Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision 1

15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
1
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 1
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 2
3
August Term, 2015 4
5
(Argued: February 18, 2016 Decided: July 29, 2016) 6
7
Docket No. 15‐3168‐cv 8
________________________________________________________________________ 9
10
NATHANIEL W RIGHT, 11
12
Plaintiff‐Appellant, 13
14
‐ v. ‐ 15
16
NEW Y ORK S TATE DEPARTMENT OF C ORRECTIONS AND C OMMUNITY S UPERVISION, 17
A NTHONY A NNUCCI, Acting Commissioner of Department of Corrections and 18
Community Supervision, C HARLES KELLY , JR ., Superintendent; Marcy 19
Correctional Facility, 20
21
Defendants‐Appellees.
22
________________________________________________________________________ 23
24
Before: WINTER , H ALL , and D RONEY , Circuit Judges. 25
26
Nathaniel Wright, a mobility‐impaired inmate in the custody of the New 27
York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, appeals a 28
decision from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New 29
York (D’Agostino, J.) granting summary judgment against him on his claims 30
under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the Rehabilitation Act 31
(“RA”). The district court denied declaratory and injunctive relief that would 32
have allowed Wright to use his motorized wheelchair while he is incarcerated. 33
 The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth
above.

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
2
Because we determine that Department of Corrections’ blanket ban on motorized 1
wheelchairs violates the ADA and the RA and that there is a dispute of material 2
fact as to whether defendants provided Wright meaningful access to DOCCS 3
services or would be unduly burdened by allowing Wright the use of his 4
motorized wheelchair, we vacate the judgment and remand for further 5
proceedings. 6
7
8
JOSHUA T. C OTTER , Legal Services of Central New 9
York, Inc., Syracuse, NY, for Plaintiff‐Appellant. 10
11
K ATE H. NEPVEU, Assistant Solicitor General 12
(Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General & 13
Andrea Oser, Deputy Solicitor General, on the 14
brief), for Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General 15
of the State of New York, Albany, NY, for 16
Defendants‐Appellees. 17
18
19
W INTER and H ALL , Circuit Judges: 20
21
Appellant Nathaniel Wright, a mobility‐impaired inmate who suffers from 22
cerebral palsy and scoliosis, brought suit against the New York State Department 23
of Corrections and Community Supervision and certain of its officers 24
(collectively, “DOCCS”) under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act 25
(“ADA”) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“RA”) seeking declaratory 26
and injunctive relief allowing him to use his motorized wheelchair within 27
DOCCS facilities. Wright makes three arguments: (1) DOCCS’s mobility 28
assistance program is not a reasonable accommodation for his disability, (2) 29

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
3
allowing him to use his motorized wheelchair would not unduly burden 1
DOCCS, and (3) DOCCS’s blanket ban on motorized wheelchairs violates the 2
ADA and RA. After discovery, the district court granted summary judgment in 3
favor of DOCCS and determined that the mobility assistance program gives 4
Wright meaningful access to prison programs, benefits, and services. 5
We hold that the district court erred by granting summary judgment in 6
favor of DOCCS because there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether 7
the mobility assistance program provides Wright meaningful access to DOCCS 8
services and as to whether allowing Wright the use of his motorized wheelchair 9
would unduly burden DOCCS. In arriving at this conclusion, we further hold 10
that DOCCS’s blanket ban on motorized wheelchairs—without an individualized 11
inquiry into the risks of allowing a mobility‐impaired inmate to use his or her 12
motorized wheelchair—violates the ADA and the RA. We therefore vacate the 13
grant of summary judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with 14
this opinion. 15
BACKGROUND 16
Wright has lived with cerebral palsy and scoliosis all his life. As a result of 17
cerebral palsy, Wright’s legs are severely deformed. He can walk only for very 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
4
short distances and only with the aid of a cane. Since April 2012, Wright has 1
been incarcerated in various New York state jails and prisons. For twenty years 2
prior to incarceration, however, he enjoyed a self‐sufficient life through the use 3
of a doctor‐prescribed, and Medicaid‐provided, motorized wheelchair. His 4
expressed need to continue using his motorized wheelchair while in prison is the 5
impetus for this lawsuit. 6
Wright was initially incarcerated in Monroe County Jail, where he was 7
allowed to use his motorized wheelchair in the general population without 8
incident. In October 2012, he was transferred to DOCCS custody at the Elmira 9
Correctional Facility (“Elmira”). After a prison nurse practitioner examined him, 10
Wright was deemed to have a “permanent limitation,” given a medical 11
restriction permit, and allowed to use his motorized wheelchair while in the 12
infirmary ward. Joint App’x at 49. After a brief two‐week stay at Elmira, Wright 13
was transferred to Marcy Correctional Facility (“Marcy”). About a year later 14
Wright was transferred to Franklin Correctional Facility (“Franklin”) where he 15
remains incarcerated. Wright’s claims are premised on his time at both Marcy 16
and Franklin. 17

