controllably travels
vertically therethrough, comprising: arranging an array of side holes through
a side wall of said elongated plunger, wherein said side holes create
turbulence in gas within said tubing string; and rotating said elongated
plunger about a longitudinal axis thereof, as said plunger travels through
said tubing string in said plunger lift system.
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Id. Flowco asserts that “Claim 7 is highly similar to Claim 12.” (Doc. # 125 at 24.) The
Court agrees and notes that both claims share a specification.
The claim language refers to a plunger with fins, a bore, and a plurality of side
holes extending from the bore to the side walls. Claim 7 mentions the fins that generate
turbulence within the tubing string and mentions rotation without expressly stating a
causal relationship between said fins and rotation. See (Doc. # 20-1 at 6.) Claim 12
recites the same subject matter and details, except it attributes turbulence to the side-
hole-and-bore combination rather than the fins. The specification, however, explains
that rotation occurs due to the fins, bore, and side walls. See (Doc. # 20-1 at 6); see
also (Doc. # 187 at 26:7–10 (clarifying that the fins can cause rotation and rotation
creates turbulence).) These features—fins and a bore with a plurality of side holes—
provide the “means . . . that improve[ ] the relevant technology.” McRO, Inc. v. Bandai
Namco Games Am. Inc., 837 F.3d 1299, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal citation
omitted). Looking to the specification for an explanation of how the fins, bore, and side
holes work does not equate to importing limitations from the specification. See, e.g.,
Openwave Sys., Inc. v. Apple Inc., 808 F.3d 509, 513 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Further, both
Claims 7 and 12 specify their intended results—“controlling fluid flow in a tubing string.”
(Doc. # 20-1 at 6.) As such, the Court finds Claims 7 and 12 directed to the generation
of turbulence. (Doc. # 20-1 at 5 (expressly noting that the features claimed “help with
rotation and turbulence simultaneously”).)
Flowco’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. Flowco contends that Claims
7 and 12 are directed to “rotation” because prior art eliminates other elements such that
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rotation is all that remains. See, e.g., (Doc. # 125 at 13–15, 17–18). Although Flowco is
correct that both claims implicate the force of rotation in a general sense, “all inventions
at some level embody, use, reflect, rest upon, or apply” these concepts. Mayo, 566 U.S.
at 72; see also Ivanti, 2023 WL 2933406, at *8 (“[T]he applications of abstract concepts
‘to a new and useful end . . . remain eligible for patent protection.’”) (quoting Alice, 573
U.S. at 217). “‘[I]t is not enough to merely identify a patent-ineligible concept underlying
the claim’”—the concept must be the claim’s sole focus. ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 766.
Flowco seems to recognize that rotation is not the ‘865 patent’s sole focus given
Flowco’s repeated acknowledgements that the side holes produce turbulence
independent of rotation. E.g., Doc. # 125 at 24 (“Turbulence from gas exiting the side
holes is simply the direct consequence of having an elongated bore and side holes at
all.”)); (Doc. # 125 at 24 (recognizing that “[t]urbulence from the gas exiting the side
holes at all . . . would necessarily occur in any plunger with both an elongated bore and
side holes as some of the gas lifting the plunger escapes.”)). Indeed, during oral
argument, Flowco acknowledged that the asserted claims reference “desired results
from that rotation.” (Doc. # 187 at 13:2 (emphasis added).) Thus, both claims’
respective focus is the same: the generation of turbulence.5 Reducing the asserted
5 Insofar as Flowco relies on United States Magistrate Judge Mix’s Report and Recommendation,
that reliance is misplaced. The Report found the ‘865 patent directed to rotation by process of
elimination. See (Doc. # 79. at 20.) As explained by Plaintiff during the oral argument, three
cancelled claims in the original ‘865 patent application resulted in a renumbering of the ‘865 patent
claims such that Claim 12 was originally Claim 14). Thus, Magistrate Judge Mix mistakenly
analyzed Claim 12 of the patent application as if it were Claim 12 of the issued ‘865 patent,
whereas Claim 12 of the issued patent was actually Claim 14 in the application before
renumbering. 	Judge Mix’s other rationale in support of her recommendation was based on an
inexplicable reading of Claim 12. (Doc. # 79 at 22–23 (“Claim 12 includes only a method for
achieving turbulence, and the word ‘turbulence’ is absent from Claim 12.”)); but see (Doc. # 20-1
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claims to rotation would be “oversimplify[ing] key inventive concepts [and]
‘downplay[ing] an invention’s benefits,” which binding precedent forbids. See Am. Axle
& Mfg., Inc. v. Neapco Holdings, LLC, 309 F. Supp. 3d. 218, 224 (D. Del. 2018) (internal
citation and quotations omitted). Moreover, Flowco relies on an impermissible legal
analysis. Flowco points to nothing endorsing consideration of prior art to decide a
claim’s gravamina. Absent such a requirement, the Court’s directive to holistically
consider the claim controls—and discourages the adoption of such a myopic analytical
framework.
