Paul Parks v. JESS MCDONALD and ARPINAH BRAIK

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued December 13, 2005
Decided March 14, 2006
Before
Hon. WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
Hon. MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
No. 04-3148
PAUL PARKS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JESS MCDONALD and ARPINAH
BRAIK,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Illinois
No. 2003-CV-4009-JPG
J. Phil Gilbert
Judge.
O R D E R
Paul Parks sued the former director and an investigator for the Illinois
Department of Children and Family Services (“DCFS”) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
claiming that they violated his rights to procedural and substantive due process
while investigating him for child abuse. The district court granted summary
judgment for the defendants on both claims. More than ten business days after the
entry of judgment, Parks filed what he captioned a “Rule 59 Motion to Reconsider
and Amend Judgment,” which the district court denied. Parks filed a notice of
appeal, but a motions panel of this court concluded that it was untimely as to the
underlying order on summary judgment and limited the appeal to review of the
order denying the purported “Rule 59” motion. Parks essentially has ignored this
limitation and has briefed and argued the appeal as if the underlying summary
UNPUBLISHED ORDER
Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53

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judgment, rather than a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), is at
issue. Because Parks has not satisfied any of the grounds for relief under Rule
60(b), we affirm the denial of his motion.
I.
Tambra Geary, Parks’s ex-wife and the mother of their three sons, took one of
their sons to the hospital on Friday, November 3, 2000, after he arrived for a
weekend visit and complained of pain in his back and buttocks. The doctor
observed multilevel bruising in that area, and the boy told him that the bruises
were from a spanking his father had given him the day before. A deputy sheriff
reported the incident to DCFS, and an investigator contacted Parks, the custodial
parent, and told him that if he did not agree to let Geary keep the boys during the
investigation, DCFS would remove them and seek an order of protection. Parks
responded that an order of protection could jeopardize his job with the Illinois
Department of Corrections (“IDOC”), but the investigator, who is not a defendant,
replied that Parks’s job was not his concern. The boys stayed with Geary that
weekend, and on Monday, November 6, a state court granted Geary’s ex parte
petition for an emergency order of protection giving custody to Geary and
prohibiting any contact with Parks. A hearing to consider whether that temporary
order should be extended beyond its scheduled November 22 expiration was
continued by agreement between Parks and Geary, and on December 6, 2000, the
order was dissolved after Parks and Geary reached an agreement giving primary
custody temporarily to Geary.
Another DCFS investigator, defendant Arpinah Braik, took over the
investigation and interviewed Parks in January 2001. When Braik asked Parks
how his son had been bruised, Parks opined that the boy may have gotten the
bruises from playing football. After that interview, Braik recommended that an
“indicated” finding of child abuse be entered against Parks. Parks contested the
finding at DCFS administrative hearings in April and July 2001, and in October
2001 the hearing officer recommended that the finding be expunged. The former
director of DCFS, defendant Jess McDonald, rejected that recommendation, and
Parks then went to state court and obtained a default judgment expunging the
indicated finding of child abuse. Parks and Geary’s temporary custody
arrangement ended in July 2002 when Parks again was awarded primary custody
of the boys.
Parks then filed his complaint in federal court claiming that Director
McDonald and investigator Braik deprived him of procedural due process by failing
to adequately investigate the allegation of child abuse. He further claimed that the
defendants deprived him of his substantive due process right to a relationship with
his sons by coercing him into transferring custody to Geary. In his later deposition,

