Peo in Interest of Trujillo

25CA1938 Peo in Interest of Trujillo 12-31-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA1938
Arapahoe County District Court No. 25MH452
Honorable H. Clay Hurst, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Petitioner-Appellee,

In the Interest of Deanna Marie Trujillo,

Respondent-Appellant.

ORDER AFFIRMED

Division I
Opinion by JUDGE SCHUTZ
J. Jones and Grove, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced December 31, 2025

Ron Carl, County Attorney, Meghan Rubincam, Senior Assistant County
Attorney, Arapahoe, Colorado for Petitioner-Appellee

Tezak Law, P.C., Mary Tezak, Florence, Colorado, for Respondent-Appellant
¶1 Deanna Marie Trujillo appeals the district court’s order

(1) certifying her for short-term mental health treatment and

(2) authorizing the administration of medications to her without her

consent. She contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain

either portion of the order. We disagree and therefore affirm.

I. Background

¶2 Trujillo was admitted to the Colorado Mental Health Hospital

in Pueblo (the hospital) in April 2024 after being found incompetent

to proceed in a criminal case. Her symptoms included being manic,

psychotic, and delusional, and hearing the voices of, and talking to,

people who were not there.

¶3 In July 2025, Trujillo was found to be permanently

incompetent to proceed and her criminal case was dismissed.

Trujillo’s psychiatrist at the hospital then filed a short-term

certification to continue her treatment. The psychiatrist also filed

an affidavit explaining Trujillo’s diagnosis of bipolar disorder and

her need for medications.

¶4 Soon thereafter, Trujillo and the State filed a stipulation

agreeing to the certification (to expire in October 2025) and that

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Trujillo would take two antipsychotic medications and a mood-

stabilizing medication.

¶5 In September 2025, after Trujillo had been transferred to the

hospital’s geriatric unit, Trujillo’s psychiatrist in that unit, Dr.

Charles Dygert, filed an extended certification for short-term

treatment seeking to continue Trujillo’s treatment for an additional

three months. Dr. Dygert also filed an affidavit requesting

authorization to treat Trujillo with four antipsychotic medications —

Fanapt (iloperidone), Latuda (lurasidone), Invega Sustenna

(paliperidone palmitate), and Prolixin (fluphenazine) — and to

continue her on the mood-stabilizing medication lithium.

¶6 This time, Trujillo, through her appointed counsel, requested a

hearing. Dr. Dygert and Trujillo testified at the hearing.

¶7 Dr. Dygert, whom the parties stipulated was an expert in

psychiatry, testified that Trujillo’s specific diagnosis is type I bipolar

disorder with psychosis, with type I being a classic bipolar disorder

with episodes of “full mania,” as well as major depression. Dr.

Dygert opined that Trujillo is gravely disabled due to the disorder.

¶8 In terms of the medications, Dr. Dygert testified that Trujillo

was taking the maximum dose of Saphris — which had not been

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effective for her symptoms — Latuda, and lithium. Dr. Dygert

contemplated the following treatment plan:

• Discontinue the use of Saphris and start using Fanapt,

which is “a more consistently successful antipsychotic.”

Depending on the effectiveness of Fanapt, Trujillo would

take either only Fanapt or both Fanapt and Latuda.

• If taking both Fanapt and Latuda proved ineffective, he

would administer Invega Sustenna, which proved

effective for her in the recent past but was stopped

because she complained of its side effects.

• The fourth antipsychotic, Prolixin by injection, would be

used solely if Trujillo refuses other medications orally.

• Trujillo would continue taking lithium, which is “a very

well-established treatment for bipolar, especially type I

bipolar disorder,” in combination with one or more

antipsychotics.

