United States of America v. David Puskas

The Honorable Robert H. Cleland, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of*
Michigan, sitting by designation.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0498n.06
No. 09-5312
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
DAVID PUSKAS,
Defendant-Appellant.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
TENNESSEE
Before: SILER and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; CLELAND, District Judge.*
SILER, Circuit Judge. David Puskas appeals the thirty-eight-month sentence imposed upon
the revocation of his supervised release. He argues that his sentence, which represents the statutory
maximum and an upward departure from the advisory policy statements set forth in the Sentencing
Guidelines, is substantively unreasonable. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 2003, Puskas pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute more than 500 grams of
methamphetamine mixture, a Class A felony. He was sentenced to fifty-seven months in prison,
followed by five years of supervised release. He began serving his term of supervision in 2006, but

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it was revoked in 2007 after he tested positive for drugs. The district court sentenced him to twenty-
two months in prison, followed by a two-year period of supervised release. We affirmed his
sentence. United States v. Puskas, No. 07-5462 (6th Cir. Sept. 24, 2008) (Order). On November
20, 2008, Puskas again began serving his supervised release term. Five days later, he tested positive
for marijuana, and the district court modified the terms of his release to require intermittent periods
of confinement on December 11, 2008.
In 2009, Puskas’s probation officer petitioned the district court for revocation of his
supervised release for a second time, alleging that Puskas had tested positive for marijuana on
November 25, 2008, and January 27, 2009, and positive for cocaine on December 11 and 15, 2008.
At the revocation hearing, Puskas admitted to violating the terms of his release based on three of the
four failed drug screens.
The district court considered the fact that the advisory policy statements under USSG § 7B1.4
recommended a sentence of three to nine months; however, it also recognized the 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a) factors, including Puskas’s “personal situation and [] need for substance abuse treatment.”
It commented on Puskas’s “long” history of flouting the terms of his supervised release—namely,
his continued “positive drug tests” leading to the first revocation of his supervised release and the
December 2008 modifications to his second period of supervised release, his “severe drug addiction”
problem, and his “anger management” issues. It remarked that Puskas was “out of control” and “the
public needs protection from [him].” Paying particular attention to Puskas’s drug problems, the
court stated that Puskas’s sentence should be long enough to ensure that he could enroll in and
complete the 500-hour drug treatment program. Given that the defendant had acknowledged that

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The statutory maximum was thirty-eight months given Puskas’s first revocation sentence1
of twenty-two months. § 3583(e)(3), (g).
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his prior sentence of twenty-two months had not provided sufficient time even to enroll in the
program, the court concluded that Puskas “need[ed] enough time here to [complete it.]” The court
imposed the statutory maximum sentence of thirty-eight months in prison. It recommended that1
Puskas undergo the 500-hour drug abuse treatment program and that he be evaluated for and receive
any necessary mental health treatment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s revocation of supervised release “under a deferential abuse-of-
discretion standard, for reasonableness.” United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir. 2007)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
Puskas argues that the district court’s sentence was substantively unreasonable, merely by
virtue of the fact that the court departed upward from the three-to-nine-month range recommended
in the policy statement. A sentence is substantively unreasonable only if the district court acted
arbitrarily, based the sentence on impermissible factors, failed to consider pertinent 18 U.S.C. §
3553(a) factors, or gave an unreasonable weight to one factor. United States v. Brown, 501 F.3d 722,
724 (6th Cir. 2007). Upon review, we conclude that the sentence is reasonable.
Although the district court did not discuss the § 3553(a) factors in detail, it did address the
factors it found most relevant, including the nature of Puskas’s supervision violations and his
revocation history. It found that Puskas’s behavior stemmed from his substance abuse problems, his

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We reject Puskas’s invitation to “reconsider” our position in United States v. Jackson, 702
F.3d 874 (6th Cir. 1995), in which we held that a district court “may properly consider a defendant’s
rehabilitative needs” when determining the length of his sentence for violating the terms of his
supervised release. Id. at 879-80. We cannot. Jackson “remains controlling authority unless an
inconsistent decision of the United States Supreme Court requires modification of the decision or
this Court sitting en banc overrules [it].” Phillip v. United States, 229 F.3d 550, 552 (6th Cir. 2000)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Since neither of these events has occurred, the
district court properly considered Puskas’s rehabilitative needs when it sentenced him.
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anger management problems, and his continued disregard for the terms of his supervised release.
See § 3553(a)(1). Based on these facts, the court concluded that Puskas was “out of control” and
“the public needs protection from [him].” See § 3553(a)(2)(C). It also emphasized Puskas’s need
for drug treatment, a proper consideration under § 3553(a)(2)(D). United States v. Johnson, 4032
F.3d 813, 815-16 (6th Cir. 2005). The district court’s explanation was sufficient.
The district court also adequately explained its rationale for the twenty-nine-month upward
departure, finding that, because Puskas had admitted that his prior revocation sentence of twenty-two
months was not long enough for him to enroll in the 500-hour program, the statutory maximum
sentence was appropriate. Although the court did not delve into the exact amount of time required
to complete the program, defense counsel acknowledged that the prior sentence of twenty-two
months was not sufficient. Moreover, Puskas indicated that it could take him up to a year to enroll
in the program. It is reasonable that, given the defendant’s history and testimony that the program
was “flooded now,” the court believed that substantial time would be necessary for successful
enrollment in and completion of the program. See, e.g., Brown, 501 F.3d at 725-26 (affirming as
reasonable the district court’s decision to revoke defendant’s supervised release, due to continued
drug and alcohol use, and to sentence him to an above-Guidelines’ range of twenty-four months);

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United States v. Kirby, 418 F.3d 621, 628 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that the district court’s decision
to impose “the statutory maximum term of imprisonment” was reasonable given that the defendant
had “continued to engage in criminal activities similar to the crime for which she was originally
convicted”). In addition, the district court believed that Puskas needed time to deal with his anger
management and other mental health problems.
Given the court’s repeated attempts to “work with [Puskas],” it was not unreasonable for it
to impose the statutory maximum sentence in this case. See Kirby, 418 F.3d at 628 (concluding that
an upward departure “was more than justified by [defendant’s] repeated [violations of his supervised
release conditions]”); see also Brown, 501 F.3d at 726 (noting that after the defendant had appeared
before the sentencing judge for drug and alcohol-related offenses three times, “it [was] reasonable
that, at the third revocation hearing, the district court imposed a sentence ten months above the top
of the recommended sentencing range”).
For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence of thirty-eight
months’ imprisonment.

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