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No. 04-3148 Page 3
Parks testified that IDOC policy requires dismissal or reassignment of employees
against whom a finding of domestic violence is entered. He also stated that he
knew of IDOC employees who had been fired or moved to different positions in
accordance with the policy, but he could not remember their names. Parks
theorized that his right to substantive due process was violated because, he says,
DCFS employees used his fear of losing his job to force him to enter the custody
agreement with Geary.
The district court entered summary judgment for the defendants on June 24,
2004. As to substantive due process, the court held that there was no evidence that
the defendants caused any intrusion into Parks’s familial relationship with his sons
because the emergency order of protection was issued by a state circuit court at
Geary’s request, and because the subsequent custody arrangement was a private
matter between Parks, Geary, and the circuit court supervising their divorce
proceedings. The district court also held that Parks lacked evidence that the
defendants coerced him into accepting the custody agreement and noted the absence
of evidence to corroborate his belief that he would lose his job if an order of
protection was entered against him. The court further held that, even assuming an
intrusion into Parks’s familial relationship with the boys, he was not denied
substantive due process because DCFS had a reasonable suspicion of child abuse.
As to procedural due process, the district court held that McDonald enjoyed
qualified immunity, and that there was no evidence that investigator Braik took
inappropriate action in the investigation.
On July 12, 2004, eleven business days after entry of judgment, Parks filed a
purported “Rule 59(e) motion” asserting that the district court had “erred in its
understanding of certain material facts,” including the IDOC policy concerning
employees subject to an order of protection. According to Parks, his “further
investigation” had uncovered the actual written policy, which he attached to his
motion, and the names of employees affected by it. The defendants, recognizing
that Parks’s motion was untimely under Rule 59, argued that it should be analyzed
under Rule 60(b) and denied. The district court entered a brief order on July 20
denying the motion, and Parks appealed on August 18.
A motions panel of this court determined that Parks’s postjudgment “Rule
59(e) motion” did not toll the time limit for filing a notice of appeal, and that his
August 18 notice of appeal thus came too late to call into question the underlying
grant of summary judgment. The motions panel therefore limited review to the
order denying Parks’s postjudgment motion, although without explicitly identifying
the motion as one under Rule 60(b).
II.

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Despite the motions panel’s limitation on the scope of his appeal, Parks in his
opening brief addresses the case as if the summary judgment ruling were under
review. It is not. Parks’s postjudgment submission was untimely as a motion
under Rule 59(e), and consequently it is deemed to be a motion to vacate under Rule
60(b). See Talano v. Nw. Med. Faculty Found., Inc., 273 F.3d 757, 762 (7th Cir.
2001) (noting automatic conversion of untimely Rule 59(e) motion to one under Rule
60(b)). The denial of Rule 60(b) relief is reviewed only for abuse of discretion,
Castro v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chi., 214 F.3d 932, 934 (7th Cir. 2000), and rarely
will be overturned on appeal, see Talano, 273 F.3d at 762 (noting that Rule 60(b)
relief is extraordinary remedy that is granted only in exceptional circumstances).
Parks, though, tries to evade this stringent standard of review by arguing for
the first time in his reply brief that under the “unique circumstances” doctrine of
Thompson v. INS, 375 U.S. 384, 387 (1964), his postjudgment motion should be
evaluated under the less onerous standard for Rule 59(e) motions rather than that
of Rule 60(b). By issuing an order directing the defendants to respond to his “Rule
59(e) motion,” he argues, the district court assured him that it would deem his
motion timely filed under Rule 59(e). And review of a Rule 59(e) ruling, he adds,
“obviously” requires this court to examine the ruling “in the context of” the decision
at summary judgment.
Parks is correct that, in the unique circumstance where a litigant relies on a
specific but mistaken assurance from the district court that a postjudgment
submission is a timely Rule 59(e) motion that will toll the time for filing a notice of
appeal, fairness requires courts of appeals to excuse the untimeliness of the appeal.
See Osterneck v. Ernst & Whinney, 489 U.S. 169, 178 (1989) (explaining Thompson).
But we take a narrow view of the “unique circumstances” doctrine and, for example,
have interpreted “specific assurance” to mean something more affirmative than
issuing a minute order purporting to grant an extension of the time for filing
motions under Rule 59(e). See Props. Unlimited, Inc. Realtors v. Cendant Mobility
Servs., 384 F.3d 917, 921 (7th Cir. 2004). Nothing more affirmative happened here.
Rather than assuring Parks that his submission was a timely motion under Rule
59(e) that would toll his deadline for appealing the ruling on summary judgment,
the district court merely repeated Parks’s caption in advising the defendants to
respond to his motion. See In re Bond, 254 F.3d 669, 674-75 (7th Cir. 2001). In any
event, arguments raised for the first time in reply briefs are waived. Hess v. Reg-
Ellen Mach. Tool Corp., 423 F.3d 653, 665 (7th Cir. 2005). Accordingly, we review
the denial of his motion under the standard of Rule 60(b).
Parks then argues, as he must, that his postjudgment motion falls within the
narrow confines of Rule 60(b). See Hope v. Davis, 43 F.3d 1140, 1143 (7th Cir. 1994)
(explaining that untimely motion under Rule 59(e), because it effectively is a motion
under Rule 60(b), “must be shaped to the specific grounds for modification or

