00a0310p.06

99-1008Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit11 sept. 2000

Texte intégral

:KHHOHUY-RQHV 1R
FHUWLRUDUL >KDG@ HODSVHG´ &DVSDUL 86 DW
HPSKDVLVDGGHG
)LQDOO\ZHQRWHWKDWLI:KHHOHU¶VSRVLWLRQZHUHDGRSWHG
VWDWHFRXUWMXGJPHQWVZRXOGQHYHUDWWDLQILQDOLW\EHFDXVHWKH\
ZRXOGDOZD\VEHVXEMHFWWRUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRQDPRWLRQIRUD
GHOD\HG DSSHDO 7KH SUHVHQW FDVH SURYLGHV D VWULNLQJ
LOOXVWUDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR :KHHOHU KLV FRQYLFWLRQ RQO\
EHFDPH ³ILQDO´ LQ WZHQW\ILYH \HDUV DIWHU KH ZDV
FRQYLFWHG
,,,&21&/86,21
)RU DOO RI WKH UHDVRQV VHW IRUWK DERYH ZH $)),50 WKH
MXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'$1,(/ :+((/(5
3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOODQW
Y
.857 -21(6
5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOOHH
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQDW*UDQG5DSLGV
1R²'DYLG:0F.HDJXH'LVWULFW-XGJH
$UJXHG$XJXVW
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG6HSWHPEHU
%HIRUH.(,7+&2/(DQG*,/0$1&LUFXLW-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
$5*8(' &RULQQH %HFNZLWK 67$7( $33(//$7(
'()(1'(5 2)),&( /DQVLQJ 0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOODQW
9LQFHQW - /HRQH 2)),&( 2) 7+( $77251(<
*(1(5$/ +$%($6 &25386 ',9,6,21 /DQVLQJ
0LFKLJDQ IRU $SSHOOHH 21 %5,() 'DYLG $ 0RUDQ
67$7( $33(//$7( '()(1'(5 2)),&( 'HWURLW
0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOODQW-DQHW$9DQ&OHYH2)),&(2)

