United States of America v. Eileen Christine Montoya

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
** The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without
oral argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
*** The Honorable John W. Sedwick, District Judge for the U.S. District
Court for Alaska, sitting by designation.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
EILEEN CHRISTINE MONTOYA,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 11-50164
D.C. No. 2:10-cr-00533-GAF-1
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Gary A. Feess, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted November 5, 2012 **
Pasadena, California
Before: REINHARDT and THOMAS, Circuit Judges, and SEDWICK, District
Judge.***
FILED
DEC 12 2012
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

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Appellant Eileen Montoya (“Montoya”) was charged with being a felon in
possession of firearms and ammunition found as a result of a traffic stop in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Montoya moved to suppress all evidence
resulting from the stop. After the district court denied the motion, she entered a
conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to appeal the denial of the motion. We
must consider the probative value of the three circumstances advanced by the
government to support the stop.
1. First, the district court correctly classified the tip as anonymous,
because the government provided no evidence about the informant’s reliability.
United States v. Morales, 252 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). The tip is not
entitled to much weight. It gave the officers specific identifying features about
Montoya and a general allegation of ongoing criminal activity, but provided no
information about her future movements or activities. Thus, the tip lacked
sufficient indicia of reliability to justify a stop. See Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266,
271-72 (2000) (anonymous tip which does not contain predictive information but
merely identifies a person at a location and makes a general allegation of criminal
activity, lacks sufficient indicia of reliability to justify a stop).
2. The second circumstance on which the government relies—the “hand-
to-hand” transaction between two teenage boys, believed to involve drugs, at the

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door of a home while Montoya was inside—is not particularized evidence as to
Montoya. This case is unlike Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 373 (2003),
where the officer had probable cause to believe that a front-seat passenger in a car
possessed cocaine with the other occupants because car passengers are often
engaged in a common enterprise with the driver. It is unreasonable to extend the
circumstances of a car to an entire home. We do not assume that an adult living at
a residence is involved in the activities of a teenage boy present there. The boys’
transaction does not support suspicion of criminal activity by Montoya.
3. The third circumstance—Montoya’s meeting with another woman in a
Walgreens parking lot for about ten minutes, and then “[doing] something” in the
trunk of her car before leaving—does not support reasonable suspicion that
Montoya was involved in a drug transaction despite what the officer’s training and
experience may have led him to believe. An officer’s training and experience may
be accorded deference, but only when the officer’s inferences rationally explain
how the circumstances arouse suspicion that the person being stopped had
committed a crime. United States v. Valdes-Vega, 685 F.3d 1138, 1144 (9th Cir.
2012). Furthermore, “[s]eemingly innocuous behavior does not justify an
investigatory stop unless it is combined with other circumstances that tend
cumulatively to indicate criminal activity.” United States v. Manzo-Jurado, 457

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1 The officers’ attempt to stop Montoya’s car for not having a front license
plate was a mistake of law which cannot justify a traffic stop. United States v.
Twilley, 222 F.3d 1092, 1096 (9th Cir. 2000).
4
F.3d 928, 935 (9th Cir. 2006). In this case, neither Montoya’s meeting another
woman in a parking lot nor her actions with respect to the trunk of the car carry a
high degree of suspicion, and neither was combined with other observed
circumstances that raised suspicion particular to Montoya. Moreover, and
importantly, the stop of the woman who left Walgreens disclosed no evidence that
her meeting with Montoya had involved a drug transaction.1
Considered cumulatively, the circumstances did not give the officers
reasonable suspicion to believe Montoya had committed or was about to commit a
crime. Therefore, all evidence obtained as a result of the stop must be suppressed.
Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963).
REVERSED and REMANDED.

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