Estate of Jeffrey Melvin v. City of Colorado Springs, Colorado et al

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Senior Judge Christine M. Arguello
Civil Action No. 20-cv-00991-CMA-MDB
ESTATE OF JEFFREY MELVIN, by and through its personal representative Jeffrey
Melvin Sr.,
Plaintiff,
v.
CITY OF COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO,
Defendant.
ORDER REGARDING PLAINTIFF’S AND DEFENDANT’S MOTIONS IN LIMINE
This matter is before the Court on both parties’ motions in limine. See (Docs. ##
207, 223, 230 (Plaintiff’s motion, response to Defendant’s motion, and reply in support
of its own motion), 217, 224 (Defendant’s motion and response to Plaintiff’s motion)).1
For the following reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff’s motion in
limine, as explained below. Further, the Court reserves ruling in part, but otherwise
grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s motion in limine, as explained below.
I. 	BACKGROUND
The Court incorporates its previous recitation of the facts and procedural history
of this case as stated in its Order Denying Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment.
1 Plaintiff was granted a reply because Defendant’s response to Plaintiff’s motion in limine
exceeded the Court’s rule on page limits, which limits responses to eight pages.
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(Doc. # 182 at 1–14.) Defendants appealed the Court’s Order, and the United States
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that Individual Defendants Colorado Springs
Police Department (“CSPD”) Officers Daniel Patterson and Joshua Archer are entitled
to qualified immunity, thereby reversing the Court’s denial of the Individual Defendant
CSPD Officers’ motion for summary judgment. Estate of Jeffrey Melvin v. City of
Colorado Springs Colorado, et al., No. 23-1070 (10th Cir. Dec. 11, 2023) (order and
judgment). The Tenth Circuit also declined to exercise pendant appellate jurisdiction
over Defendant City of Colorado Spring’s appeal. Id. The Court has ordered a Final Trial
Preparation Conference for July 31, 2025, and a 10-day Jury Trial is set to commence
on August 11, 2025. (Doc. # 239.)
On June 7, 2024, Plaintiff filed its motion in limine seeking the exclusion of
evidence related to Jeffrey Melvin, Jr.’s (“Mr. Melvin”) criminal history, alleged drug and
alcohol use, hospital records other than those related to his hospitalization on April 26,
2018, and Defendant’s medical expert testimony. (Doc. # 207.) On June 13, 2025,
Defendant filed its own motion in limine seeking the exclusion of evidence related to
whether CSPD Officers Patterson and Archer had probable cause or reasonable
suspicion to reasonably believe Mr. Melvin committed any offense, evidence regarding
the proportion of the force used by the Officers against the risk of harm by the flight of
Mr. Melvin, the use of inflammatory terms at trial, cards, letters, and photos produced by
Plaintiff one-and-a-half years after the fact discovery cutoff, a Transparency Matters
report titled “Assessment of Colorado Springs Police Department Use of Force”, and
“deadly force” investigations pursuant to CSPD policy. (Doc. # 217.)
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II. 	APPLICABLE LAW
A. 	RULES 401 AND 402
“Federal Rule of Evidence 402 provides that ‘irrelevant evidence is not
admissible.’” Burke v. Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 1018 (10th Cir. 2019). Evidence is
relevant if: it has “any tendency to make a fact more or less probable” and said fact is
material, i.e., the fact “is of consequence in determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401.
On the other hand, the Court has broad discretion over evidentiary relevance
determinations. See, e.g., United States v. Neal, 718 F.2d 1505, 1509–10 (10th Cir.
1983). “The bar for admission under Rule 401 is very low.” United States v. Jordan, 485
F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
B. 	RULE 403
Under Rule 403, “[t]he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, [or]
misleading the jury.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. As with Rule 401 determinations, the Court has
broad discretion to determine whether the probative value of the evidence is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Neal, 718 F.2d at 1510.
Even where other rules create avenues for admissibility, almost all evidence is subject
to the overriding protection of Rule 403. But see Burke, 935 F.3d at 1018 (explaining
that evidence of prior convictions admitted under Rule 609(a)(2) is not subject to 403
balancing).