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
5
Upon arrival at Marcy, DOCCS personnel seized Wright’s motorized 1
wheelchair and provided him with a manual wheelchair and a quad cane. 2
Wright was also provided knee pads and was allowed to use his customized 3
chair cushion with his DOCCS‐issued manual wheelchair. DOCCS informed 4
Wright that he would be assigned an inmate mobility aide to move him around 5
the facility. Shortly after his motorized wheelchair was confiscated, Wright filed 6
a prison grievance seeking “reasonable accommodations needed to get around 7
the facility independently (i.e. [his] power wheelchair).” Id. at 23. Marcy 8
Superintendent Kelly denied the grievance, finding that Wright’s needs were 9
already met. Superintendent Kelly also declared that, because “the 10
possession/use of a motorized wheelchair in a correctional setting includes 11
numerous safety & security issues, Departmental policy is to preclude the use of 12
such items by offenders.” Id. This decision was later upheld on appeal by 13
DOCCS’s Central Office Review Committee (“CORC”), which noted that “the 14
motorized wheelchair was appropriately denied for legitimate security concerns 15
regarding the strength of the battery, massive amount of wiring, etc.” Id. at 25. 16
CORC stated that Wright’s needs were already being reasonably accommodated 17
because he had been given a manual wheelchair and was “assigned another 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
6
inmate who is programmed as a mobility aide to assist him with daily living 1
activities and movement within the facility.” Id. 2
DOCCS has a blanket policy that precludes the use of motorized 3
wheelchairs by inmates. Mobility‐impaired inmates who cannot propel 4
themselves in a manual wheelchair must rely upon inmate mobility aides to 5
move throughout the facility and to attend programs and services. At Marcy, 6
Wright was assigned a specific mobility aide who knew Wright’s general 7
schedule and for whom other aides would substitute as necessary. At Franklin, 8
however, Wright was not assigned specific mobility aides; instead, he received 9
assistance from a pool of trained inmates. Franklin provides four trained 10
mobility aides for each mobility‐impaired inmate. In both facilities Wright could 11
utilize mobility aides only if he put in a request for assistance with “Housing 12
Unit Officers well in advance.” Id. at 308. 13
Wright alleges that the mobility assistance program does not provide him 14
meaningful access to prison programs and services. According to Wright, his 15
disability is such that he is only able to move himself in a manual wheelchair for 16
short periods of time and for short distances because using a manual wheelchair 17

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
7
causes him physical pain. As a result, he is almost entirely dependent on the 1
mobility assistance program, which he attests is unreliable and ineffective. 2
For example, Wright, at times, has had to ask as many as six mobility aides 3
for help before finding a willing aide. On multiple occasions he has been unable 4
to go to the law library and missed morning sick calls, doctor appointments, and 5
meals. Late at night, he often does not “bother” the mobility aides and instead 6
attempts to propel himself to the bathroom. Joint App’x at 155. Even though his 7
cell is about thirty feet from the bathroom, making this trip on his own causes 8
him a great deal of pain, and, on more than one occasion, he has defecated or 9
urinated on himself. Wright has been unable to perform a number of jobs that he 10
would otherwise be able to perform if he had access to his motorized wheelchair, 11
including being a part of the lawn and grounds crew. Finally, Wright avoids 12
recreational time in the yard because he fears he would be unable to escape 13
quickly in the event of a prison fight, and when he is forced to spend recreational 14
time in the yard, he is physically and socially isolated because no inmates are 15
willing to push him around. 16
While Wright has testified that the mobility assistance program has caused 17
him, among other things, indignity and embarrassment, he has never filed a 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
8
grievance identifying a specific aide who refused to push him. He did file one 1
grievance at Franklin alleging that he missed a doctor’s appointment because no 2
mobility aide was willing to push him. An investigation later found, however, 3
that Wright missed this appointment as a result of a facility inmate count, not 4
because a mobility aide was unavailable. According to Wright, he has chosen 5
not to identify shirking mobility aides because a person in his “condition [] can’t 6
afford being labeled a snitch.” Joint App’x at 189. 7
On May 15, 2013, Wright commenced this action, alleging that DOCCS 8
discriminated against him and failed to provide him with a reasonable 9
accommodation in violation of the ADA and the RA. On July 1, 2013, he moved 10
for a preliminary injunction seeking the return of his motorized wheelchair 11
pending a determination of his suit on the merits. The District Court denied the 12
motion. We affirmed this decision by summary order, determining that “the 13
District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Wright’s preliminary 14
injunction.” Wright v. Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision, 568 Fed. App’x 53, 55 15
(2d Cir. 2014). We declined, however, to give a “view on the merits” of Wright’s 16
ADA and RA claims and “encourage[d] the District Court to consider whether 17

