Duardo et al v. City of San Diego

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
GEORGE DUARDO, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
CITY OF SAN DIEGO,
Defendant.
Case No.: 25-cv-02311-AJB-BLM
ORDER GRANTING IN PART
JOINT MOTION FOR
CONDITIONAL CERTIFICATION
OF THE ACTION AND APPROVAL
OF NOTICE OF THE COLLECTIVE
ACTION
(Doc. No. 9)
Before the Court is the Joint Motion for Conditional Certification of the Action and
Approval of Notice of the Collective Action filed by Plaintiffs George Duardo, Nick Hibbs,
and Jason Deneau (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) and Defendant City of San Diego (the “City”).
(Doc. No. 9.)
For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS in part the joint motion for the
limited purpose of providing notice to prospective collective action members. (Id.)
I. 	BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs are fire fighters employed by the City. (Id. ¶ 1; see also Doc. No. 1 ¶ 4.)
As a part of their employment contract, the City provides Plaintiffs with a “paramedic
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certification bonus of $500 plus the cost of recertification.” (Doc. No. 1 ¶ 11(2).1) Plaintiffs
allege, however, that the City has violated the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201,
et seq., (the “FLSA”) by failing to include the paramedic bonus in calculating their regular
rate of pay under the Act. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 10–16.) Because the City’s alleged action implicates
other current and former employees, Plaintiffs bring this matter as a collective action under
29 U.S.C. § 216(b). (Id. ¶¶ 4, 6–7.)
The parties have agreed to conditional, or preliminary, certification “to facilitate
notice to former or current employees who may be ‘similarly situated’ to the Plaintiffs” so
that they “may become parties to the action by timely filing written consent with the
[C]ourt.” (Doc. No. 9 ¶¶ 3–4.) The parties have also provided a proposed notice that they
intend to provide to such former and current employees. (Id. ¶ 5; see also Doc. No. 9-1.)
II. 	LEGAL STANDARD
Under the FLSA, an employee may bring a collective action “in behalf of himself
. . . and other employees similarly situated.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). The Ninth Circuit employs
a two-step approach to collective action certification: (1) preliminary certification and
(2) decertification. Campbell v. City of Los Angeles, 903 F.3d 1090, 1110 (9th Cir. 2018).
At the preliminary certification step, the district court evaluates whether the identified
collective is “similarly situated.”
At this first stage, the court requires nothing more than substantial allegations
that the putative class members were together the victims of a single decision,
policy, or plan. If a plaintiff can survive this hurdle, the district court will
conditionally certify the proposed class and the lawsuit will proceed to a
period of notification, which will permit the potential class members to opt-
into the lawsuit. At the second step, in response to a motion to decertify the
class filed by the defendant, the court makes yet another determination
whether 	the 	proposed 	class 	members 	are 	similarly 	situated; 	this 	time,
however, the court utilizes a much stricter standard to scrutinize the nature of
the claims.
1 The complaint reuses paragraph numbers 11, 12, and 13. (See id. at 3.) For clarity, the Court refers to
the first instance of a paragraph number with a “(1)” parenthetical, e.g., “11(1),” and the second instance
of a paragraph number with a “(2)” parenthetical, e.g., “11(2).”
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Colson v. Avnet, Inc., 687 F. Supp. 2d 914, 925 (D. Ariz. 2010) (cleaned up). The burden
at the first step is “light.” Id. For preliminary certification, a plaintiff only needs to show
“that some identifiable factual or legal nexus binds together the various claims of the class
members in a way that hearing the claims together promotes judicial efficiency and
comports with the broad remedial policies underlying the FLSA.” Scales v. Information
Strategy Design Inc., 356 F. Supp. 3d 881, 885 (D. Ariz. 2018) (quoting Wertheim v.
Arizona, No. CIV 92-453-PHX-RCB, 1993 WL 603552, at *1 (D. Ariz. Sept. 30, 1993)).
In other words, “[t]he court must only be satisfied that a ‘reasonable basis’ exists for the
plaintiff’s claims of class wide injury.” Bollinger v. Residential Capital, LLC, 761 F. Supp.