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C. 	RULES REGARDING EVIDENCE OF WITNESSES’S CHARACTER
Rule 404(a) states the general rule that “[e]vidence of a person’s character or
character trait is not admissible to prove that on a particular occasion the person acted
in accordance with the character trait.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(a). The intent of this rule is to
prohibit the circumstantial use of character evidence in civil cases, even where closely
related to criminal charges. See Ginter v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 576 F. Supp.
627, 629–30 (E.D. Ky. 1984) (“It seems beyond peradventure of doubt that the drafters
of Fed. R. Evid. 404(a) explicitly intended that all character evidence, except where
‘character is at issue’ was to be excluded” in civil cases).
However, for witnesses, character evidence may be admitted under Rules 607,
608, and 609. Id. at (a)(3). Rule 608(b) prohibits the admission, on direct examination,
of extrinsic evidence of specific instances of conduct to “attack or support a witness’s
character for truthfulness.” Fed. R. Evid. 608(b). Parties may only introduce specific
instances of conduct which might bear upon their truthfulness “by asking the witness on
cross-examination about the incident, not by introducing documents or calling other
witnesses.” United States v. Beltran-Garcia, 338 F. App’x 765, 770 (10th Cir. 2009). The
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has explained that “[t]he reason for
excluding such extrinsic evidence is to avoid mini-trials that may consume a
disproportionate amount of time and confuse the issues.” United States v. Velarde, 485
F.3d 553, 561 (10th Cir. 2007).
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Rule 608(b) specifically carves out an exception to its prohibition on specific
instances of conduct for criminal convictions admissible under Rule 609. Fed. R. Evid.
608(b). Rule 609(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides:
For the purpose of attacking the character for truthfulness of a witness, [ ]
evidence that a witness other than an accused has been convicted of a
crime shall be admitted, subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable
by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which
the witness was convicted . . .
Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1). The Tenth Circuit has interpreted this rule to “ordinarily” allow
cross examination as to “the nature of that conviction unless, after Rule 403 balancing,
the probative value of such evidence is outweighed by its prejudicial effect.” United
States v. Howell, 285 F.3d 1263, 1268–69 (10th Cir. 2002).
In addition, subsection (a)(2) of this rule requires the admission of a criminal
conviction where “the court can readily determine that establishing the elements of the
crime required proving—or the witness’s admitting—a dishonest act or false statement.”
Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(2).
D. 	RULE 611
Rule 611(a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence empowers the trial court to
“exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and
presenting evidence so as to: (1) make those procedures effective for determining the
truth; (2) avoid wasting time; and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue
embarrassment.” Fed. R. Evid. 611(a).
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E. RULE 702
Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence empowers the trial court to “exercise
reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting
evidence so as to: (1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth; (2)
avoid wasting time; and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue
embarrassment.” Fed. R. Evid. 611(a).
III. 	ANALYSIS
A. 	PLAINTIFF’S MOTION IN LIMINE
Plaintiff seeks to preclude evidence related to the following categories, and the
Court considers these issues ripe for review:
(1) Jeffrey Melvin, Jr.’s and other individuals’ criminal history and other
“bad acts” evidence; (2) hospital records of Mr. Melvin’s prior treatment at
Memorial Hospital, other than those medical records related to treatment
immediately before Mr. Melvin’s death on May 2, 2018; (3) procedural
history in this case related to the original naming of CSPD Officers Archer
and Patterson as individual defendants and their subsequent dismissal
from this case; and (4) testimony from Defendant’s medical experts
related to any opinion in Defendant’s previously disclosed expert reports
that he or she did not specifically prepare and write.
(Doc. # 207.)
In response, Defendant has indicated that it does not oppose Plaintiff’s motion in
limine categories (3) and (4), above, which are therefore both granted. With respect to
category (3), Defendant indicated that it will not mention the individual defendants’
dismissal from the case but may remind the jury that CSPD Officers Patterson and
Archer are not defendants and that the City of Colorado Springs is the only defendant.