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
9
DOCCS is an outlier among state prison systems in denying prisoners the use of 1
motorized wheelchairs.” Id. 2
On July 3, 2014, Wright filed a second amended complaint “seek[ing] 3
declaratory and injunctive relief to compel [DOCCS] to allow [Wright the] use of 4
his personal motorized wheelchair within DOCCS facilities.” Joint App’x at 63. 5
Wright set forth evidence that thirty state prison systems and the Federal Bureau 6
of Prisons allow mobility‐impaired inmates to use motorized wheelchairs, at the 7
very least, on a case‐by‐case basis. Only eleven states, including New York, have 8
a blanket ban on the use of motorized wheelchairs. 9
DOCCS employees outlined a number of security concerns with motorized 10
wheelchairs beyond their potential use as a weapon, including the following: (1) 11
motorized wheelchairs are heavy, weighing between 228 and 278 pounds, and 12
can injure individuals who are inadvertently hit by them; (2) they are complex 13
machines that cannot easily be inspected and can be used to hide contraband; 14
and (3) motorized wheelchairs are powered by potentially dangerous acid 15
batteries. 16
In response, Wright produced evidence to counter these security concerns. 17
He provided a DOCCS directive stating that prisoners are allowed to have 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
10
electric typewriters, lamps, audio equipment, and hair dryers—devices which 1
have wires or batteries and in which contraband could be hidden. Wright 2
provided an affidavit from Eldon Vail, a former Secretary for the Washington 3
State Department of Corrections, who stated that the Washington prison system 4
allows motorized wheelchairs on a case‐by‐case basis and that he was unaware 5
of a single incident or problem involving an inmate’s use of a motorized 6
wheelchair. Vail also noted that mobility‐impaired inmates who use motorized 7
chairs are easier to manage, and he observed that DOCCS had not actually 8
assessed the individualized risks associated with allowing Wright to use his 9
motorized wheelchair. He also stated that had DOCCS staff actually inspected 10
Wright’s motorized wheelchair, they would have found that the battery and 11
wiring of the wheelchair are “secured in such a way that tools are required to 12
access them.” Joint App’x at 103. Vail also asserted that because Wright has had 13
no behavioral problems while incarcerated, Wright’s use of a motorized 14
wheelchair was unlikely to be a security concern. 15
After discovery, the parties cross‐moved for summary judgment. On 16
September 30, 2015, the district court denied Wright’s motion and granted 17
DOCCS’s cross‐motion. The court first found that Wright had not established 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
11
that DOCCS’s “blanket policy prohibiting the use of motorized wheelchairs 1
within their prisons violates his [] rights under the ADA/RA . . . .” Wright v. 2
Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision, No. 9:13‐cv‐564, 2015 WL 5751064, at *15 3
(N.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2015). The district court then held that the mobility assistance 4
program was a reasonable accommodation for Wright’s disability, determining 5
that it “gave him meaningful access to the [prison] facilities’ programs, benefits, 6
and services.” Id. The district court, in the alternative, denied Wright’s request 7
for injunctive relief because he failed to issue a formal administrative complaint 8
or engage in an interactive mediation process with DOCCS. Id. at 16. Wright 9
appealed. 10
DISCUSSION 11
a. Standard of Review 12
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor 13
of DOCCS. See Bermudez v. City of N. Y., 790 F.3d 368, 373 (2d Cir. 2015). We 14
“resolve all ambiguities and draw all permissible factual inferences in favor” of 15
the non‐moving party, Patterson v. Cty. of Oneida, N.Y., 375 F.3d 206, 219 (2d 16
Cir. 2004), and will affirm summary judgment only if the moving party shows 17