¶9 Dr. Dygert testified that Trujillo does not have insight into her

mental illness and, although she was taking her medications

voluntarily, she stated that she would stop taking them after being

discharged from the hospital. Dr. Dygert testified that, without the

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medications, Trujillo would experience a significant deterioration of

her condition, both in terms of the severity and frequency of her

symptoms. Finally, Dr. Dygert testified that when Trujillo is ready

to be discharged, it will likely be to a structured facility such as

assisted living or a nursing home.

¶ 10 During Trujillo’s testimony, when her counsel asked her

whether she has a mental illness, she responded, “I believe I have a

mental illness to a — to a point. I think that they’re extending it

out a little farther than . . . what it is.” But her counsel then asked

her whether she has bipolar, and she responded, “Well, my

grandfather when I was younger put me on this computer system,

and when I was on the computer system . . . I had visions, and I

had . . . visuals that were really cool.” Trujillo then testified that

she was off the computer system for a number of years, but then

she “was able to stream back into the computer. But since then I’ve

had somebody tamper with it, and now it’s not the same.” She

clarified that she wanted the court to deny the extended

certification, while noting that she would be willing to take Fanapt,

Latuda, and lithium, but did not want to take Invega Sustenna

because of its side effects.

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¶ 11 Trujillo also expressed dissatisfaction with having gained 100

pounds during her hospital stay but said that occurred because of

how much she was eating, which is a “part of life here.” Finally, in

terms of her plans following discharge, she testified about her three

possible options for where to live, and that she will have Medicaid

and supplemental security income.

¶ 12 In its oral ruling, the district court specifically credited Dr.

Dygert’s testimony, while also noting that “some of [Trujillo’s]

testimony was clear . . . [b]ut some was a little confusing.” The

court then approved the extended certification for short-term

treatment based in part on its finding that Trujillo is gravely

disabled due to her type I bipolar disorder with psychosis. See

§ 27-65-109(1)(a), C.R.S. 2025. And, after analyzing the four-

element test from People v. Medina, 705 P.2d 961, 973 (Colo. 1985),

the court denied the State’s request to treat Trujillo involuntarily

with Invega Sustenna but granted its request to treat her

involuntarily with Fanapt, Latuda, Prolixin, and lithium.

II. Standards of Review

¶ 13 On a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the

record de novo to determine whether the evidence, viewed as a

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whole and in the light most favorable to the People, is sufficient to

support the district court’s order. People in Interest of Ramsey,

2023 COA 95, ¶ 23. We review de novo the court’s conclusions of

law and defer to the court’s findings of fact if sufficient evidence in

the record supports them. Id. The resolution of conflicts in

testimony and determinations of witness credibility are solely within

the province of the fact finder. Id.

III. Certification for Short-Term Treatment

¶ 14 Trujillo first contends that the district court erred in extending

the certification for short-term treatment because the evidence was

insufficient to show that she is gravely disabled. We disagree.

¶ 15 As pertinent here, a person may be certified for up to three

months of treatment if she is gravely disabled as a result of a

mental health disorder. § 27-65-109(1)(a); Ramsey, ¶ 25. The

statutory scheme defines “gravely disabled” as

a condition in which a person, as a result of a
mental health disorder, is incapable of making
informed decisions about or providing for the
person’s essential needs without significant
supervision and assistance from other people.
As a result of being incapable of making these
informed decisions, a person who is gravely
disabled is at risk of substantial bodily harm,
dangerous worsening of any concomitant

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serious physical illness, significant psychiatric
deterioration, or mismanagement of the
person’s essential needs that could result in
substantial bodily harm.

§ 27-65-102(17), C.R.S. 2025. The State has the burden of proving

grave disability by clear and convincing evidence, but a

psychiatrist’s testimony alone may be sufficient to do so. § 27-65-

113(1), C.R.S. 2025; Ramsey, ¶ 25; People v. Pflugbeil, 834 P.2d

843, 846-47 (Colo. App. 1992).