See (Doc. # 224 at 13-14). Plaintiff made no comment on reply with respect to this
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statement. See generally (Doc. # 230). The Court will allow Defendant to remind the jury
that the City of Colorado Springs is the only defendant as is necessary and appropriate.
Defendant has also clarified that it only will call Drs. Ronald M. Goldenberg and
William R. Oliver to testify as to The Forensic Panel reports offered by Defendant in this
case. (Doc. # 224 at 14.) Plaintiff has indicated that this is acceptable, but requests that
the Court allow Plaintiff to re-raise the issue articulated in its motion in limine category
(4), above, if Defendant later adds additional expert witnesses to its trial witness list.
(Doc. # 230 at 4.) The Court will allow argument from Plaintiff if this occurs.
Defendant has objected to Plaintiff’s remaining motion in limine categories,
above: (1) Jeffrey Melvin, Jr.’s and other individuals’ criminal history and other “bad
acts” evidence; (2) hospital records of Mr. Melvin’s prior treatment at Memorial Hospital,
other than those medical records related to treatment immediately before Mr. Melvin’s
death on May 2, 2018.
1. 	Jeffrey Melvin, Jr.’s and other individuals’ criminal history and other “bad
acts” evidence
Plaintiff seeks to preclude evidence of Jeffrey Melvin, Jr.’s criminal history and
other “bad acts” evidence. Specifically, evidence related to: (1) felony charges against
and an arrest warrant for Mr. Melvin that were outstanding on April 26, 2018; (2)
evidence of Mr. Melvin’s alleged drug and alcohol use; (3) Mr. Melvin’s parole from
2015–2017; (4) an alleged fight in August 2017, between Mr. Melvin and his mother;
and (5) an incident involving the police and Jordan Bruno, a witness to the arrest on
April 26, 2018, after Mr. Melvin died (presumably, the “other individual” referenced in
Plaintiff’s motion).
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a. 	Mr. Melvin’s felony charges and arrest warrant
First, the Court will address Mr. Melvin’s felony charges and arrest warrant,
which were pending and active on April 26, 2018. Plaintiff argues that any probative
value of this evidence is substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice and
would lead to a distracting “mini trial over collateral issues.” (Doc. # 207 at 4–5.) On
reply, Plaintiff further argues that CSPD Officers Archer and Patterson did not know
about Mr. Melvin’s outstanding warrant when they encountered him on April 26, 2018,
and, thus, any probative value of the warrant evidence is far outweighed by the potential
for unfair prejudice and is a waste of time on tangential issues. (Doc. # 230 at 1–3.)
Defendant, although conceding that CSPD Officers Patterson and Archer were unaware
of Mr. Melvin’s felony charges and active arrest warrant, argues that evidence of the
arrest warrant is nonetheless relevant and admissible because Mr. Melvin himself was
aware of the warrant and his knowledge could explain his motive for resisting arrest.
(Doc. # 224 at 2–5.)
Several federal courts have held that a plaintiff’s subjective motivations for
fleeing or resisting arrest are immaterial to a § 1983 claim for excessive force. See
Settrini v. City of San Diego, No. 3:20-cv-02273-RBM-BGS, 2023 WL 5519758, at *3
(S.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2023); Monroe v. Town of Haverstraw, 639 F. Supp. 3d 459, 463
(S.D.N.Y. 2022); Hawkins v. Walsh, No. 4:16-CV-98-DMB-JMV, 2018 WL 1463351, at
*2 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 23, 2018); Gibson v. Columbia Police Dep’t, No. 09-4172-CV-C-
SOW, 2012 WL 1144582, at *5 (Apr. 4, 2012). “Because the excessive force inquiry is
an objective one, a plaintiff’s subjective reason for fleeing from an officer is irrelevant.”
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Hawkins, 2018 WL 1463351, at *2 (citing Molina v. City of Visalia, No. 1:13-cv-1991,
2016 WL 8730723, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2016) (“[T]he subjective state-of-mind and
any motivation for fleeing on the part of [plaintiffs] and the other passengers of the
vehicle are not at issue in this action and are not relevant to a determination of the
defendants’ liability because [the arresting] officers [] were unaware of them.”)). “What
matters is whether the officers’ use of force was ‘objectively reasonable under the
particular circumstances.’” Gibson, 2012 WL 1144582, at *5 (quoting Copeland v.