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
12
that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 1
entitled to judgment as a matter of law[,]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 2
b. ADA and RA Claims 3
Title II of the ADA requires that “no qualified individual with a disability 4
shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied 5
the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be 6
subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Section 504 of 7
the RA requires that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a 8
disability . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the 9
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination 10
under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . . . .” 29 11
U.S.C. § 794(a). Because the standards under both statutes are generally the same 12
and the subtle distinctions between the statutes are not implicated in this case, 13
“we treat claims under the two statutes identically.” Henrietta D. v. Bloomberg, 14
331 F.3d 261, 272 (2d Cir. 2003). 15
In order to establish a prima facie violation under these acts, Wright must 16
show that 1) he is a qualified individual with a disability; 2) DOCCS is an entity 17
subject to the acts; and 3) he was denied the opportunity to participate in or 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
13
benefit from DOCCS’s services, programs, or activities or DOCCS otherwise 1
discriminated against him by reason of his disability. Id. Wright undoubtedly 2
satisfies the first two elements: DOCCS does not dispute that Wright is a 3
qualified individual because he suffers from cerebral palsy and scoliosis or that 4
DOCCS is an entity that is subject to the statutes. Fulton v. Goord, 591 F.3d 37, 5
43 (2d Cir. 2009) (recognizing that DOCCS is subject to the ADA and RA). Both 6
the ADA and the RA undoubtedly apply to state prisons and their prisoners. See 7
Pa. Dep’t of Corr. v. Yeskey, 524 U.S. 206, 209 (1998) (holding the ADA 8
“unmistakably includes State prisons and prisoners within its coverage”). The 9
parties, however, dispute the third element: whether DOCCS denies Wright the 10
opportunity to participate in or benefit from prison services, programs, or 11
activities. Wright asserts that DOCCS discriminated against him under a “failure 12
to make a reasonable accommodation” theory. Fulton, 591 F.3d at 43 (internal 13
quotation omitted). 14
In examining this claim, we ask whether a plaintiff with disabilities “as a 15
practical matterʺ was denied “meaningful access” to services, programs or 16
activities to which he or she was “legally entitled.” Henrietta D., 331 F.3d at 273. 17
DOCCS implements “programs, services, or activities” because, among other 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
14
things, they “provide inmates with many recreational ‘activities,’ medical 1
‘services,’ and educational and vocational programs . . . .’” Yeskey, 524 U.S. at 2
210. In order “to assure meaningful access, reasonable accommodations in the 3
[] program[s] or benefit[s] may have to be made.” Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 4
287, 301 (1985). “The hallmark of a reasonable accommodation is effectiveness.” 5
Dean v. Univ. at Buffalo Sch. of Med. & Biomedical Scis., 804 F.3d 178, 189 (2d 6
Cir. 2015). Specifically, a reasonable “accommodation need not be ‘perfect’ or the 7
one ‘most strongly preferred’ by the []plaintiff, but it still must be ‘effective[.]’” 8
Id. (quoting Noll v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 787 F.3d 89, 95 (2d Cir. 2015)). 9
Determining the “reasonableness of an [] accommodation is a ‘fact‐specific’ 10
question that often must be resolved by a factfinder.” Noll, 787 F.3d at 94 11
(internal quotation omitted). A defendant is “entitled to summary judgment 12
only if the undisputed record reveals that the plaintiff was accorded a ‘plainly 13
reasonable’ accommodation.” Dean, 804 F.3d at 189 (quoting Noll, 787 F.3d at 14
94). 15
1. Reasonableness of DOCCS’s accommodation 16
17
A reasonable accommodation must provide effective access to prison 18
activities and programs. See, e.g., Randolph v. Rodgers, 170 F.3d 850, 858 (8th 19

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
15
Cir. 1999) (holding a deaf inmate’s “limited participation” in activities does not 1
support a finding that although he did not have an interpreter, he “enjoyed 2
meaningful access”). That is, the accommodation must overcome structural 3
impediments and non‐trivial temporal delays that limit access to programs, 4
services, and activities. See Celeste v. E. Meadow Union Free Sch. Dist., 373 Fed. 5
App’x. 85, 88 (2d Cir. 2010) (finding sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that 6
a mobility‐impaired student was denied meaningful access because he was 7
“forced [] to take a ten minute detour” in order to participate as the manager of 8
his school’s football team). An accommodation is not plainly reasonable if it is so 9
inadequate that it deters the plaintiff from attempting to access the services 10
otherwise available to him. See Disabled in Action v. Bd of Elections in City of 11
N. Y., 752 F.3d 189, 200 (2d Cir. 2014) (recognizing that “deterrence constitutes an 12
injury under the ADA” (quoting Kreisler v. Second Ave. Diner Corp., 731 F.3d 13
184, 188 (2d Cir. 2013))). In short, providing meaningful access requires just 14
that—granting inmates meaningful participation in prison activities and 15
programs. 16
In order to accommodate Wright’s disability, DOCCS provided Wright a 17
quad cane, a manual wheelchair, use of his customized cushion, knee pads, 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
16
wheelchair accessible living space, and access to mobility aides from the mobility 1
assistance program. The district court determined that this accommodation was 2
reasonable and that there were no material disputes of fact over whether DOCCS 3
“provided [Wright] with reasonable accommodations that gave him meaningful 4
access to [prison] programs, benefits, and services.” Wright, 2015 WL 5751064 at 5
*15. We disagree. On this record, we cannot determine that DOCCS’s 6
accommodations are plainly reasonable and effectively provide Wright 7
meaningful access to prison programs, benefits, and services because there is 8
evidence that indicates the mobility assistance program fails to allow Wright to 9
move freely throughout the DOCCS facility and discourages his participation in 10
prison activities. 11
Wright testified that while at the Marcy and Franklin facilities he has been 12
unable to access programs, services, and activities that other inmates routinely 13
access. He stated that he has been, at times, unable to visit the law library and 14
has missed multiple morning sick calls, doctor appointments, and meals. He 15
states that he defecated or urinated on himself on more than one occasion, 16
because he was unable to propel himself to a bathroom. A number of jobs that 17
he hoped to perform—such as being a member of the lawn and grounds crew— 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
17
are unavailable to him. Finally, he attests that he avoids recreational time in the 1
prison yard because he fears he would be unable to escape quickly in the event of 2
a prison fight and he feels socially isolated without the ability to move about the 3
yard. Undoubtedly, these shortcomings are examples of Wright being denied 4
meaningful access to prison services, programs, and activities. See, e.g., 5
Randolph, 170 F.3d at 858. 6
This lack of meaningful access, moreover, appears to be a direct result of 7
the ineffectiveness—in design and implementation—of the mobility assistance 8
program. Indeed, at both Franklin and Marcy the mobility assistance program 9
required Wright to request mobility aides from ʺHousing Unit Officers well in 10
advance.ʺ Joint Appʹx at 308 (emphasis added). This aspect of the program 11
prevents Wright from effectively moving about the facility and discourages him 12
from participating in prison activities. See Disabled in Action, 752 F.3d at 200. A 13
mobility‐impaired inmate that must book a mobility aide ʺwell in advanceʺ will 14
be unlikely, for example, to obtain assistance when a sudden need to use the 15
restroom arises and will probably avoid the prison yard, lest he or she be unable 16
to escape a prison fight quickly. 17

