Patricia S. Conroy v. Township of Lower Merion

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 02-3217
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PATRICIA S. CONROY,
Appellant
v.
TOWNSHIP OF LOWER MERION;
LOWER MERION TOWNSHIP WORKERS ASSOCIATION
________________
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 00-cv-03528)
District Judge: Honorable Ronald L. Buckwalter
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Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 23, 2003
Before: SLOVITER, AMBRO and BECKER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: August 8, 2003)
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OPINION
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BECKER, Circuit Judge.
Patricia S. Conroy appeals from the District Court’s grant of judgment as a

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matter of law in favor of the defendant Township of Lower Merion on her claim brought
pursuant to the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”). She also appeals from the District
Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Township on her claim under the
Americans with Disability Act (“ADA”) and the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act
(“PHRA”), and in favor of the defendant Transport Workers Union (“TWU”) on her
claim for breach of the duty of fair representation. We affirm. The facts and procedural
history are involved but they are well known to the parties; we lay them out briefly below.
I.
Conroy was employed for many years as an accounting clerk in the Township’s
finance department. She injured her back in a non-work-related incident and, as a result,
developed a sensitivity to air currents. Conroy presented the Township with a letter from
her doctor stating that her back pain “is aggravated by certain weather conditions.”
[A504] Conroy’s doctor also stated that she experiences “severe, intermittent pain” that
is exacerbated by “several environmental and physical changes” including “exposure to
air currents blowing from open windows,” and recommended that Conroy work in an area
where “she will not be exposed to drafts from open windows.” [A508] The Township
was unable to determine from the letter what precise steps it should take to deal with the
problem, and hence it sent Conroy, at its own expense, for an independent medical
examination (“IME”) to determine how far away from vents, windows, etc. she could
work (the Township had a longstanding practice of requesting that employees undergo

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IMEs to clarify confusing medical information).
The doctor conducting the IM E determined that Conroy should avoid “actual,
perceptible draft[s] that could be objectively documented by an industrial hygienist or
HVAC specialist,” and stated that “[i]f the window 35 feet away from . . . Conroy’s
cubicle does not give rise to any air currents at her desk or cause an adverse change in
temperature, then I am not supporting medically that the window be closed simply
because she says to close it.” [A518-519] The Township followed up on the doctor’s
suggestions and employed a company to perform a ventilation survey of the finance
department, including Conroy’s work station. The results of the survey showed that there
were no perceptible air currents directly impacting Conroy’s work station; any air currents
dissipated before they reached Conroy’s cubicle. The Township informed Conroy that,
despite the results of the survey, the finance department would endeavor to keep the
windows closed. The Township also installed, at its own cost, an air vent above the
entrance door to the finance department and weather stripping on all doors within the
department.
However, Conroy’s condition worsened and she took a leave of absence under the
FMLA. Conroy’s doctor indicated that Conroy’s back pain became worse when the air
conditioning was activated and when her supervisor opened both his window and the door
to his office. In the doctor’s opinion, “stressful working conditions and drafts in the work
area are the cause of the exacerbation of pains in her back.” [A538] After two months of

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leave, Conroy’s doctor stated that Conroy could return to work but gave another vague
statement that she should not be exposed to air currents. Once again, the Township
requested that Conroy have an IME to determine precisely how it could accommodate
her, but this time Conroy refused and instead requested that she be moved to another
workplace. Considering that Conroy had missed two months of work, the Township did
not want to employ her without knowing exactly what working conditions would
accommodate her condition. After her vacation and sick leave ran out, Conroy was
terminated (under the terms of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) with the
union, any employee who has missed work for 180 days will be terminated).
II.
Pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 2614, employees taking FMLA leave are entitled to the
following:
(a) Restoration to position
(1) In general
Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, any eligible employee
who takes leave under section 2612 of this title for the intended purpose of
the leave shall be entitled, on return from such leave--
(A) to be restored by the employer to the position of employment held by
the employee when the leave commenced; or
(B) to be restored to an equivalent position with equivalent employment
benefits, pay, and other terms and conditions of employment.
Although the Township was offering to restore Conroy to her position, Conroy claims
that the Township violated 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1), which prohibits employers from