¶ 16 In concluding that Trujillo is gravely disabled, the district

court found that she “doesn’t believe she has a mental health

disorder” and “won’t take” her medications after being discharged

from the hospital, which shows that she doesn’t have the “ability to

realize” that the medications are necessary to treat her bipolar

disorder. The court also found that “she clearly needs help from

others at this time and cannot do it on her own.” And the court

emphasized that Trujillo was not utilizing other interventions for

her physical health, such as a CPAP machine for her obstructive

sleep apnea and medicines for her chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease and hypothyroidism.

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¶ 17 Dr. Dygert’s testimony strongly supports the district court’s

findings. Dr. Dygert stated that Trujillo does not believe she has a

mental illness and that she would not continue to take her

medications after being released from the hospital. He also stated

that Trujillo “continue[s] to display impairments of her thought

processes,” at times “admit[s] to internal stimuli,” and has

“delusional ideation.”

¶ 18 Dr. Dygert also confirmed that Trujillo was refusing to use

interventions for her sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, and hypothyroidism, “all because of delusional” beliefs

about what those interventions would do to her (for example, that

“having air in her nose [from the CPAP machine would] extend[] into

all of her organs, and would cause problems with her organs”). Dr.

Dygert testified that he “[doesn’t] believe that [Trujillo] would be

successful on an outpatient basis” because “we need to work on

stabilizing her condition” before considering discharging her from

the hospital.

¶ 19 In arguing that she is not gravely disabled, Trujillo simply

highlights her own testimony that she has three possible options for

where to live after being discharged, that she can manage her daily

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living activities, and that she is committed to take her prescribed

medications, follow medical advice, and attend her medical

appointments. She also emphasizes that she is currently taking

medications voluntarily. However, the district court specifically

credited Dr. Dygert’s testimony, not Trujillo’s, so her arguments

that we should credit her testimony over Dr. Dygert’s are

unavailing. See Ramsey, ¶ 23.

¶ 20 Significantly, Dr. Dygert testified, and the district court found,

that Trujillo does not believe she has a mental illness and that she

would stop taking her medications after being discharged from the

hospital. This evidence is sufficient to show that Trujillo is gravely

disabled because she “is incapable of making informed decisions

about or providing for [her] essential needs without significant

supervision and assistance from other people.” § 27-65-102(17).

IV. Involuntary Administration of Medications

¶ 21 A district court may authorize the involuntary administration

of medication if the State demonstrates by clear and convincing

evidence that

(1) the patient is incompetent to effectively participate in the

treatment decision;

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(2) the treatment is necessary to prevent a significant and

likely long-term deterioration in the patient’s mental health

condition or to prevent the likelihood of the patient causing

serious harm to herself or others at the institution;

(3) a less intrusive treatment alternative is not available; and

(4) the patient’s need for treatment is sufficiently compelling to

override any bona fide and legitimate interest of the patient in

refusing treatment.

Medina, 705 P.2d at 973. Here, too, a psychiatrist’s testimony may

on its own be sufficient to satisfy the Medina test by clear and

convincing evidence. See People in Interest of R.K.L., 2016 COA 84,

¶ 30.

¶ 22 Trujillo does not contest the district court’s rulings that the

second and third Medina elements were met. However, she

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the first

Medina element — that she is incompetent to effectively participate

in the treatment decision — and the fourth Medina element — that

her need for the medications is sufficiently compelling to override

any bona fide and legitimate interest she has in refusing to take

them voluntarily.

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A. First Medina Element

¶ 23 Recall that the first Medina element requires the State to

establish “the patient’s incompetency to make treatment decisions.”

R.K.L., ¶ 32 (quoting Medina, 705 P.2d at 973). To find that the

State did so, a district court must be satisfied that “the patient’s

mental illness has so impaired [her] judgment as to render [her]

‘incapable of participating in decisions affecting [her] health.’”

People in Interest of Strodtman, 293 P.3d 123, 132 (Colo. App. 2011)

(quoting Medina, 705 P.2d at 973).