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
18
Wright’s deposition testimony, when credited, leads to the further 1
conclusion that the mobility assistance program, in practice, is ineffective 2
because it requires Wright to seek out and rely upon the cooperation of other 3
inmates. See Am. Council of the Blind v. Paulson, 525 F.3d 1256, 1269 (D.C. Cir. 4
2008) (noting that the ADA and RA emphasize that for disabled individuals the 5
“enjoyment of a public benefit is not contingent upon the cooperation of third 6
persons”). Wright has, at times, had to ask as many as six mobility aides for help 7
before finding a willing inmate. While the district court faults Wright for failing 8
to request mobility aides in advance and for informally requesting help from 9
mobility aides whenever he needed one, as noted above, by requiring inmates to 10
make a formal request in advance for an aide, DOCCS has created a system 11
which fails to provide inmates with mobility assistants in situations where their 12
need to move cannot be contemplated in advance. In other words, rather than 13
constituting a reason to fault Wright’s efforts to obtain help, Wright’s informal 14
requests for assistance are a reasonable response to the mobility assistance 15
program’s inadequate procedures to meet Wright’s spontaneous needs. Wright’s 16
sporadic use of the formal requests thus does not diminish his argument that the 17
mobility assistance program is not plainly reasonable. 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
19
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of DOCCS, in part, 1
because it did not credit Wright’s deposition testimony and concluded that it was 2
“entirely implausible that incidents such as [those alleged by Wright] would not 3
be documented by the prison staff in some way.” Wright, 2015 WL 5751064 at 4
*11. But, as we repeatedly iterate, “[i]n determining whether summary judgment 5
[is] appropriate, we must resolve all ambiguities and draw all inferences” in 6
Wright’s favor. Parker v. Columbia Pictures Indus., 204 F.3d 326, 332 (2d Cir. 7
2000); see also Simpson v. City of N. Y., 793 F.3d 259, 265 (2d Cir. 2015) 8
(“Assessments of credibility and choices between conflicting versions of the 9
events are matters for the jury, not for the court on summary judgment.” 10
(internal quotation omitted)). Contrary to the district court’s views, it is entirely 11
plausible that these incidents went undocumented because Wright did not report 12
them. Understandably, a mobility‐impaired inmate—who must rely in large part 13
on his fellow prisoners for basic assistance—may hesitate to report instances of 14
neglect. It takes no imagination to conclude that making such a report would 15
likely require identifying a less than responsive mobility aide which at worst 16
could put Wright in danger and at best further inhibit future assistance. Wright 17
testified as much, stating that he did not complain about the program because an 18

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Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
20
inmate “in [his] condition [could not] afford being labeled a snitch.” Joint Appʹx 1
at 189. In any event, whether the mobility assistance program functions in the 2
manner that Wright describes is a question of fact to be determined at trial. 3
While it is true that allowing “a party to defeat a motion for summary 4
judgment by offering purely conclusory allegations of discrimination, absent any 5
concrete particulars, would necessitate a trial” in all discrimination actions, Meiri 6
v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 998 (2d Cir. 1985), here—with the exception of a missed 7
doctor appointment that appears to have been the result of a facility inmate 8
count rather than shirking by mobility aides—DOCCS has provided no evidence 9
contradicting any of Wrightʹs examples of the mobility assistance program’s 10
shortcomings. Cf. id. at 997–98 (affirming summary judgment where testimony 11
contained “numerous undisputed examples of inappropriate behavior exhibited 12
[by the appellant]”). 13
DOCCS and the district court rely on Mason v. Correctional Medical 14
Services, Inc., 559 F.3d 880 (8th Cir. 2009), as an example of a court upholding as 15
adequate for a disabled individual an accommodation comparable to the 16
mobility assistance program. The facts of Mason, however, are easily 17
distinguishable. The Eighth Circuit ruled that a state prison need not furnish 18

