Peo in Interest of ALB

24CA1637 Peo in Interest of ALB 03-27-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA1637
Douglas County District Court No. 23JV56
Honorable Ben L. Leutwyler III, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Appellee,

In the Interest of A.L.B. and L.E.B., Children,

and Concerning J.E.B.,

Appellant.

JUDGMENT VACATED AND CASE
REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division VI
Opinion by JUDGE KUHN
Welling and Schutz, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced March 27, 2025

Jeffrey A. Garcia, County Attorney, Angela Bain, Assistant County Attorney,
Castle Rock, Colorado, for Appellee

Jenna L. Mazzucca, Guardian Ad Litem

The Morgan Law Office, Kristofr P. Morgan, Colorado Springs, Colorado, for
Appellant
¶1 In this dependency and neglect proceeding, J.E.B. (father)

appeals the judgment adjudicating A.L.B. and L.E.B. (the children)

dependent and neglected. We consider whether the juvenile court

had subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the children under the

Uniform Child-custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act

(UCCJEA), sections 14-13-101 to -403, C.R.S. 2024. We conclude

that the juvenile court failed to conduct the necessary analysis to

determine whether it had subject matter jurisdiction. Therefore, we

vacate the judgment and remand the case for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

I. Background

¶2 The Douglas County Department of Human Services filed a

petition in dependency and neglect alleging concerns about physical

abuse and domestic violence. The petition alleged that mother had

been in Colorado for less than a month; the juvenile court exercised

emergency jurisdiction, authorized the filing of the petition, and

entered protective orders.

¶3 Father consistently challenged the juvenile court’s subject

matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. In response to one of

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father’s motions, the juvenile court entered a brief order

determining it had jurisdiction.

¶4 The juvenile court presided over an adjudicatory jury trial and,

following special verdicts finding the children were dependent or

neglected under paragraphs 19-3-102(1)(a), (b), and (c), C.R.S.

2024, it adjudicated the children and adopted a treatment plan for

father.

II. Analysis

¶5 Father’s sole contention on appeal is that the juvenile court

lacked subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the children under

the UCCJEA.

A. Standard of Review and Relevant Law

¶6 We review de novo whether the juvenile court had subject

matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. People in Interest of S.A.G.,

2021 CO 38, ¶ 21. We defer to a juvenile court’s factual findings

informing the determination of jurisdiction unless they are clearly

erroneous. Id.

¶7 “Subject matter jurisdiction concerns the court’s authority to

deal with a class of cases, not its authority to enter a particular

judgment within a case that falls within that broad class.” People in

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Interest of T.W., 2022 COA 88M, ¶ 27. “Except as otherwise

provided by law, the juvenile court has exclusive original

jurisdiction in proceedings” concerning children who are dependent

and neglected. § 19-1-104(1)(b), C.R.S. 2024. The UCCJEA is one

limitation on the court’s subject matter jurisdiction in dependency

and neglect actions “otherwise provided by law.” S.A.G., ¶ 23.

¶8 “The primary aim of the UCCJEA is to prevent competing and

conflicting custody orders by courts in different jurisdictions” and

to “avoid jurisdictional competition over child-custody matters in an

increasingly mobile society.” People in Interest of M.M.V., 2020 COA

94, ¶ 17. “To effectuate this purpose, [the UCCJEA] establishes a

comprehensive framework that a Colorado court must follow to

determine whether it may exercise jurisdiction in a child-custody

matter or whether it must defer to a court of another state.” Id.

¶9 A juvenile court may exercise temporary emergency

jurisdiction when jurisdiction is “necessary in an emergency to

protect the child because the child . . . is subjected to or threatened

with mistreatment or abuse.” § 14-13-204(1), C.R.S. 2024.

Temporary emergency jurisdiction is limited in time and scope, and

“continues ‘only for as long as the emergency exists’ or the child

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remains abandoned.” S.A.G., ¶ 30 (citations omitted). A juvenile

court exercising temporary emergency jurisdiction may not

adjudicate a child dependent or neglected. People in Interest of

A.B-A., 2019 COA 125, ¶ 13.

¶ 10 Before adjudicating a child dependent and neglected, the

juvenile court must “successfully navigate[] one of the four paths” to

non-emergency jurisdiction under section 14-13-201(1), C.R.S.

2024. S.A.G., ¶ 26. When, as relevant here, Colorado is not the

home state because neither the child nor a parent lived in Colorado

for 182 days immediately before the child-custody proceeding,

§ 14-13-102(7)(a), C.R.S. 2024, the court must first determine

whether another state has home state jurisdiction. S.A.G., ¶ 44.