-- 1 of 4 --

:KHHOHUY-RQHV 1R
7+( $77251(< *(1(5$/ +$%($6 &25386
',9,6,21/DQVLQJ0LFKLJDQIRU$SSHOOHH
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
521$/' /(( *,/0$1 &LUFXLW -XGJH ,Q D
0LFKLJDQ MXU\ FRQYLFWHG 'DQLHO :KHHOHU RI ILUVWGHJUHH
PXUGHU DQG VHQWHQFHG KLP WR D WHUP RI OLIH LPSULVRQPHQW
ZLWKRXWSDUROH:KHHOHUGLGQRWH[HUFLVHKLVULJKWWRDGLUHFW
DSSHDO6XEVHTXHQWO\KRZHYHUKHILOHGWZRDSSOLFDWLRQVIRU
OHDYHWRILOHDGHOD\HGDSSHDO,QXSRQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRI
:KHHOHU¶V VHFRQG DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU D GHOD\HG DSSHDO WKH
0LFKLJDQ 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHWHUPLQHG WKDW :KHHOHU¶V FDVH
ZDUUDQWHGIXUWKHUUHYLHZDQGUHPDQGHGLWWRWKH0LFKLJDQ
&RXUWRI$SSHDOV7KH0LFKLJDQFRXUWV XOWLPDWHO\GHQLHG
:KHHOHUUHOLHI
,Q:KHHOHUILOHGDSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXV
SXUVXDQWWR86&†DUJXLQJDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJV
WKDW WKH VWDWH FRXUW¶V MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQV RQ WKH LVVXH RI
HVWDEOLVKLQJ FULPLQDO LQWHQW E\ WKH XVH RI SUHVXPSWLRQV
YLRODWHGKLV)RXUWHHQWK$PHQGPHQWULJKWWRGXHSURFHVVRI
ODZSXUVXDQWWR6DQGVWURPY0RQWDQD86
KROGLQJ WKDW D MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQ WKDW HOLPLQDWHV RU VKLIWV D
VWDWH¶V EXUGHQ WR SURYH HYHU\ HOHPHQW RI DQ DOOHJHG FULPH
EH\RQGDUHDVRQDEOHGRXEWYLRODWHVDGHIHQGDQW¶VGXHSURFHVV
ULJKWV 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG:KHHOHU¶VSHWLWLRQILQGLQJ
WKDWKLVFRQYLFWLRQKDGEHFRPHILQDOLQWKXVSUHYHQWLQJ
KLPIURPWDNLQJDGYDQWDJHRIWKHQHZUXOHDQQRXQFHGHLJKW
\HDUVODWHULQ6DQGVWURP6HH7HDJXHY/DQH86
KROGLQJ WKDW QHZ UXOHV RI FULPLQDO SURFHGXUH
FDQQRW EH DSSOLHG UHWURDFWLYHO\ H[FHSW LQ YHU\ OLPLWHG
FLUFXPVWDQFHV )RU WKH UHDVRQV VHW IRUWK EHORZ ZH
$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
1R :KHHOHUY-RQHV
&RXUWUHPDQGHGKLVDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDGHOD\HGDSSHDOWRWKH