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Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
21
Mason, a blind inmate, with computer dictation software because there was no 1
dispute that his prison‐assigned reader provided him with “meaningful access to 2
prison benefits.” Id. at 887. Unlike Wright and the mobility aides, Mason was 3
able to choose his reader, who “escort[ed] him everywhere he [went] and 4
assist[ed] him with anything that he need[ed].” Id. Even though Mason did 5
complain that his reader was not always available, Mason cited only one 6
example of such unavailability. Id. Here, by contrast, the record viewed in the 7
light most favorable to Wright demonstrates that mobility aides were often 8
unavailable and certainly did not escort him everywhere, assisting him with 9
everything he needed; in Franklin, moreover, Wright was not given a dedicated 10
mobility aide. 11
Put simply, an examination of the record—with reasonable inferences 12
drawn in Wright’s favor—demonstrates that the mobility assistance program is 13
fundamentally in tension with the ADA and RA’s “emphasis on independent 14
living and self‐sufficiency[, which] ensures that, for the disabled, the enjoyment 15
of a public benefit is not contingent upon the cooperation of third persons.ʺ 16
Paulson, 525 F.3d at 1269; see Disabled in Action, 752 F.3d at 200 (upholding 17
district court’s grant of summary judgment to mobility and vision‐impaired 18

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15‐3168‐cv
Wright v. New York State Dep’t of Corr. & Cmty. Supervision
22
voter plaintiffs against defendant‐city board of elections because although 1
plaintiffs “were ultimately able to cast their vote with the fortuitous assistance of 2
others, the purpose of the Rehabilitation Act is ‘to empower individuals with 3
disabilities to maximize employment, economic self‐sufficiency, independence, 4
and inclusion and integration into society’” (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 701(b)(1))). 5
While we are sensitive to the fact that prisons are unique environments with 6
heightened security and safety concerns, see Pierce v. Cty. of Orange, 526 F.3d 7
1190, 1216–17 (9th Cir. 2008), because the ADA and RA “unmistakably” apply to 8
State prisons and prisoners, Yeskey, 524 U.S. at 209, DOCCS is statutorily 9
required to ensure that all of their inmates, including Wright, have the 10
opportunity effectively to access the services and programs DOCCS provides.1 11
Viewing the record through the lens we are required to employ, there remain 12
disputes of fact as to whether the mobility assistance program is a plainly 13
reasonable accommodation to meet Wright’s needs. As a matter of law, it is not. 14
Even though we conclude that the mobility assistance program is not 15
plainly reasonable as a matter of law, we may affirm a grant of summary 16
1 To the extent that a prison’s unique environment presents added costs for
accommodating a disabled prisoner’s proposed accommodation, this concern is
properly evaluated under the burden shifting analysis below. See infra at 30–33.

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judgment on any basis that finds “sufficient support in the record, including 1
grounds not relied on by the district court.” Lotes Co., Ltd. v. Hon Hai Precision 2
Indus. Co., 753 F.3d 395, 413 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation omitted). We thus 3
consider further whether, “under the applicable burden [] shifting framework 4
elaborated below,” Wright’s “proposed accommodation would have been 5
reasonable.” Dean, 804 F.3d at 189. 6
2. Reasonableness of allowing Wright to use his motorized wheelchair 7
8
We have not previously applied the ADA and RA burden shifting 9
framework to a proposed reasonable accommodation in the prison context. 10
However, we routinely employ this framework in the employment context, see 11
Borkowski v. Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 63 F.3d 131, 137–39 (2d Cir. 1995), and 12
recently extended it to the educational context, see Dean, 804 F.3d at 190. 13
Adopting the well‐established ADA and RA burden shifting framework here, the 14
plaintiff “bears the initial burdens of both production and persuasion as to the 15
existence of an accommodation” that is “facial[ly] reasonable[].” Id. The burden 16
of persuasion then shifts to the defendant to “rebut the reasonableness of the 17
proposed accommodation.” Id. “This burden of non‐persuasion is in essence 18
equivalent to the ‘burden of showing, as an affirmative defense, that the 19

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24
proposed accommodation would cause [the defendant] to suffer an undue 1
hardship.’” Id. (quoting Borkowski, 63 F.3d at 138). We now apply this 2
framework to determine whether Wright’s requested accommodation—the use 3
of his motorized wheelchair—would have been reasonable. 4
Wright faces only a “‘light burden of production’ as to the facial 5
reasonableness of [his proposed] accommodation.” Dean, 804 F.3d at 190 6
(internal quotation omitted). On this record, Wright has met that burden. It is 7
undisputed that Wright lived a self‐sufficient life with the aid of his motorized 8
wheelchair for fifteen years prior to his incarceration. When he first entered 9
DOCCS custody, a prison nurse determined that Wright has a “permanent 10
limitation,” and, he was allowed, on a temporary basis, to use his motorized 11
wheelchair. Finally, Wright testified that, because of his cerebral palsy, he cannot 12
turn his wrists sufficiently to operate a manual wheelchair. The evidence, 13
therefore, supports the conclusion that a motorized wheelchair would allow 14
Wright meaningful access to prison services, programs, and activities. Indeed, 15
thirty state prison systems and the Federal Bureau of Prisons allow, at least on a 16
case‐by‐case basis, mobility‐impaired prisoners to use motorized wheelchairs. 17