From the mistaken assumption that the foci of Claims 7 and 12 are limited to
rotation, Flowco next argues that the claim belongs to the “familiar” group of cases
involving claims to results. (Doc. # 125 at 17–18.) More specifically, Flowco contends
that both claims improperly claim a result—rotation—because the claim language fails
to specify the rotation’s impetus, direction, speed, and duration. Id. at 17–18. Although
the claim language does list the act of rotating the plunger without expressly saying how
rotation occurs, (Doc. # 20-1 at 6), Flowco’s position is problematic for two reasons
beyond the flawed initial premise.6
First, nothing before the Court suggests that Claims 7 or 12 offer an insufficiently
detailed explanation. Although Flowco principally relies on two Federal Circuit
decisions—American Axle and Interval Licensing LLC—both cases are distinguishable.
at 6 (emphasis added) (“A method . . . wherein an elongated plunger . . . compris[es] . . . “an array
of side holes . . . wherein side holes create turbulence in gas within said tubing string . . . .”)).
6 Claim 7’s promised result is the generation of turbulence, not rotation. Were Claim 7 limited to
rotation, the claim language’s mention of rotation might be more problematic, but that is simply
not the case here.
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In American Axle, the claim language at issue recited manufacturing a driveshaft to
meet specific performance standards. Because those standards came from nothing
more than applying Hooke’s Law, a mathematical formula that captures the natural law
of elasticity, the American Axle Court cabined its step-one holding to circumstances
“where, as here, a claim on its face clearly invokes a natural law, and nothing more, to
achieve a claimed result.” Am. Axle, 967 F.3d at 1290,1298 (emphasis added). By
comparison, Claims 7 and 12 recite gas-channeling side holes which, as the
specification explains, produce turbulence independently of rotation. (Doc. # 20-1 at 5.)
So, unlike American Axle’s contested claim, practicing either of these claims requires
more than the mere application of “rotation” as a natural law.
Nor does Interval Licensing support Flowco’s position. In Interval Licensing, the
asserted claims sparsely outlined a software system meant to download advertisement
data from somewhere, somehow identify the unused space of a computer display in
use, and somehow depict advertisements in that space. Interval Licensing, 896 F.3d at
1339–1340. Those vague limitations referred only to the software’s promised results—
not the coding strings that provide the mechanisms by which the “system” would obtain
advertisements, identify where they could be displayed on-screen, and manifest them in
a separate window or in some other way. Id. at 1343. The omission proved particularly
troublesome due to the inherently vague nature of software coding.7 A plunger, on the
7 The existence of multiple computer coding languages allows for different iterations of code that
produce the same outcome. For example, claiming a result without limit to any particular coding
language or even strings of code would allow the patentee to claim all codes in any language
that produce said result.
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other hand, can be described with less specificity because it must operate under
established and predictable principles like those of fluid dynamics and gravity. Although
every plunger rotates to some degree, (Doc. # 187 at 15:23–25), unlike the amorphous
software claimed in Interval Licensing, Claims 7 and 12 limit themselves to plungers that
rotate because of the fins and side holes. (Doc. # 20-1 at 6.)
The second problem with Flowco’s position: it mistakes the requirement of
eligibility with that of enablement.8 As the American Axle Court made clear, “section 101
serves a different function.” Am. Axle, 967 F.3d at 1303 (citing Mayo, 566 U.S. at 90).
The eligibility threshold requires only that the claim’s language explains “how” it
achieves the claim’s desired outcome “at some level of concreteness,” which is less
detail than the granularity that the enablement standard demands of a claim’s
specification. Id. (emphasis added) (explaining that enablement requires an adequately
detailed specification such that “a relevant skilled artisan [can] be able to . . . perform
the claimed actions”). In this case, the claim language concretely identifies a specific
action (rotation) and limits itself to two physical structures (fins and the side-hole-bore
combination) that generates turbulence. Compare (Doc. # 158 at 7 (citing Am. Axle, 967
F.3d at 1301) (“The challenged claims [lack] ‘any physical structure or steps for
achieving the claimed result.’”)), with (Doc. 20-1 at 6 (claiming fins machined into the
bottom of a plunger)), and (Doc. # 137 at ¶ 13 (Flowco alleging that machining “helical
8 Enablement “is concerned with whether ‘the specification of a patent . . . teach[es] those
skilled in the art how to make and use the full scope of the claimed invention.’” Am. Axle, 967
F.3d at 1303 (citing In re Wright, 999 F.2d 1557, 1561 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). Enablement is a distinct
statutory requirement from eligibility and requires a separate inquiry. See 35 U.S.C. § 112.
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slots” into the bottom of a plunger is a well-understood means of causing rotation)).
Granted, the claim does not expressly recite the science underlying the causal
connection between these shapes and rotation, but Flowco points to no case law
requiring such pedantic claim language to satisfy the eligibility threshold. To hold
otherwise would effectively collapse the two distinct standards into one when they are
separated by design. See id. at 1303.