0LFKLJDQ &RXUW RI $SSHDOV IRU UHYLHZ ,W FRQFOXGHG WKDW
³DOORZLQJDGHOD\HGDSSOLFDWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHUHWURDFWLYH
DSSOLFDWLRQ GRHV QRW FRPSRUW ZLWK WKH FRQFHUQV RI ILQDOLW\
IRXQGLQWKHOLPLWDWLRQVSODFHGRQIHGHUDOKDEHDVUHYLHZ´
2QDSSHDO:KHHOHUUHLWHUDWHVKLVDUJXPHQWWKDW³>Z@KHQWKH
0LFKLJDQ 6XSUHPH &RXUW RUGHUHG WKH &RXUW RI $SSHDOV WR
FRQVLGHU>KLV@DSSHOODWHFODLPVRQWKHPHULWVWKDWDFWLRQ
VLJQLILHGWKDW:KHHOHU¶VGLUHFWDSSHDOZDVVWLOODOLYHDQG
WKDWKLVFRQYLFWLRQZDVQRW\HWILQDO´7KH0LFKLJDQFRXUWV
GLVDJUHHG,QLWV-DQXDU\RSLQLRQWKH0LFKLJDQ&RXUW
RI $SSHDOV DIILUPHG WKH VWDWH WULDO FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WKDW
:KHHOHUKDGQRWUHFHLYHGLQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHO
7KH&RXUWRI$SSHDOVUHMHFWHG:KHHOHU¶VDWWHPSWHGUHOLDQFH
RQ6DQGVWURPVWDWLQJWKDW³6DQGVWURPDSSOLHGUHWURDFWLYHO\
RQO\WRWKRVHFDVHVWKDWUDLVHGWKHLVVXHRIMXU\LQVWUXFWLRQV
DQGZHUHSHQGLQJRQGLUHFWDSSHDODWWKHWLPHRI6DQGVWURP
LQ´3HRSOHY:KHHOHU1RDW 0LFK&W
$SS-DQ $VWKH6WDWHSRLQWVRXW³LIWKH>&RXUWRI
$SSHDOV@WUXO\FRQVLGHUHGWKDWLWZDVGHFLGLQJDGLUHFWDSSHDO
LW ZRXOG QRW KDYH KDG WR FRQVLGHU WKH UHWURDFWLYLW\ RI
6DQGVWURP´
0RUHRYHUWKH0LFKLJDQFRXUWVKDYHJHQHUDOO\DGRSWHGWKH
YLHZWKDWORQJGHOD\HGDSSHDOVDUHQRWUHJDUGHGDVDSDUWRID
GHIHQGDQW¶VGLUHFWDSSHDO6HH3HRSOHY:DUG1:G
0LFK UHMHFWLQJDGHIHQGDQW¶VDUJXPHQWWKDWKLV
GHOD\HG DSSHDO ILOHG PRUH WKDQ WZHOYH PRQWKV DIWHU KLV
FRQYLFWLRQ ZDV SDUW RI KLV GLUHFW DSSHDO DQG KROGLQJ WKDW
³ORQJGHOD\HGGLUHFWDSSHDOVDUHGHHPHGFROODWHUDO´ 3HRSOH
Y (UZLQ 1:G 0LFK &W $SS
VDPH %\WKLVPHDVXUH:KHHOHU¶VVHFRQGDSSOLFDWLRQIRU
OHDYHWRILOHDGHOD\HGDSSHDOILOHGVHYHQWHHQ\HDUVDIWHUKLV
FRQYLFWLRQZRXOGXQGRXEWHGO\EHFODVVLILHGDVDFROODWHUDO
UDWKHU WKDQ D GLUHFW DSSHDO %DVHG RQ WKHVH UXOLQJV E\ WKH
0LFKLJDQFRXUWVDQGWKHGLFWDWHVRI&DVSDULZHFRQFOXGHWKDW
:KHHOHU¶V FRQYLFWLRQ EHFDPH ILQDO LQ ZKHQ ³WKH
DYDLODELOLW\ RI GLUHFW DSSHDO WR WKH VWDWH FRXUWV >ZDV@
H[KDXVWHG DQG WKH WLPH IRU ILOLQJ D SHWLWLRQ IRU D ZULW RI