Locke, 613 F.3d 875, 881 (8th Cir. 2010)).
While some of the very same courts cited above have identified an outstanding
warrant at the time of the incident in question as potentially admissible (see, e.g.,
Monroe, 639 F. Supp. 3d at 462), the Court finds Defendant’s admission that neither
CSPD Officer Patterson nor Archer were aware of Mr. Melvin’s outstanding warrant (see
Doc. # 224 at 2) as a key fact dispositive of this issue. Without this knowledge, it is
apparent that the Officers were not executing the arrest warrant. The issue at hand is
whether the CSPD Officers used excessive force. Again, although a plaintiff’s fleeing or
resisting arrest is relevant to the reasonableness of a police officer’s use of force, a
plaintiff’s motivation for fleeing or resisting arrest is not. See Settrini, 2023 WL 5519758,
at *3 (citing Monroe, 639 F. Supp. 3d at 463).
The fact of Mr. Melvin’s resistance during the arrest can be shown by other
evidence, such as body-cam videos and witness testimony. Thus, the Court finds that
any additional evidence as to Mr. Melvin’s possible intent or motivation to resist arrest is
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ultimately irrelevant to the objective question of the Officers’ use of force, and even if it
did have some slight probative value, it poses too great a danger of unfair prejudice.
Further, the Court will not admit evidence of Mr. Melvin’s felony charges
underlying the arrest warrant because they are immaterial to the issues in this case.
This is a civil case and Mr. Melvin’s character is not at issue. See Ginter, 576 F. Supp.
at 629–30 (E.D. Ky. 1984) (“It seems beyond peradventure of doubt that the drafters of
Fed. R. Evid. 404(a) explicitly intended that all character evidence, except where
‘character is at issue’ was to be excluded” in civil cases). While Defendant argues that
this evidence will not be used as character evidence, but instead as evidence relevant
to Mr. Melvin’s quality of life or actual and prospective future circumstances, the Court
finds this position unavailing. Plaintiff represents that Dr. Parkman will not opine about
the value of Mr. Melvin’s life specifically and that Plaintiff is not seeking future lost
wages (see Doc. # 230 at 2), so any evidence of the existence of the felony charges
against Mr. Melvin and the details surrounding those charges are immaterial and any
tangential probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
The unpublished Tenth Circuit case cited by Defendant in support of its hedonic
damages argument for the admissibility of this evidence, Baron ex rel. White v. Sayre
Mem'l Hosp., Inc., 221 F.3d 1351, 2000 WL 1014982, *4 (10th Cir. 2000), is not binding
precedent. Moreover, Baron merely held that the district court had not abused its
discretion in admitting evidence on the plaintiff’s criminal record related to the theory of
hedonic damages and that, even assuming the court’s evidentiary ruling was erroneous,
it did not believe that admission of the evidence affected the plaintiff’s “substantial
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rights” or substantially influenced the trial’s outcome thereby making any error of
admission harmless. Id. Thus, the Tenth Circuit asked whether allowing the criminal
history evidence was in error, not whether it is required in a case seeking hedonic
damages.
The Court therefore grants Plaintiff’s motion in limine as to both the issues of Mr.
Melvin’s outstanding arrest warrant and the underlying felony charges.
b. 	Mr. Melvin’s alleged drug and alcohol use
Plaintiff seeks to prohibit evidence of Mr. Melvin’s alleged drug and alcohol use,
including on the night of the incident at issue in this case, with the narrow exception as it
relates to the cause of Mr. Melvin’s death. (Docs. ## 207 at 2–3, 230 at 3.) As with the
felony charges and arrest warrant, CSPD Officers Archer and Patterson were unaware
of whether Mr. Melvin had consumed drugs or alcohol in the past or whether he had
consumed them on the night of the incident. Again, the issue at hand is whether the
CSPD Officers used excessive force, not whether Mr. Melvin had consumed illicit
substances. Mr. Melvin’s resistance during the arrest can be shown by video evidence
and witness testimony; whether he was under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the
time is immaterial to the Officers’ use of force.