In sum, Claims 7 and 12 are directed to generating turbulence and they both
concretely identify the physical structures—the gas holes and fins—that provide the
specific means of accomplishing that result. (Doc. # 187 at 25:23–26:19.) By extension,
the same goes for dependent Claims 8, 13, 14, and 15 because they derive from Claims
7 and 12.
Because the Court finds that neither Claim 7 nor Claim 12 is directed to an
abstract concept, the Court need not advance these claims to the second step set forth
in Alice. Instead, the Court proceeds to its second representative analysis: the ‘865
patent’s Claim 16.
2. 	The ‘865 patent: Claim 16
Claim 16 recites:
A method of cleaning interior walls of a tubing string in a plunger lift system
of an oil and gas well wherein an elongated plunger controllably travels
vertically therethrough, comprising: arranging an array of fins on a lower
end of said elongated plunger, wherein said fins have a sharp edge in close
proximity to said walls of said tubing string; rotating said elongated plunger
about a longitudinal axis thereof, as said plunger travels through said tubing
string in said plunger lift system; cleaning said walls of said tubing string by
said sharp edges of said fins, as said rotating plunger travels vertically
therethrough; and ejecting gas through said an angled arrangement of at
least one side hole from a central bore to the outside said plunger to
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maximize turbulence of fluid surrounding said plunger as it travels in said
tubing string in said oil and gas well lift system.
(Doc. # 20-1 at 6.)
This claim language describes a method of cleaning the well tubing string
while simultaneously generating turbulence. Id. That description includes listing
the “physical structure or steps” necessary to accomplish cleaning: (1) carve fins
with sharpened edges into the plunger base, core the plunger by adding a bore,
and drill holes through the side walls that reach the bore; (2) allow the plunger to
rotate; and (3) allow the rotating plunger’s fins to scrape along the tubing string.
Am. Axle, 967 F.3d at 1295; see generally (Doc. # 20-1 at 6). On its face, Claim
16 focuses on the cleaning function, lists two concrete means of harnessing
rotation, and promises, albeit in passing, to generate turbulence. See (Doc. # 20-
1 at 6.) As such, the Court finds Claim 16 directed to cleaning a well tubing string.
Flowco disagrees that Claim 16 is directed to cleaning, but it reaches this
conclusion only after impermissibly dissecting the claim limitations using citations
to prior art. E.g., (Doc. # 125 at 16–17). Again, however, “novelty does not matter
in the [Section] 101 analysis” because “novelty . . . is the [Section] 102 analysis .
. . [which is] a separate basis for invalidity.” (Doc. # 187 at 48:21, 20:23–24); cf.
ChargePoint, 920 F.3d at 765. Moreover, the claim language belies Flowco’s
reading of Claim 16. For example, the first phrase of the claim language, “A
method of cleaning interior walls …”, departs from the preambles in every other
claim of the ‘865 patent, which provide “A method of controlling fluid flow . . . .”).
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Nor does Claim 16 rely on impermissibly vague claim language. Indeed, it
specifies that the fins are sharpened and rotated so that they scrape along the
well tubing string. The specification explains that rotation occurs through either
the fins or the side holes, both of which are express limitations of Claim 16. This
claim language lends no support to Flowco’s complaints of “unspecified,
unqualified rotation” and failure to “specif[y] what constitutes sharp.” (Doc. # 125
at 16, 18.)
In sum, Claim 16 “recite[s] a practical way of applying an underlying idea”
such that it is not drafted in an impermissibly “result-oriented way.” Interval
Licensing, 896 F.3d at 1343. This claim need not proceed to Alice’s second step.
3. 	The ‘728 patent: Claims 11, 12, 13, 14, & 15
Turning finally to Claim 11, it recites:
A method of controlling fluid flow in a tubing string in a plunger lift system of an
oil and gas well wherein an elongated plunger controllably travels vertically
therethrough, comprising: arranging an array of turbulence generating side holes
through a side wall of said elongated plunger, and rotating said elongated
plunger about a longitudinal axis thereof, as said plunger travels through said
tubing string in said plunger lift system.
(Doc. # 20-2 at 6.) Here too, the Court agrees with Flowco that these claims are
“identical to their counterparts in the ‘865 patent.” (Doc. # 125 at 22.) Because they are
functionally identical, the Court need not duplicate its analysis. For the aforementioned
reasons regarding the ‘865 patent, Claim 11 is not directed to an abstract idea for the
same reasons explained regarding the ‘865 patent. This finding extends to dependent
Claims 12 through 15.
B. Alice Step Two
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Because Flowco cannot show that any of the claims it challenges under Alice are
directed to abstract ideas, Flowco has not rebutted the presumption of validity enjoyed
by the ‘865 patent and ‘728 patent. Baxata Inc. v. Genetech, Inc., 81 F.4th 1362, 1365
(Fed. Cir. 2023). Thus, the Court has no reason to consider step two.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is ORDERED that Defendant’s Partial Motion to
Dismiss (Doc. # 125) is DENIED.
DATED: December 14, 2023
BY THE COURT:
_____________________________
CHRISTINE M. ARGUELLO
Senior United States District Judge
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