¶ 24 The district court found that Trujillo is incompetent to

effectively participate in her treatment decisions because, although

she was taking medications voluntarily in the hospital, she would

stop taking them after being discharged from the hospital.

¶ 25 The record supports the district court’s findings. When Dr.

Dygert was asked at the hearing to describe Trujillo’s insight into

her bipolar disorder, Dr. Dygert answered, “Essentially none. [She]

[d]enies . . . that she has bipolar disorder or any mental illness.”

Dr. Dygert then modified that response by testifying, “[T]here may

be . . . a slight bit of insight” because she admitted to being “a little

manic” on only one occasion. (Emphasis added.) And when Dr.

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Dygert was asked whether Trujillo is competent to effectively

participate in treatment decisions regarding the medications, Dr.

Dygert answered, “Not at this time, no,” because “[s]he has

indicated that she does not have a mental illness, does not need

[medications] in any way, and that she would stop them” after being

discharged from the hospital.

¶ 26 In arguing that she is competent to effectively participate in

the treatment decision, Trujillo asserts that “Dr. Dygert testified

that [she] does have some insight into mental health.” That

assertion is misleading because, as explained above, Dr. Dygert

initially testified that Trujillo does not have insight into her mental

illness, and then modified that by saying “there may be . . . a slight

bit of insight” because she admitted to being “a little manic” on one

occasion.

¶ 27 Beyond that, Trujillo again relies only on her own testimony

that she has some insight into her mental illness and is willing to

take medications. However, the district court specifically

discredited Trujillo’s testimony that she would voluntarily take her

prescribed medications after being discharged from the hospital.

Instead, the court credited Dr. Dygert’s testimony that she would

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not take her prescribed medications after being discharged. See

Strodtman, 293 P.3d at 132 (affirming the magistrate’s finding that

the patient was incompetent to effectively participate in the

treatment decision because, among other reasons, she had not

“embraced her need for treatment”).

B. Fourth Medina Element

¶ 28 In analyzing the fourth Medina element, a district court first

must determine “whether the patient’s refusal is bona fide and

legitimate.” Medina, 705 P.2d at 974. If it is, the court then

determines “whether the prognosis without treatment is so

unfavorable that the patient’s personal preference must yield to the

legitimate interests of the state in preserving the life and health of

the patient placed in its charge and in protecting the safety of those

in the institution.” Id.

¶ 29 The district court did not specifically address whether Trujillo

has a bona fide and legitimate interest in not taking the

medications. On appeal, Trujillo focuses on side effects she has

experienced. For example, she emphasizes that Invega Sustenna

caused her to experience excessive drooling. However, the district

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court did not authorize the involuntary administration of Invega

Sustenna, rendering that a non-issue.

¶ 30 Trujillo also points out that lithium may be contributing to her

hypothyroid condition. However, Trujillo has refused to take a

thyroid medication to help with that.

¶ 31 Nonetheless, even assuming — without deciding — that

Trujillo had a bona fide and legitimate interest in avoiding any side

effects that one or more of the medications may have caused, we

discern no error in the district court’s conclusion that Trujillo’s

need for the medications is sufficiently compelling to override her

concerns about the side effects.

¶ 32 Notably, Trujillo does not contest the district court’s finding

that the second Medina element was met, namely, that the

requested medications are necessary to prevent a significant and

likely long-term deterioration in her mental health condition. When

Dr. Dygert was asked at the hearing what Trujillo’s prognosis was

without the requested medications, he opined that Trujillo would

experience “significant deterioration” and revert back to her

condition upon her admission to the hospital. He testified that type

I bipolar disorder, if untreated, leads to increased “frequency and

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severity” of the condition. And he ultimately opined that the

medications are necessary to prevent a likely long-term

deterioration of Trujillo’s condition.

¶ 33 Given that testimony, which the district court credited, we

discern no error in its ultimate finding that the fourth Medina

element was satisfied.

V. Disposition

¶ 34 The order is affirmed.

JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE GROVE concur.

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