Depending on the home state determination, the court may then

conduct a relevant analysis to navigate the other paths to

jurisdiction — significant-connection jurisdiction, more-

appropriate-forum jurisdiction, and last-resort jurisdiction.

§ 14-13-201(b)-(d).

B. Additional Background

¶ 11 The juvenile court did not make any factual findings relevant

to the determination of subject matter jurisdiction under the

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UCCJEA, did not conduct any UCCJEA conferences with other

courts, and did not elicit specific testimony related to the UCCJEA

from the parties.

¶ 12 The Department’s petition alleged that the children, then five

and six years old, were “living in a motel in Arizona for several

months” shortly before the petition was filed. The petition also

alleged that the family had histories with departments of human

services in South Carolina and Colorado.

¶ 13 At the shelter hearing in September 2023, mother reported

that neither she nor the children had resided in Colorado for the

required 182 days to establish home state jurisdiction. Mother

suggested Anderson County, South Carolina as the appropriate

jurisdiction for a UCCJEA conference. Mother later testified that

the children were born in South Carolina and lived there

continuously until they went to Arizona in June 2023.

¶ 14 At a pretrial conference, father asserted the family was in

Arizona for approximately sixty days, from June to August 2023,

before mother took the children to Colorado. Father asserted that

the family took steps to establish residency in Arizona, but the

Department later alleged that mother had not intended to reside in

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Arizona. Father also alleged that mother illegally left Arizona with

the children, which, if found true by the juvenile court, would

prevent the court from assuming jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

See § 14-13-208, C.R.S. 2024 (requiring, with some exceptions, a

juvenile court to decline to exercise its jurisdiction when a person

“has engaged in unjustifiable conduct”).

C. The Juvenile Court Did Not Properly Determine
Jurisdiction Under the UCCJEA

¶ 15 We assume, without deciding, that the juvenile court properly

exercised temporary emergency jurisdiction. However, temporary

emergency jurisdiction must be limited and “may not last until the

[juvenile] court can enter an adjudicatory order finding a child

dependent and neglected.” People in Interest of M.C., 94 P.3d 1220,

1225 (Colo. App. 2004). We turn, then, to whether the juvenile

court properly navigated one of the four paths to non-emergency

jurisdiction.

¶ 16 The juvenile court initially determined that it had subject

matter jurisdiction under section 19-3-201(1)(a), C.R.S. 2024. But

section 19-3-201(1)(a) concerns venue, and “subject matter

jurisdiction and venue analyses serve different purposes and ask

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different questions.” Nelson v. Encompass PAHS Rehab. Hosp., LLC,

2023 CO 1, ¶ 22. After making this determination, the court

ordered father to “file some type of motion challenging jurisdiction”

if he wanted to challenge the finding.

¶ 17 Father then filed a Motion to Deny Jurisdiction under the

UCCJEA. In response, the juvenile court issued its brief order

finding it had jurisdiction:

The Court continues to find the Court has
jurisdiction not only based upon Respondent[]
Mother’s admission which resulted in the
Children’s adjudications being entered and the
Order issued on November 17, 2023 but the
Court further finds the Court has proper
jurisdiction pursuant to C.R.S. 19-1-104(1)(b)
and (2); 19-3-102; 19-3-201(1)(a); and for the
reasons stated in the [Department]’s Response
filed on 12/28/2023 which [is] adopted and
incorporated herewith.

¶ 18 Father contends, and we agree, that the juvenile court’s order

is insufficient to establish subject matter jurisdiction under the

UCCJEA.

¶ 19 First, a parent’s admission, and the subsequent adjudication

of a child as dependent or neglected, establishes personal

jurisdiction (i.e., the “court’s authority to enter orders that bind

particular persons”), not subject matter jurisdiction. See T.W.,

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¶¶ 30-31, 33. Importantly, a juvenile court may not properly

adjudicate a child dependent or neglected unless and until it

navigates a path to non-emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

A.B-A., ¶ 13.