-- 2 of 4 --

:KHHOHUY-RQHV 1R
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW JUDQWHG :KHHOHU D FHUWLILFDWH RI
DSSHDODELOLW\RQ-DQXDU\OLPLWHGWRWKHVLQJOHLVVXH
RI ZKHWKHU :KHHOHU¶V FRQYLFWLRQ KDG EHFRPH ILQDO EHIRUH
6DQGVWURPZDVGHFLGHG2Q-XQHWKLVFRXUWGHFOLQHG
WRJUDQWUHYLHZRQDQ\RWKHULVVXHV
,,$1$/<6,6
$ 6WDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ
2QDSSHDOIURPWKHGHQLDORIDSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRIKDEHDV
FRUSXVZH UHYLHZWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVGH
QRYRDQGZLOOQRWGLVWXUELWVILQGLQJVRIIDFWXQOHVVWKH\DUH
FOHDUO\HUURQHRXV6HH1HYHUVY.LOOLQJHU)G
WK&LU FHUWGHQLHG86 7KHTXHVWLRQ
RIZKHWKHUWKHJUDQWRIDGHOD\HGDSSHDOUHYLYHVDGHIHQGDQW¶V
GLUHFWDSSHDOLQ0LFKLJDQLVDTXHVWLRQRIODZWREHUHYLHZHG
GHQRYR
% :KHHOHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQEHFDPHILQDOZKHQKLVDELOLW\WR
ILOHDGLUHFWDSSHDODVRIULJKWH[SLUHG
7KH VROH LVVXH SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV DSSHDO LV ZKHWKHU
:KHHOHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQKDGEHFRPHILQDOZKHQ6DQGVWURPZDV
GHFLGHGLQ,Q&DVSDULY%RKOHQ86
WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW VHW IRUWK WKH IROORZLQJ LQTXLU\ IRU
DVVHVVLQJILQDOLW\³$VWDWHFRQYLFWLRQDQGVHQWHQFHEHFRPH
ILQDO IRU SXUSRVHV RI UHWURDFWLYLW\ DQDO\VLV ZKHQ WKH
DYDLODELOLW\ RI GLUHFW DSSHDO WR WKH VWDWH FRXUWV KDV EHHQ
H[KDXVWHG DQG WKH WLPH IRU ILOLQJ D SHWLWLRQ IRU D ZULW RI
FHUWLRUDUL KDV HODSVHG RU D WLPHO\ ILOHG SHWLWLRQ KDV EHHQ
ILQDOO\GHQLHG´,GDW
&LWLQJWKH&DVSDULUXOHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDW
:KHHOHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQEHFDPHILQDOIRUW\WZRGD\VDIWHUWKH
MXU\UHWXUQHGLWVYHUGLFWZKLFKLVZKHQKLVWLPHIRUILOLQJD
GLUHFWDSSHDODVDPDWWHURIULJKWZLWKWKH0LFKLJDQ&RXUWRI
$SSHDOV H[SLUHG $GGLQJ IRUW\WZR GD\V WR WKH GDWH RI
:KHHOHU¶VFRQYLFWLRQ\LHOGVWKHGDWHRI0D\ 7KH
GLVWULFW FRXUW UHMHFWHG :KHHOHU¶V DUJXPHQW WKDW KLV GLUHFW
DSSHDOZDV³UHYLYHG´LQZKHQWKH0LFKLJDQ6XSUHPH
1R :KHHOHUY-RQHV
,%$&.*5281'
$ 6WDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJV
7KH0LFKLJDQ&RXUWRI$SSHDOVVXPPDUL]HGWKHXQGHUO\LQJ
IDFWVRIWKLVFDVHDVIROORZV
7KLVFDVHVWHPVIURPWKHGHDWKRIWKHQVL[WHHQ
\HDUROG (UOLQGD 3D] ZKR ZDV >:KHHOHU@¶V IRUPHU
JLUOIULHQG3D]¶VERG\ZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQDZRRGHGORWLQ
)HEUXDU\RIWKDW\HDU/DFHUDWLRQVZHUHSUHVHQWRQKHU
VFDOS DQG IRUHKHDG $GGLWLRQDOO\ D SRUWLRQ RI 3D]¶V
VFDOS DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH VL]H RI D FORVHG KDQG ZDV
PLVVLQJIURPWKHEDFNRIKHUKHDG7HVWVUHYHDOHGWKDW
3D]ZKRZDVWZRDQGDKDOIPRQWKVSUHJQDQWKDGKDG
VH[XDOLQWHUFRXUVHZLWKLQKRXUVSULRUWRKHUGHDWK7KHUH
ZDVQRHYLGHQFHWRVXJJHVWWKDW3D]KDGEHHQUDSHG7KH
PHGLFDO H[DPLQHU VWDWHG WKDW 3D]¶V LQMXULHV ZHUH
FRQVLVWHQWZLWKDKLJKZD\DFFLGHQW0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\
WKH GRFWRU WKHRUL]HG WKDW 3D]¶V VFDOS FRXOG KDYH EHHQ
ORRVHQHGE\WKHXQGHUFDUULDJHRIDWUDFWLRQPHFKDQLVPRU
PRWRU YHKLFOH $OWHUQDWLYHO\ WKH PHGLFDO H[DPLQHU
VWDWHGWKDWWKHVHLQMXULHVFRXOGKDYHEHHQFDXVHGE\DJXQ
EDUUHOZLWKDVKDUSPDUJLQ$VKRWJXQEDUUHOZDVIRXQG
LQWKHSUR[LPLW\RI3D]¶VERG\
7HVWLPRQ\DWWULDOUHYHDOHGWKDW3D]KDGZULWWHQDOHWWHU
LQIRUPLQJ>:KHHOHU@WKDWKHZDVWKHIDWKHURIWKHFKLOG
WKDWVKHZDVFDUU\LQJ>:KHHOHU@ZKRDFNQRZOHGJHG
WKDW KH UHFHLYHG WKH OHWWHU ZDV DOOHJHGO\ XSVHW XSRQ
OHDUQLQJWKDWWKHFKLOGZDVKLV2QHZLWQHVVZKRZDV
WKHQ D IULHQG RI >:KHHOHU@¶V WHVWLILHG WKDW >:KHHOHU@
RIIHUHGKLPWRKLW3D]LQWKHVWRPDFKSULRUWRKHU
GLVDSSHDUDQFHDQGGHDWK$QRWKHUIULHQGRI>:KHHOHU@¶V
-RKQ2VWUDQGHUWHVWLILHGWKDWDIHZGD\VEHIRUH3D]ZDV
UHSRUWHGPLVVLQJ>:KHHOHU@WROGKLPWKDWKHZDVJRLQJ
WR NLOO KHU $FFRUGLQJ WR 2VWUDQGHU >:KHHOHU@ ODWHU
LQIRUPHGKLPWKDWKHKDGNLOOHG3D]ZLWKDJXQEDUUHO
2VWUDQGHUIXUWKHUWHVWLILHGWKDW>:KHHOHU@DVNHGKLPWR
KHOS EXU\ WKH ERG\ $IWHU WKLV UHTXHVW ZDV PDGH
2VWUDQGHU FODLPHG WKDW >:KHHOHU@ GURYH KLP WR WKH