As Plaintiff acknowledges, however, evidence of drug or alcohol in Mr. Melvin’s
system as it relates to his cause of death is material to this case. Thus, evidence of
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toxicology reports and medical testimony regarding Mr. Melvin’s admission to the
hospital on April 26, 2018, his subsequent treatment, and death, will not be precluded.
Further, for the same reasons discussed in Section III.A.1.a., above, the Court
finds unavailing Defendant’s argument that evidence of Mr. Melvin’s alleged drug or
alcohol use is relevant to hedonic damages. Again, Plaintiff represents that Dr. Parkman
will not opine about the value of Mr. Melvin’s life specifically and that Plaintiff is not
seeking future lost wages (see Doc. # 230 at 2), so any evidence of Mr. Melvin’s drug
and alcohol use is immaterial, and any tangential probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
The Court therefore grants Plaintiff’s motion in limine as to Mr. Melvin’s alleged
drug and alcohol use, with Plaintiff’s agreed-to narrow exception as it relates to the
cause of Mr. Melvin’s death.
c. 	Mr. Melvin’s parole from 2015–2017
Plaintiff requests to preclude evidence of Mr. Melvin’s parole from 2015–2017.
(Docs. ## 207 at 1, 230 at 2.) Defendant argues that this evidence will not be used to
show character, but, again, will instead be used as evidence related to damages. (Doc.
# 224 at 7.) Just as with Mr. Melvin’s other criminal history, evidence that Mr. Melvin
was previously on parole and details surrounding his parole are immaterial and any
tangential probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
(See supra Secs. III.A.1.a. & b.) The Court therefore grants Plaintiff’s motion in limine
regarding Mr. Melvin’s parole history.
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d. 	Alleged August 2017 fight between Mr. Melvin and his mother
Plaintiff requests to preclude evidence of an alleged fight between Mr. Melvin and
his mother, Jerri Craft-Thornton, in August of 2017, after which no charges were
brought. (Doc. # 207 at 2.) Plaintiff has stated that it will not call Mr. Melvin’s mother as
a witness at trial (id.), and, in response, Defendant has agreed not to introduce
evidence of the alleged fight unless and until Plaintiff opens the door to refute testimony
of a harmonious relationship between Mr. Melvin and his mother. (Doc. # 224 at 8.) The
Court therefore denies as moot Plaintiff’s motion in limine.
e. 	Incident involving the police and Jordan Bruno after Mr. Melvin’s
death
Plaintiff seeks to preclude evidence of an incident in May 2018 (weeks after Mr.
Melvin’s death) involving the police and Jordan Bruno, a witness to the arrest of Mr.
Melvin on April 26, 2018. (Doc. # 207 at 2.) This is presumably the “other individual” that
Plaintiff was referring to in its motion. See (id. at 1). Plaintiff has agreed not to call Mr.
Bruno as a witness at trial (id. at 2, 8) and, based on Plaintiff’s assurances, Defendant
will not introduce evidence of Mr. Bruno’s actions during this May 2018 event (Doc. #
224 at 2). The Court therefore denies as moot Plaintiff’s motion in limine.
2. 	Hospital records of Mr. Melvin’s treatment at Memorial Hospital prior to
April 26, 2018
Plaintiff specifically seeks to preclude a proposed defense trial exhibit of over
5,000 pages of Mr. Melvin’s records from Memorial Hospital, including those from Mr.