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taking any action to “interfere with, restrain or deny the exercise of” rights under the
FMLA, by requiring her to submit to an IME before returning to work. However, we note
that Rinehimer v. Cemcolift, Inc. holds that “the FMLA does not require ‘an employer to
provide a reasonable accommodation to an employee to facilitate his return to the same or
equivalent position at the conclusion of his medical leave.’” 292 F.3d 375, 384 (3d Cir.
2002) (internal citations omitted); see also 29 C.F.R. § 825.214(b) (“If the employee is
unable to perform an essential function of the position because of a physical or mental
condition, including the continuation of a serious health condition, the employee has no
right to restoration to another position under the FMLA.”). Thus, the critical question is
whether Conroy required an accommodation to perform the essential functions of her job
(or an equivalent job). If so, then the Township had no duty to restore her to her position
after she took FMLA leave, and the request that she undergo an IME certainly did not
interfere with her FMLA rights because she had no right to be restored at all.
We think that Conroy required accommodations. Conroy’s doctor indicated that
she had taken a leave of absence because her back problems had been exacerbated by
stressful working conditions and that she should not return to work until conditions
improved (although the doctor also made a somewhat confusing statement that she could
“return to unrestricted duty” [A544]); this was after the Township had already made a
good faith effort to accommodate Conroy. By requesting a second IME, the Township
simply wanted to ensure that Conroy would not come back to work and be put in a

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situation in which her back problems would flare up again, causing her to miss more
work. Without adequately addressing the air current problem (which required Conroy to
submit to an IME), Conroy could not continue to perform the essential functions of her
job because her back pain would likely worsen once again, causing her to miss work (she
certainly could not perform the essential functions of her job if she was not able to work).
It is difficult to understand why Conroy would not agree to an IME (the Township would
have covered the cost), and it is most unfortunate that this fine, long-term employee of the
Township so harmed herself by refusing to agree, but the refusal is fatal to her position.
The Township could have outright refused to restore Conroy because she required an
accommodation, and thus her claim that the Township violated her rights under the
FMLA by requiring her to submit to an IME fails; the IME would have allowed the
Township to restore Conroy to her position with an accommodation, something it was not
required to do under the FMLA.
Neither can Conroy succeed on her FMLA retaliation claim. She simply has not
adduced evidence from which an inference can be drawn that she was fired because she
exercised her FMLA rights and not because she refused to submit to an IME. Nor has she
adduced evidence from which an inference can be drawn that the Township’s request that
she undergo an IME was a pretext for terminating her because she exercised her FMLA
rights.
Conroy also fails on her claim that the District Court erred by excluding evidence

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of allegedly insufficient FMLA notice because she never pled (even though she amended
her complaint twice) that the Township failed to provide sufficient notice under the
FMLA. Thus, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by deciding that it would be
prejudicial to the defendants to allow this claim to go forth when Conroy brought up the
issue at such a late point. Nor did the District Court err by denying Conroy’s motion to
exclude evidence of the Township’s prior practice with the union concerning IMEs – this
evidence is clearly relevant to the determination of whether the Township could require
Conroy to undergo an IME, as past practice can be considered an implied term of the
CBA and CBAs can supersede the FMLA. See Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Railway
Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 491 U.S. 299, 311-12 (1989); 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(4).
The District Court also did not err by granting the Township’s motion for summary
judgment on the ADA and PHRA claims (which are properly evaluated as one statute)
because Conroy cannot prove the elements of these claims. The ADA and PHRA require
that Conroy be disabled in a way that affects major life activities, which she has not
shown. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A); 29 C.F.R. §1630.2(g)(1). Additionally, Conroy
must show that she suffered an adverse employment action as a result of discrimination
and that the Township’s nondiscriminatory reason for her termination (that she refused to
submit to an IME) was a pretext for discrimination. Rather, it appears that Conroy was
terminated because she would not submit to an IME, not because of her condition.
Moreover, although “[a]n employer discriminates against a qualified individual with a

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disability when it does ‘not mak[e] reasonable accommodations to the known physical or
mental limitations of the individual unless the [employer] can demonstrate that the
accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business of the
[employer],’” Gaul v. Lucent Tech., Inc., 134 F.3d 576, 579 (3d Cir. 1998) (citing 42
U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A)), it was Conroy’s failure to allow the Township to figure out
how reasonably to accommodate her condition that led to her firing, not the Township’s
unwillingness to accommodate her.
Finally, the District Court did not err by granting summary judgment to the TWU
on Conroy’s breach of the duty of fair representation claim. To succeed on a claim like
this, Conroy was required to show that the union acted in bad faith by refusing to submit
her claim to arbitration. See Dykes v. SEPTA, 68 F.3d 1564, 1571 (3d Cir. 1995), cert.
denied 517 U.S. 1142 (1996). We conclude that Conroy has shown no evidence of bad
faith, and that her underlying arguments that the Township discriminated and retaliated
against her and failed to accommodate her appear to be without merit. Thus, the union
acted reasonably.
The judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.

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TO THE CLERK
Please file the foregoing opinion.
/s/ Edward R. Becker
Circuit Judge

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