United States of America v. SALVATORE DiAMBROSIO Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern…

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-3317
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellant
v.
SALVATORE DiAMBROSIO
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(No. 04-cr-00066)
District Judge: Honorable Bruce W. Kauffman
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 24, 2007
Before: McKEE, BARRY and FISHER, Circuit Judges
(Filed: October 24, 2007)
McKEE, Circuit Judge
The government appeals the sentence that was imposed after the defendant was
convicted of charges arising from a fraudulent stock trading scheme. For the reasons that
follow, we will vacate the sentence and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
I.
Because we write primarily for the parties, we need not recite the facts or

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The government does not challenge the district court’s rejection of the recommended1
two-level adjustment for abuse of trust or use of a special skill, thus we will not address that
issue.
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procedural background of this case except insofar as may be helpful to our brief
discussion. DiAmbrosio was charged with ten counts of wire fraud arising from his
execution of unauthorized and bogus stock trades in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. At
trial, DiAmbrosio testified in his own defense and claimed that all the trades he made
were authorized and legitimate. The jury rejected that explanation and convicted him on
all counts.
During the sentencing hearing that followed, the court stated that DiAmbrosio’s
total offense level was twenty-one. The court arrived at that figure after refusing to apply
the two-level adjustment for his role in the offense as recommended in the Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3. Based upon a criminal1
history category of “I” and a total offense level of twenty-one, the district court
determined the guidelines range for DiAmbrosio’s sentence to be thirty-seven to forty-six
months. The court imposed a sentence of five years probation with one year of home
confinement.
The PSR also recommended a two-level adjustment for obstruction of justice
because DiAmbrosio apparently committed perjury when he testified in his own defense
at trial. DiAmbrosio did not object to that enhancement during the sentencing hearing.
When asked if he had objections to the PSR, DiAmbrosio said he had “no additions,

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modifications, objections, or corrections of any type to the [PSR]” except for his
objection to its recommendation for a two-level adjustment for abuse of trust or use of a
special skill. App. 1079.
Nonetheless, the sentencing court, sua sponte, asserted that the recommended
adjustment for obstruction of justice was “fundamentally unfair.” Id. The sentencing
judge also stated that § 3C1.1 was “wrong” and “unconstitutional.” Id. at 1081.
Furthermore, the judge explained that “in my calculations of the guidelines that are going
to be advisory to me, I am not going to include that enhancement.” Id. at 1084-85.
II.
The government argues the district court erred in failing to apply the two-level
adjustment for obstruction of justice based upon the court’s personal view that: (1) §
3C1.1 is unconstitutional; and (2) that application of the enhancement is discretionary in
an advisory sentencing regime.
In United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87 (1993), the Supreme Court rejected the
contention that § 3C1.1 was “unconstitutional on the simple basis that it distorts [a
defendant’s] decision whether to testify or remain silent.” Id. at 96. The Court explained
that its precedents “do not impose a categorical ban on every governmental action
affecting the strategic decisions of an accused, including decisions whether or not to
exercise constitutional rights.” Id.
The Court recognized that “not every accused who testifies at trial and is convicted

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will incur an enhanced sentence under § 3C1.1 for committing perjury.” Id. at 95. In
some circumstances, for example where the defendant testifies inaccurately due to
“confusion, mistake, or faulty memory” or testifies truthfully “to matters such as lack of
capacity, insanity, duress, or self-defense” and the jury finds the defendant guilty
nonetheless, application of the adjustment for obstruction of justice is unwarranted. Id.
Thus, the Dunnigan Court prescribed that district courts “review the evidence and make
independent findings necessary to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of
justice” when a defendant “objects to a sentence enhancement resulting from her trial
testimony . . . .” Id.
We expounded upon the Court’s reasoning in Dunnigan in United States v.
Williamson, 154 F.3d 504 (3d Cir. 1998), where the defendant argued that the district
court erred in concluding that it was required to apply the obstruction-of-justice
enhancement. There, we explained that “upon a proper determination that the accused
has committed perjury at trial, an enhancement of sentence is required by the Sentencing
Guidelines.” Id. at 505 (citation and quotation omitted) (emphasis in original).
As noted above, DiAmbrosio did not object to the obstruction-of-justice
enhancement. Rather, the district court refused to apply the adjustment sua sponte, in
part, based on its concern that § 3C1.1 is unconstitutional. We are not unsympathetic to
the concerns the district court voiced about enhancing a sentence for obstruction of justice
based upon a defendant’s testimony even though the government rarely sees fit to charge

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a defendant with perjury or obstruction of justice. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court
allayed any constitutional concerns surrounding § 3C1.1 in Dunnigan. Moreover, we
have explained that sentencing courts are not free to ignore enhancements under the
Guidelines even though the Guidelines are now advisory.
In United States v. Gunter, 462 F.3d 237 (3d Cir. 2006), we interpreted United
States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), as requiring sentencing courts to follow a three-
step process when imposing a sentence. In the first step, “Courts must continue to
calculate a defendant’s Guidelines sentence precisely as they would have before Booker.”
Id. at 247. It is therefore clear that the district court erred in calculating the advisory
range under the Guidelines by refusing to impose an enhancement specifically required by
the Guidelines. Moreover, since DiAmbrosio failed to object to the PSR’s
recommendation of the enhancement, the trial court was not obligated to review the
evidence and make independent findings to establish DiAmbrosio’s obstruction of justice.
The fact that DiAmbrosio did not object is sufficient by itself to establish that his
testimony satisfies § 3C1.1 at the first step of Gunter.
The fact that Booker rendered the Guidelines advisory has no impact whatsoever
on the sentencing court’s responsibility to accurately calculate the guidelines sentence.
See Gunter, 462 F.3d at 247; United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 330 (3d Cir. 2006)
(“In consideration of the § 3553(a) factors, a trial court must calculate the correct
guidelines range applicable to a defendant’s particular circumstances.”). Thus, having

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The court did not have to impose a sentence within the range determined by the2
calculation, but it did have to correctly calculate that range.
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failed to apply the two-level obstruction-of-justice enhancement when calculating
DiAmbrosio’s guidelines sentence, as it was required to do even after Booker, the trial
court here failed to discharge its duty at step one of Gunter.2
II.
The government also contends that the sentence imposed by the district court was
unreasonable in imposing a sentence of probation. However, because we have
determined that the trial court erred in calculating DiAmbrosio’s guidelines sentence and
will remand for resentencing, we need not reach this issue. Moreover, we can not now
conclude that a probationary sentence is, necessarily unreasonable. That determination
must await resentencing based upon an appropriate application of the sentencing factors
set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We do, however, note that meaningful application of
those factors is not satisfied by boilerplate explanations bearing no relationship to the
court’s actual considerations. Here, for example, the court noted that the sentence that
was imposed was based “on various factors [including] Defendant’s offense, . . .history,
characteristics, educational . . . needs, [as well as his substantial cooperation with the
government in the investigation and prosecution of others . . ..” App. 12 (second set of
brackets in original). However, the defendant never cooperated with the government.
Rather, it appears that the court inserted this justification in true boilerplate fashion in the
commitment order without regard to its accuracy. That is clearly not an approach to

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sentencing that is consistent with the obligations imposed under an advisory Guidelines
regime that affords review for reasonableness. We are sure that any oversight in properly
explaining the reasons for the sentence that will be imposed will be corrected on remand.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will remand the sentence imposed in the Judgment
and Commitment Order of the district court.

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