Melvin’s 2007 admission. (Doc. # 207 at 6.) In response, Defendant points out that it
seems Plaintiff is not only objecting to the admission of the medical records themselves,
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but also the events leading to and surrounding those medical visits. (Doc. # 224 at 11
n.6.) Defendant then states that it will not seek to introduce any of Mr. Melvin’s medical
records, but instead medical expert testimony regarding Mr. Melvin’s medical history to
the extent it informed the experts’ conclusions on his cause of death. (Id. at 12.) On
reply, Plaintiff acknowledges Defendant’s concession not to introduce the 5,000 pages
of Mr. Melvin’s records from Memorial Hospital it previously listed on its exhibit list and
“sees no need to further argue this issue.” (Doc. # 230 at 4.) Plaintiff is satisfied that any
objections regarding specific medical expert testimony can be addressed at trial on a
question-by-question basis. (Id.) Thus, the Court denies as moot Plaintiff’s motion in
limine.
Further, although Defendant did not specifically move to limit the introduction of
the Memorial Hospital records from Mr. Melvin’s hospitalization immediately preceding
his death, it did indicate that it does not believe all those records should be admitted into
evidence. (Doc. # 224 at 11.) Plaintiff has represented that it is willing to confer with
Defendant ahead of trial to stipulate to a limited subset of medical records from the
hospital visit immediately preceding Mr. Melvin’s death for admission at trial. (Doc. #
230 at 4 n.1.) The Court directs the parties to meet and confer on this issue before the
Final Trial Preparation Conference and to stipulate to those medical records related to
Mr. Melvin’s 2018 hospitalization which are to be offered into evidence.
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B. 	DEFENDANT’S MOTION IN LIMINE
Defendant seeks to preclude evidence related to the following categories, and
the Court considers these issues ripe for review:
(1) evidence related to whether CSPD Officers Patterson and Archer had
probable cause or reasonable suspicion to reasonably believe Mr. Melvin
committed any offense; (2) evidence regarding the proportion of the force
used by the Officers against the risk of harm potentially caused by the
flight of Mr. Melvin; (3) the use of inflammatory terms such as “homicide”
and “killed” at trial; (4) cards, letters, and photos produced by Plaintiff one-
and-a-half years after the fact discovery cutoff; (5) a Transparency Matters
report titled “Assessment of Colorado Springs Police Department Use of
Force”; and (6) “deadly force” investigations pursuant to CSPD policy.
(Doc. # 217.)
In response, Plaintiff has indicated that it does not oppose Defendant’s motion in
limine category (6), above, “deadly force” investigations pursuant to CSPD policy, which
is therefore denied as moot. Plaintiff has objected to the remaining categories.
1. 	Evidence related to whether CSPD Officers Patterson and Archer had
probable cause or reasonable suspicion to reasonably believe Mr. Melvin
committed any offense
Defendant seeks to preclude evidence related to whether CSPD Officers
Patterson and Archer had probable cause or reasonable suspicion to reasonably
believe Mr. Melvin committed any offense. (Doc. # 217 at 1–2.) Plaintiff responds that “it
does not intend to argue that it would have been illegal for Officers Archer and
Patterson to arrest Mr. Melvin, but rather that because, among other things, no probable
cause existed to believe [Mr. Melvin] committed any offense, the justification for using
force to detain him would support much less significant force than otherwise.” (Doc. #
223 at 2.) Plaintiff argues that this is the “severity of the crime” factor that must be
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considered in an excessive force case according to Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 366,
396 (1989). (Id. at 1.)
The Court agrees with Plaintiff. In evaluating the totality of the circumstances,
“severity of the crime” is one of the factors considered, which includes an assessment of
which crimes the officers were investigating. King v. Hill, 615 F. App’x 470, 474–75
(10th Cir. 2015) (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Defense has argued that the Officers
believed there had been several crimes Mr. Melvin may have committed as justification
for using the force they did to arrest him—at the very least, reasonable suspicion that
Mr. Melvin was obstructing a peace officer or interfering with their active investigation,
and potentially felony burglary, felony trespass, assault, harassment, or even human
trafficking of a minor for sexual servitude. See (Doc. # 123 at 6–8). It would be unfairly
prejudicial to Plaintiff to prevent the jury from considering whether the Officers’ beliefs
were reasonable to justify the level of force used to detain Mr. Melvin.