2d 1114, 1119 (W.D. Wash. 2011) (quoting Khadera v. ABM Indus. Inc., 701 F. Supp. 2d
1190, 1194 (W.D. Wash. 2010)). “Given the light burden, motions to conditionally certify
a class for notification purposes are ‘typically’ granted.” Colson, 687 F. Supp. 2d at 925
(quoting Lemus v. Burnham Painting & Drywall Corp., No. 2:06-cv-01158-RCJ-PAL,
2007 WL 1875539, at *3 (D. Nev. June 25, 2007)).
“In exercising the discretionary authority to oversee the notice-giving process, courts
must be scrupulous to respect judicial neutrality. To that end, trial courts must take care to
avoid even the appearance of judicial endorsement of the merits of the action.” Hoffman-
La Roche Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 174 (1989). Courts must avoid authorizing a notice
procedure that amounts to “the solicitation of claims.” Id.
III. 	DISCUSSION
The Court finds that conditional certification is appropriate. Plaintiffs implicitly
allege that all putative collective action members received a paramedic bonus/stipend as
part of their employment by the City. (See Doc. No. 1 ¶¶ 8–11(1), 13(2).) Plaintiffs
explicitly allege the City “willful[ly]” “failed to include this paramedic bonus/stipend in
calculating [the putative collective action members’] ‘regular rate’ of pay under 29 U.S.C.
§ 207(a).” (Id. ¶¶ 10, 14.) Determining for all putative collective action members whether
the City’s alleged actions violated the FLSA will “promote[] judicial efficiency and
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comport[] with the broad remedial policies underlying the FLSA.” Scales, 356 F. Supp. 3d
at 885.
The Court further finds that the parties’ proposed notification procedure is generally
appropriate. In particular, the parties propose that Plaintiffs’ counsel “distribute the
[proposed notice] by email or regular first-class mail to former or current employees
eligible to join the lawsuit who have not already done so.” (Doc. No. 9 ¶ 6.) This
distribution will be based on a list of eligible individuals provided by the City within 14
business days of the Court’s granting of conditional certification. (Id.) The parties propose
a 60-day deadline within which potential collective action members may respond. (Id. ¶ 7.)
The parties indicate that the proposed notice “will be disseminated once by regular mail or
email and that 30-days prior to the opt-in deadline, Plaintiffs’ counsel may, at their option
and expense, email a reminder to individuals . . . who have not responded to the [proposed
notice].” (Id.; see also Doc. No. 9-2 ¶ 7.)
The notification and reminder should both be distributed by mail and email, where
available. The parties do not offer any explanation for how Plaintiffs’ counsel will
determine whether to provide the notice via regular mail or email. (See generally Doc. No.
9; see also Doc. No. 9-2.) Nor do the parties explain why allowing Plaintiffs’ counsel to
choose one method or the other, instead of requiring the initial distribution to be completed
by both methods, would be sufficient. (See generally Doc. No. 9; see also Doc. No. 9-2.)
“Notice by regular mail is the standard method of notice for putative FLSA collective
action members.” Washington v. Freedom of Expression LLC, No. CV-21-01318-PHX-
MTL, 2022 WL 4615033, at *3 (D. Ariz. Sept. 30, 2022). The Court additionally believes
that notice via email to all putative collective action members for whom the City has
personal email addresses will impose negligible additional costs on Plaintiffs’ counsel if
notice is provided via email to any potential member. Under these circumstances,
Plaintiffs’ counsel must distribute the notice via regular mail to all putative FLSA
collective action members, and via email to all putative FLSA collective action members
for whom the City has personal email addresses.
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Additionally, the parties do not offer any explanation for why the reminder should
be distributed only via email, especially given the City’s recognition that it may not have
email addresses for all putative FLSA collective action members. (See generally Doc. No.
9; see also Doc. No. 9-2 ¶ 6 (“personal email address (if available)”).) Thus, if Plaintiffs’
counsel chooses to distribute a reminder, Plaintiffs’ counsel must distribute the reminder
to all putative FLSA collective action members who have not responded via regular mail
and email.
The Court also finds that the proposed notice properly avoids the appearance of
judicial endorsement of the action. See Hoffman-LaRoche, 493 U.S. at 174. The Court
consequently approves the proposed notice without modifications.
IV. 	CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS in part the Joint Motion for
Conditional Certification of the Action and Approval of Notice of the Collective Action.
 	The collective action is conditionally certified.
 	The parties’ proposed notification procedures are approved with the following
alterations:
o 	The City must provide Plaintiffs’ counsel with a list of former or current
employees eligible to join the lawsuit by February 18, 2026.
o 	Plaintiffs’ counsel must expeditiously distribute the notice of pending action
via regular mail and email.
o 	Plaintiffs’ counsel may, at their option and expense, distribute a reminder 20
days prior to the opt-in deadline via regular mail and email.
 	The parties’ proposed notice is approved.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: January 28, 2026
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