¶ 20 Second, the statutes listed by the juvenile court are not

relevant for determining subject matter jurisdiction under the

UCCJEA. As discussed above, any jurisdiction conferred by section

19-1-104 is limited under the UCCJEA. S.A.G., ¶ 23 (The UCCJEA

“prescribes the circumstances under which jurisdiction that

otherwise is conferred by constitution or statute can be exercised in

a given case.”) (citations omitted). Once the UCCJEA is raised, the

department bears the burden of demonstrating subject matter

jurisdiction under the statutory guidelines in the UCCJEA. A.B-A.,

¶ 14. The juvenile court may not rely on other jurisdictional grants

within the Children’s Code until jurisdictional questions under the

UCCJEA are resolved. That did not occur in this case. Section

19-3-102 sets out the criteria for adjudication, which, as explained,

provides personal, but not subject matter jurisdiction. And as

discussed above, section 19-3-201(1)(a) provides guidelines for

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determining venue, not subject matter jurisdiction. See T.W.,

¶¶ 30-31, 33.

¶ 21 The Department and child’s guardian ad litem contend that,

these errors notwithstanding, the juvenile court made appropriate

findings under the UCCJEA with its blanket adoption and

incorporation of the Department’s arguments in the order denying

father’s motion. We disagree.

¶ 22 As the Department now concedes, its response to father’s

motion to deny jurisdiction was contradictory and, at least one of its

arguments — that the court could not confer with any court in

South Carolina because there was no custody order there — was

“inconsistent with the law.” See S.A.G., ¶¶ 53-56. As a result, the

juvenile court’s wholesale adoption of the Department’s

response — with its alternative and contradictory arguments for

jurisdiction — gives us no basis to understand its reasoning.

¶ 23 Additionally, the Department’s response to father’s motion was

silent on father’s claim that mother “engaged in unjustifiable

conduct” by bringing the children to Colorado without his consent.

If mother had engaged in unjustifiable conduct, the juvenile court

would be required to decline to exercise jurisdiction unless it found

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one of the narrow exceptions applied to this case. § 14-13-208.

But because the juvenile court failed to inquire of the parties or

make factual findings about mother’s alleged unjustifiable conduct,

we cannot determine if unjustifiable conduct occurred, or if one of

the exceptions applies. Incorporating the Department’s response

was insufficient to cure this problem. Thus, the court’s order failed

to include findings required by section 14-13-208.

¶ 24 Finally, the Department’s response to father’s motion asserted

that mother did not intend to relocate from South Carolina to

Arizona. This assertion leaves open the possibility that South

Carolina remained the children’s home state. South Carolina, like

Colorado, retains home state jurisdiction during periods of

“temporary absence.” S.C. Code Ann. § 63-15-302(7) (2008). If

South Carolina is determined to be the children’s home state, then

the juvenile court in Colorado must communicate with the proper

court in South Carolina, even though there was no child custody

proceeding there. S.A.G., ¶ 52.

¶ 25 However, the juvenile court here didn’t inquire, develop a

record, or make findings relevant to determining the children’s

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home state. It therefore erred by determining it had subject matter

jurisdiction. See People in Interest of C.L.T., 2017 COA 119, ¶ 9.

¶ 26 The remedy when the record “tend[s] to suggest that a court

didn’t have non-emergency UCCJEA jurisdiction” or when a court

fails to analyze whether another state has home state jurisdiction is

to “vacate the trial court’s order . . . and remand [the] case for the

trial court to conduct a full analysis under Colorado’s UCCJEA,

section 14-13-201.” People in Interest of B.H., 2021 CO 39, ¶ 40;

S.A.G., ¶ 45.

¶ 27 Additionally, we are aware that mother does not join father in

challenging the juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings on appeal.

Nonetheless, adjudications of dependency and neglect relate only to

the status of the children, not the status of parents. People In

Interest of M.H-K., 2018 COA 178, ¶ 58. Because the juvenile court

did not properly determine whether it had subject matter

jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, the error in this case renders the

adjudications void, see In re Water Rights of Columbine Ass’n, 993

P.2d 483, 488 (Colo. 2000), and it “appl[ies] equally to both

parents,” M.H-K., ¶ 58.

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III. Disposition

¶ 28 The adjudications of the children as dependent and neglected

as to both mother and father are vacated, and the case is remanded

for further proceedings. On remand, the juvenile court must

conduct a full analysis of its non-emergency jurisdiction and make

appropriate findings under the UCCJEA. S.A.G., ¶ 45. This must

include determinations of (1) the children’s home state, if any;

(2) whether or not mother “engaged in unjustifiable conduct” as

contemplated by section 14-13-208 and, if so, whether one of the

exceptions in the statute applies; and (3) a statutory path to

non-emergency jurisdiction, if warranted.

JUDGE WELLING and JUDGE SCHUTZ concur.

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