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No. 04-3148 Page 5
reversal found in 60(b)”). Parks contends that the summary judgment should have
been reopened because he possessed newly discovered evidence: the written IDOC
policy concerning employees against whom an order of protection has been entered,
as well as the names of witnesses dismissed in accordance with the policy. Rule
60(b)(2) permits relief where a litigant presents newly discovered evidence that
could not have been discovered by due diligence in time for trial or, as in this case,
summary judgment. To satisfy Rule 60(b)(2), Parks was required to show that:
(1) the evidence was discovered after summary judgment; (2) he was diligent in
making the discovery; and (3) the evidence would have altered the result reached by
the district court. See Jones v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 188 F.3d 709, 732 (7th Cir. 1999).
Parks did not prove any of these elements. The evidence was not newly
discovered because his deposition testimony shows that he was aware of the policy
and the witnesses affected by it before summary judgment was granted. See Zurich
N. Am. v. Matrix Serv., Inc., 426 F.3d 1281, 1290 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding that
evidence was not newly discovered where litigant knew that it was missing prior to
trial). Parks’s failure to obtain a copy of the written policy or the names of related
witnesses prior to summary judgment also demonstrates a lack of diligence because
he knew about the potential evidence, and had access to it, but simply failed to
locate it before responding to the summary judgment motion. See United States v.
McGaughey, 977 F.2d 1067, 1075 (7th Cir. 1992) (noting failure to search for
document showed lack of due diligence); U.S. Xpress Enters., Inc. v. J.B. Hunt
Transp., Inc., 320 F.3d 809, 815 (8th Cir. 2003) (concluding that defendant was not
diligent in acquiring latitude-longitude report for negligence suit arising from truck
accident where defendant’s attorneys knew that plaintiff possessed data but simply
failed to request production). And even if Parks had been diligent, the “new”
evidence shows only that he had reason to fear a finding of domestic violence but
would not create a genuine issue of material fact with respect to his claim of a
substantive due process violation. Parks’s fear was traceable to the manner in
which he disciplined his son, not to the defendants’ investigation. As the district
court explained, Parks bypassed the opportunity to oppose the threatened order of
protection and instead entered into a private agreement with Geary. Parks could
have gone to court and opposed entry of a DCFS-initiated order of protection if he
believed that DCFS sought the order unjustifiably. Cf. Doe v. Heck, 327 F.3d 492,
527 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding that parents stated claim for violation of due process
where defendants threatened to remove children from custody of parents without
reasonable suspicion of child abuse). In any event, his attorney’s determination
that it was unnecessary to offer further evidence of the policy at summary judgment
on the belief that Parks already had provided “convincing testimony” in his
deposition was a tactical decision for which Rule 60(b) provides no relief. See
United States v. 7108 W. Grand Ave., 15 F.3d 632, 635 (7th Cir. 1994) (noting that
attorney mistakes provide no basis under Rule 60(b) for avoiding judgment);

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Waddell v. Hendry County Sheriff’s Office, 329 F.3d 1300, 1310 (11th Cir. 2003)
(same).
Finally, Parks contends that more than once the district court overlooked
evidence in the record and thus failed to appreciate the existence of a genuine issue
of material fact. In particular, Parks faults the court’s statement that he never
offered Braik a “reasonable explanation” for the boy’s bruises before she attributed
them to the spanking and entered an “indicated” finding of child abuse; Parks
insists that he did provide an alternative explanation: his son’s horseback riding
activities. Parks, though, misreads the court’s decision. What the court says is that
Parks offered no alternative explanation for the bruising before Braik issued her
“indicated” finding in January 2001. Parks did not offer the horseback riding
explanation when Braik interviewed him in January 2001 and apparently did not
suggest riding as a likely cause for the bruising until the administrative hearings
months later. At oral argument Parks’s counsel contended that the reason Parks
never mentioned the horseback riding to Braik was that he never had the
opportunity. But Parks must have had an opportunity because he managed to
inform Braik during the interview that his son could have been bruised playing
football. Regardless, the failure to see or appreciate evidence at summary judgment
is not a ground for relief under Rule 60(b). See Cash v. Ill. Div. of Mental Health,
209 F.3d 695, 698 (7th Cir. 2000) (explaining that plaintiff’s arguments that trial
judge “wrongly excluded evidence, misinterpreted the evidence that was presented,
and did not understand his theory of the case” could not be “shoe-horned into
grounds for Rule 60(b) relief”). The appropriate vehicle for that argument was a
timely appeal, and Rule 60(b) is not a substitute. Bell v. Eastman Kodak Co., 214
F.3d 798, 801 (7th Cir. 2000).
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the denial of Parks’s motion.

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