Moreover, Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant alleges that it is municipally liable
for the Officers’ actions and has a custom and practice of using excessive force to
arrest individuals without probable cause, failing to adequately train and supervise its
officers on the probable cause and reasonable suspicion requirements. See (Doc. 30 ¶¶
44, 80, 82). For this additional reason, evidence related to whether CSPD Officers
Patterson and Archer had probable cause or reasonable suspicion to reasonably
believe Mr. Melvin committed any offense is material to this case. See Isayeva v. Cty. of
Sacramento, No. 2:13-CV-02015-KJM-KJN, 2014 WL 2040021, at *2–3 (E.D. Cal. May
15, 2014); Pichardo v. Alvarez, No. 11-4975 (SRC), 2015 WL 163063, at *4 (D.N.J. Jan.
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12, 2015); Frye v. City of Sacramento, No. 2:22-cv-1936-DJC-CSK, 2024 WL 1676496,
at *1 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2024) (slip copy).
The Court therefore denies Defendant’s motion in limine.
2. 	Evidence regarding the proportion of the force used by the Officers
against the risk of harm potentially caused by the flight of Mr. Melvin
Defendant seeks to preclude evidence related to the potential harm of Mr. Melvin
fleeing the scene. (Doc. # 217 at 2–3.) Plaintiff responds that the danger posed by a
suspect if he were to flee is another Graham factor in a § 1983 excessive force claim—
“whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others.”
(Doc. # 223 at 3.) Just as with the above-discussed Graham factor, this factor is
relevant to the jury’s analysis of whether excessive force was used considering the
totality of the circumstances in this case. See Halik v. Brown Carey, No. 19-cv-02354-
KMT, 2020 WL 5848797, at *9 (D. Colo. Sept. 30, 2020) (considering such factors as
whether the plaintiff was armed, acting aggressively, or in any way confrontational
toward the police or other individuals present).
Defense has previously argued that “[t]he manner and circumstances under
which Mr. Melvin entered the apartment evidenced that he may be armed and intend to
harm someone in the apartment.” (Doc. # 123 at 9.) Plaintiff disputes this assertion.
(Doc. 144 at 4.) Further, “[t]he Officers concede that Mr. Melvin ‘did not initiate any
physical contact; he never attempted to hit, kick, bite, or spit at the Officers; and he
never threatened anyone.” Estate of Jeffrey Melvin v. City of Colorado Springs
Colorado, et al., No. 23-1070, at 5 (10th Cir. Dec. 11, 2023) (order and judgment). This
dispute between the parties is material to the Graham factor of whether Mr. Melvin
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posed an immediate threat to the safety of the Officers or others. The Court therefore
denies Defendant’s motion in limine.
3. 	The use of inflammatory terms such as “homicide” and “killed” at trial
Defendants move to exclude inflammatory terms such as “homicide” and “killed,”
arguing that use of such terms would mislead or incite the passions of the jury. (Doc. #
217 at 3–4.) Plaintiff argues that the jury is capable of understanding the meaning of the
term “homicide” as used by the coroner to classify Mr. Melvin’s manner of death in the
autopsy report, and Defendant is free to cross-examine the coroner about the term.
(Doc. # 223 at 4–5.)
The Court is permitted to limit the use of legal terminology that may confuse or
mislead the jury. Silva v. Chung, No. 15-00436 HG-KJM, 2020 WL 515810, at *14 (D.
Haw. Jan. 31, 2020) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 403; Crawford v. City of Bakersfield, No. 1:14-
cv-01735-SAB, 2016 WL 5870209, *8 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 6, 2016) (granting defendants'
motion in limine to exclude terms such as “murder,” “homicide,” and killed” as it relates
to the manner of decedent's death)). As recognized by the court in Silva, “[h]omicide
has both a legal and a scientific explanation, and the Court limited the Parties' use of
the term so as not to confuse or manipulate the jury due to common perceptions that
the word ‘homicide’ is equivalent to ‘murder.’” Id. However, just as in Silva, this Court
will not exclude the term “homicide” from trial entirely. The meaning of “homicide” for
purposes of this case will be limited to the autopsy report and the death certificate. The
term “homicide” cannot be put before the jury until the term has been explained by the
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medical experts and only the medical experts may explain the meaning of “homicide”
within the context of the autopsy report and the death certificate.
