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purposes of sentencing, even though none of the
characteristics or circumstances individually
distinguishes the case. However, the Commission
believes that such cases will be extremely rare.
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0 commentary (emphases added).
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district court’s decision to depart downward from the
Sentencing Guidelines range is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. See Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 96-100
(1996).
A court’s discretion to depart downwards is governed by
statute:
The Court shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within
the range [determined by the guidelines] unless the Court
finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating
circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately
taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission
in formulating the guidelines that should result in a
sentence different from that described.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) (emphasis added).
The guidelines applicable at the time of Key’s sentencing
mentioned the statutorily-created possibility for downward
departure in the comment to § 5K2.0, wherein:
The Commission does not foreclose the possibility of an
extraordinary case that, because of a combination of
such characteristics [those not normally relevant to a
departure from the guidelines] or circumstances, differs
significantly from the "heartland" cases covered by the
guidelines in a way that is important to the statutory
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Further investigation disclosed that Hernandez and Saucedo
had supplied cocaine to Davidson on at least four other
occasions and that Key distributed the cocaine for Davidson
once the drug arrived in Memphis. The first of these
transactions occurred during January of 1998, when Davidson
agreed to purchase one kilogram of cocaine at the cost of
$22,000, apparently on consignment. Approximately two
weeks later, Hernandez returned to Memphis, in connection
with the second known transaction. Davidson at that time
paid for the first kilogram of cocaine, and Hernandez gave
Davidson two more kilograms. The third known transaction
occurred on March 8, 1998, when Davidson and Key traveled
to Houston with $40,000. They met with Hernandez and
returned to Memphis with three kilograms of cocaine.
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Key in Memphis, Tennessee, between March 12 and 14,
1998.
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On February 25, 1999, the district court presided over a
sentencing hearing for Key. The Presentence Investigation
Report concerning Key contained a base offense level of 32
pursuant to USCG § 2D1.1, together with a two-level
enhancement for the presence of a firearm, producing an
adjusted offense level of 34. Key received a two-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, leaving a total
offense level of 32. During the sentencing hearing, because
the defendant had no criminal history, the government agreed
to the application of the "safety valve" provision of U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(6), resulting in 30 points and a guideline range of
97 to 121 months.
The court also addressed three asserted bases for downward
departure: that pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1A, note 4(d), his
behavior constituted "aberrant behavior"; that he "triggered"
the other defendants to change their pleas when he changed
his plea to guilty, thereby creating a mitigating circumstance
not adequately considered by the sentencing commission,
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0; and that a physical disability,
in that he had only one kidney, half of which had been
removed after a bullet injury, made him subject to abuse in a
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