-- 3 of 4 --

:KHHOHUY-RQHV 1R
UHPRWH ORFDWLRQ ZKHUH 3D]¶V ERG\ ZDV HYHQWXDOO\
GLVFRYHUHG7KHWZRPHQZHUHXQDEOHWRORFDWH3D]¶V
ERG\ RQ WKLV RFFDVLRQ )LQDOO\ 2VWUDQGHU VWDWHG WKDW
>:KHHOHU@DVNHGKLPWRSURYLGHDIDOVHDOLELWRWKHSROLFH
LIDQGZKHQKHZDVHYHUTXHVWLRQHGDERXW3D]¶VGHDWK
$QRWKHUIULHQGRI>:KHHOHU@¶V5LFN/D0RWKHWHVWLILHG
WKDWSULRUWR3D]¶VGLVDSSHDUDQFH>:KHHOHU@KDGWDNHQ
KLP WR WKH UHPRWH ORFDWLRQ ZKHUH KHU ERG\ ZDV
HYHQWXDOO\GLVFRYHUHG/D0RWKHFODLPHGWRKDYHVHHQ
>:KHHOHU@FXWWKHEDUUHORIIRIDVKRWJXQLQ-DQXDU\RI
DSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHPRQWKEHIRUH3D]¶VERG\ZDV
GLVFRYHUHG 7KLV WHVWLPRQ\ ZDV FRUURERUDWHG E\
>:KHHOHU@¶V PRWKHU ZKR WHVWLILHG WKDW >:KHHOHU@ KDG
WDNHQDVKRWJXQIURPWKHIDPLO\KRPHDQGVDZHGLWRII
$FULPHODERUDWRU\WHFKQLFLDQWHVWLILHGWKDWWKHVKRWJXQ
EDUUHOIRXQGQHDU3D]¶VERG\PDWFKHGWKHZHDSRQWKDW
>:KHHOHU@KDGVDZHGRII

-DQHWWH %XFKRO] WHVWLILHG WKDW VKH PHW >:KHHOHU@
EHWZHHQDQGSPRQWKHVDPHGD\WKDW3D]
GLVDSSHDUHG$FFRUGLQJWR%XFKRO]>:KHHOHU@ORRNHG
³H[KDXVWHG´ZKHQKHDUULYHG)XUWKHU%XFKRO]FODLPHG
WKDW>:KHHOHU@KDGEORRGVWDLQVRQKLVKDQGVDQGSDQWV
%XFKRO]VDLGWKDW>:KHHOHU@H[SODLQHGWKDWKHKDGEHHQ
LQ D ILJKW ZLWK WZR PHQ $QRWKHU ZRPDQ 1DQF\
*HUGLQJKHDUG>:KHHOHU@DVNWRZDVKWKHEORRGRIIRI
KLVKDQGV)LQDOO\*HUGLQJVDLGWKDW>:KHHOHU@FODLPHG
WRKDYHXVHGDSLSHWRGHIHQGKLPVHOILQWKHILJKWZLWKWKH
WZRPHQ
3HRSOHY:KHHOHU1RDW 0LFK&W$SS-DQ