The Court, however, will preclude the use of the term “killed” as argumentative
and likely to inflame the passions of the jury. Further, Plaintiff has agreed not to
describe Mr. Melvin’s death as “murder” (Doc. # 223 at 6), so that term will be precluded
from use at trial, as well. The Court therefore grants in part and denies in part
Defendant’s motion in limine.
4. 	Cards, letters, and photos produced by Plaintiff one-and-a-half years after
the fact discovery cutoff
Defendant seeks to preclude cards and letters written by and photos of Mr.
Melvin, which were produced by Plaintiff in a Seventh Supplemental Disclosure on May
24, 2024. (Doc. # 217 at 4–5.) Plaintiff responds that the late disclosure of the cards,
letters, and photos, even assuming arguendo that Plaintiff’s late disclosure of them is
not substantially justified, is harmless. (Doc. # 223 at 7.) The Court is not satisfied with
Plaintiff’s argument. The Court finds a lack of justification for only first discovering this
evidence from a known witness a year-and-a-half after the close of fact discovery.
Plaintiff could have inquired about this evidence sooner instead of merely relying on the
affirmative actions of one of its witnesses. The Court also disagrees that allowing this
late-produced evidence is harmless. Allowing the evidence so late after the close of
discovery and after preparation of expert witnesses would be unfairly prejudicial to
Defendant. The Court therefore grants Defendant’s motion in limine.
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5. 	Transparency Matters report titled “Assessment of Colorado Springs
Police Department Use of Force”
Defendant seeks to preclude a Transparency Matters report titled “Assessment
of Colorado Springs Police Department Use of Force” (“TM Report”). (Doc. # 217 at 6.)
Defendant represents that the TM Report is a “report analyzing CSPD use of force data
over a four-year period: from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2020” and argues
that it should be excluded because it includes data based on CSPD use of force
incidents occurring for two-and-a-half years after April 26, 2018, and it addresses
racial/ethnic disparity, which was only relevant to Plaintiff’s dropped equal protection
claim. (Id. at 6–8.) Plaintiff argues that evidence of racial bias discussed in the report is
relevant to Plaintiff’s remaining excessive force claim and that the report discusses “not
only racial bias in uses of force but also use of force by CSPD in general, with the vast
majority of the report focused on the latter rather than merely the former” and “explicitly
addresses CSPD’s training on use of force.” (Doc. # 223 at 8.)
The Court agrees that allowing certain portions of the TM Report that explicitly
address racial/ethnic disparity or racially disparate use of force would be unfairly
prejudicial given that Plaintiff has dropped its equal protection claim. However, the
portions of the TM Report that address CSPD use of force policies and training are
directly material to the issues for Plaintiff’s remaining claim. Therefore, the Court directs
the parties to meet and confer, prior to the Final Trial Preparation Conference, and
stipulate to a redacted version of the TM Report for admission into evidence at trial or,
alternatively, agree to only those sections that will be introduced at trial. For example,
Sections 2, “Review of CSPD Policies and Practices,” 5, “Types of Force, Force
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Effectiveness, and Injuries” (which includes discussions of TASER probe impact and
bodily injury), and 8.3.5, “Training,” are clearly relevant and material to Plaintiff’s claim.
However, by way of further example, admission of Section 4.5, “Racial/Ethnic Disparity
(Benchmark) Analyses,” would be unfairly prejudicial to Defendant given that Plaintiff
has dropped its equal protection claim.
The Court therefore reserves ruling in part, but otherwise grants in part and
denies in part the remainder of Defendant’s motion in limine.
IV. 	CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS that Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine
(Doc. # 207) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as set forth in this Order.
Further, for the foregoing reasons, the Court reserves ruling in part, but ORDERS that
Defendant’s Motion in Limine (Doc. # 217) is otherwise GRANTED IN PART and
DENIED IN PART as set forth in this Order.
DATED: March 11, 2025
BY THE COURT:
_____________________________
CHRISTINE M. ARGUELLO
Senior United States District Judge
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