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We hold this to be persuasive evidence that Wright’s request for a motorized 1
wheelchair is a facially reasonable accommodation. 2
The burden of non‐persuasion then falls to DOCCS to show that allowing 3
Wright to use his motorized wheelchair would “impose undue hardship on the 4
operation of [its] service[s], program[s], or activit[ies.]” Dean, 804 F.3d at 190. In 5
arguing that DOCCS would be unduly burdened by allowing Wright to use his 6
motorized wheelchair, DOCCS relies primarily on its policy of banning all 7
motorized wheelchairs in its facilities. We hold that DOCCS’s blanket ban on 8
motorized wheelchairs violates the ADA and the RA because it precludes 9
DOCCS from having to make an individualized assessment of a disabled 10
inmate’s particular needs. On the record before us, however, there is a dispute of 11
material fact as to whether DOCCS, in this case, would suffer an undue hardship 12
if it allowed Wright to use his motorized wheelchair in its facilities. 13
a. Blanket Ban 14
The Supreme Court has held that Title III of the ADA requires that “an 15
individualized inquiry must be made to determine whether a specific 16
modification for a particular person’s disability would be reasonable under the 17
circumstances . . . .” PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 688 (2001). This is so 18

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because the “refusal to consider [an individual’s] personal circumstances in 1
deciding whether to accommodate his disability runs counter to the clear 2
language and purpose of the ADA.” Id. Although Martin was decided in the 3
context of Title III of the ADA, we conclude that the individualized inquiry 4
requirement is applicable to failure to accommodate actions under Title II of the 5
ADA as well. 6
“[T]he ADA was enacted to eliminate discrimination against ʹindividualsʹ 7
with disabilities.” Id. (emphasis added). The ADA’s legislative history, 8
furthermore, makes evident that the ADA requires public entities to engage in an 9
individualized inquiry before denying a disabled individualʹs proposed 10
accommodation. The House Committee on Education and Labor’s report on the 11
ADA, states that, under Title III, public accommodations “are required to make 12
decisions based on facts applicable to individuals.” H.R. Rep. No. 101‐485, pt. 2, 13
at 102. Similarly, the Committee, in outlining the “[s]pecific forms of 14
discrimination prohibited” under Title I, explained that employers “are required 15
to make employment decisions based on facts applicable to individual applicants 16
or employees, and not on the basis of presumptions as to what a class of 17
individuals with disabilities can or cannot do.” Id. at 58. In examining Title II, 18

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27
the Committee strongly suggested that the individualized inquiry requirements 1
of Title I and III also apply to Title II, stating “that the forms of discrimination 2
prohibited by [Title II are] identical to those set out in the applicable provisions 3
of titles I and III of this legislation.” Id. at 84. 4
Since Martin, a number of courts have held that Title II requires public 5
entities to engage in an individualized inquiry when determining whether an 6
accommodation is reasonable. See Starego v. New Jersey State Interscholastic 7
Athletic Assʹn, 970 F. Supp. 2d 303, 309 (D. N.J. 2013) (“While Martin’s analysis 8
concerned Title III of the ADA, its import, at least as to the individualized 9
inquiry aspect of that decision, applies with equal force to Title II.”); Cruz ex rel. 10
Cruz v. Pa. Interscholastic Athletic Ass’n, Inc., 157 F. Supp. 2d 485, 498–99 (E.D. 11
Pa. 2001) (“[I]n Martin, the Supreme Court made clear that a basic requirement of 12
the ADA is the evaluation of a disabled person on an individual basis.”); cf. 13
Kapche v. City of San Antonio, 304 F.3d 493, 499 (5th Cir. 2002) (noting, in a Title 14
I case, that “intervening Supreme Court cases consistently point to an 15
individualized assessment mandated by the ADA under various sections of the 16
Act.”). More specifically, courts have applied an individualized inquiry 17
requirement in the prison context. See Pierce v. District of Columbia, 128 F. 18

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Supp. 3d 250, 254 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding that state denied a deaf prison inmate 1
“meaningful access to prison services” where prison employees “did nothing to 2
evaluate [plaintiff’s] need for accommodation” and did not “engage in any 3
meaningful assessment of his needs”). While these cases are not binding on this 4
court, we find the reasoning underlying these decisions to be persuasive. 5
Requiring an individualized inquiry under Title II is also consistent with 6
Title II’s implementing regulations, which guide us “[i]n interpreting the 7
statutory terms” of the ADA. Henrietta D., 331 F.3d at 273–74. For example, a 8
public entity need not allow an “individual to participate in or benefit from the 9
services, programs, or activities of that public entity” if it concludes, after “an 10
individualized assessment,” that the individual “poses a direct threat to the 11
health or safety of others.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.139. Similarly, “[a] public entity may 12
impose legitimate safety requirements necessary for the safe operation of its 13
services, programs, or activities[; h]owever, [it] must ensure that its safety 14
requirements are based on actual risks, not on mere speculation, stereotypes, or 15
generalizations about individuals with disabilities.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(h) (emphasis 16
added). 17