2Q0DUFKDMXU\IRXQG:KHHOHUJXLOW\RIILUVW
GHJUHHSUHPHGLWDWHGPXUGHU+HZDVWKHUHDIWHUVHQWHQFHGE\
WKH VWDWH WULDO MXGJH WR OLIH LPSULVRQPHQW ZLWKRXW WKH
SRVVLELOLW\RISDUROH:KHHOHUGLGQRWH[HUFLVHKLVULJKWWRD
GLUHFWDSSHDO
1R :KHHOHUY-RQHV
,Q:KHHOHUILOHGDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDGHOD\HGDSSHDO
SXUVXDQW WR 5XOH RI WKH 0LFKLJDQ &RXUW 5XOHV 2Q
'HFHPEHU WKH &RXUW RI $SSHDOV RI 0LFKLJDQ
UHPDQGHGWKHFDVHWRWKHWULDOFRXUWWRGHWHUPLQH:KHHOHU¶V
FRPSHWHQF\ WR VWDQG WULDO QXQF SUR WXQF )ROORZLQJ DQ
HYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJWKHWULDOFRXUWIRXQGWKDW:KHHOHUKDG
LQGHHGEHHQFRPSHWHQWWRVWDQGWULDO:KHHOHUGLGQRWDSSHDO
WKLVILQGLQJ
,Q:KHHOHUILOHGDVHFRQGDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDGHOD\HG
DSSHDODOOHJLQJ WKDWKHKDGEHHQGHQLHGDIDLUWULDOGXHWR
FHUWDLQLQDSSURSULDWHVWDWHPHQWVPDGHE\WKHSURVHFXWRUDQG
WKDWKHKDGUHFHLYHGWKHLQHIIHFWLYHDVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHO7KH
0LFKLJDQ&RXUWRI$SSHDOVGHQLHGWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQ:KHHOHU
DSSHDOHG2Q0DUFKWKH0LFKLJDQ6XSUHPH&RXUW
FRQFOXGHGWKDW:KHHOHU¶VFODLPVZDUUDQWHGIXUWKHUUHYLHZDQG
UHPDQGHGWKHFDVHWRWKH&RXUWRI$SSHDOVZLWKLQVWUXFWLRQV
WRFRQVLGHU:KHHOHU¶VGHOD\HGDSSHDO³DVRQOHDYHJUDQWHG´
3HRSOHY:KHHOHU1R 0LFK0DU
7KH&RXUWRI$SSHDOVLQWXUQUHPDQGHGWKHPDWWHUWRWKH
WULDOFRXUWIRUDQHYLGHQWLDU\KHDULQJRQ:KHHOHU¶VLQHIIHFWLYH
DVVLVWDQFHRIFRXQVHOFODLP2Q'HFHPEHUDIWHU
FRQGXFWLQJ VXFK D KHDULQJ WKH WULDO FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKDW
:KHHOHU¶VFRXQVHOKDGQRWEHHQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\LQHIIHFWLYH
7KH0LFKLJDQ&RXUWRI$SSHDOVDIILUPHGDQGRQ)HEUXDU\
WKH0LFKLJDQ6XSUHPH&RXUWGHQLHGOHDYHWRDSSHDO
% )HGHUDOFRXUWSURFHHGLQJV
2Q)HEUXDU\:KHHOHUILOHGDSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRI
KDEHDV FRUSXV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW &RXUW IRU WKH
(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI0LFKLJDQ:KHHOHUUDLVHGIRXU FODLPV
LQFOXGLQJ D FKDOOHQJH WR WKH WULDO FRXUW¶V MXU\ LQVWUXFWLRQV
EDVHGRQ6DQGVWURP7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG:KHHOHUUHOLHI
FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW KH FRXOG QRW WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKH UXOH
DQQRXQFHGLQ6DQGVWURPLQEHFDXVHKLVFRQYLFWLRQKDG
EHFRPHILQDOLQ,WDOVRIRXQG:KHHOHU¶VRWKHUFODLPVWR
EHZLWKRXWPHULW

-- 4 of 4 --

Poursuivez vos recherches dans ChatGPT ou Claude

Connectez Omnilex pour rechercher dans le corpus juridique depuis votre assistant IA.