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Title II of the ADA, therefore, requires that once a disabled prisoner 1
requests a non‐frivolous accommodation, the accommodation should not be 2
denied without an individualized inquiry into its reasonableness. Here, the 3
record is clear that DOCCS has engaged in no such assessment. Instead, when 4
denying Wright’s request to use his motorized wheelchair, DOCCS relied on 5
general safety and administrative concerns unconnected to Wright’s specific 6
situation. For example, Superintendent Kelly stated that because “the 7
possession/use of a motorized wheelchair in a correctional setting includes 8
numerous safety & security issues, Departmental policy is to preclude the use of 9
such items by offenders.” Joint App’x at 23. DOCCS did not evaluate Wright’s 10
actual motorized wheelchair. Nor did DOCCS perform an appraisal of Wright 11
himself, i.e. there was no examination of his propensity to commit acts of 12
violence, his disciplinary record, his past crimes, or his physical needs.2 In short, 13
DOCCS’s reasons for rejecting Wright’s accommodation—to be able to use his 14
2 While DOCCS’s Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Carl Koenigsmann, stated in a
deposition and an affidavit that Wright’s medical needs were being met because
Wright was provided a manual wheelchair, a cushion, and a mobility aide,
Koenigsmann testified that he never examined Wright or reviewed Wright’s
medical records. Joint App’x at 404, 411. Although there was, in some general
respects, an examination of Wright’s physical needs, it was by no means
individualized as required under Title II of the ADA.

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motorized wheelchair—were not responsive to Wright’s specific request and 1
individual circumstances. As such the response was deficient and violated Title 2
II of the ADA and Section 504 of the RA. 3
b. Dispute of Material Fact 4
In considering whether DOCCS has shown, as a matter of law, that it 5
would be unduly burdened by allowing Wright the use of his motorized 6
wheelchair, we are cognizant that prisons are unique environments where 7
“deference to the expert views” of prison administrators is the norm. Pierce, 526 8
F.3d at 1217. In particular, administrators are well suited to determine whether 9
an accommodation would undermine prison “security and order” or hinder 10
facilities from “operating . . . in a manageable fashion.” Id. (quoting Bell v. 11
Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 540 n. 23 (1979)); see also Crawford v. Indiana Dep’t of 12
Corr., 115 F.3d 481, 487 (7th Cir. 1997), abrogated on other grounds by Erickson v. 13
Bd. of Governors of State Colls. & Univs. for Ne. Ill. Univ., 207 F.3d 945 (7th Cir. 14
2000) (“Terms like ‘reasonable’ and ‘undue’ are relative to circumstances, and the 15
circumstances of a prison are different from those of a school, an office, or a 16
factory, as the Supreme Court has emphasized in the parallel setting of prisoners’ 17
constitutional rights.”). Indeed, in the prison context we often exhibit judicial 18

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restraint, “noting that courts are ill equipped to deal with the increasingly urgent 1
problems of prison administration and reform.” Giano v. Senkowski, 54 F.3d 2
1050, 1053 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotation omitted). 3
Here, however, Wright has presented evidence suggesting that the risks 4
and costs of allowing him to use a motorized wheelchair are relatively low. To 5
begin, Wright is not requesting that DOCCS incur financial costs by providing 6
him with a motorized wheelchair—he has his own. Cf. Cade v. Williams, No. 7
5:14‐cv‐46 2014, WL 5529743, at *3 (E.D. Ark. Oct. 31, 2014) (finding blind 8
prisoner failed to plead a plausible ADA claim where he was asking the prison 9
system to teach him how to read Braille). Vail, a former Secretary for the 10
Washington State Department of Corrections, moreover, testified that Wright’s 11
particular motorized wheelchair is relatively safe, requiring tools to access its 12
battery and wiring. Even if the battery and wiring in Wright’s motorized 13
wheelchair were accessible, DOCCS already permits prisoners to use a number 14
of electronic devices that have wires and batteries. This suggests that one of 15
DOCCS’s proffered security concerns—introducing potentially dangerous 16
materials into the facility—may be overstated. As for whether the motorized 17
wheelchair could be used to ram other inmates and staff, because Wright has no 18

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32
history of behavioral problems while in custody, there is a basis from which to 1
conclude that the risk of ramming is particularly low here. 2
DOCCS disputes all of this, presenting its own evidence that allowing 3
Wright to use his motorized wheelchairs would be unduly burdensome. For 4
example, DOCCS argues that motorized wheelchairs are quite heavy; thereby 5
suggesting that even an inadvertent bump could result in injury to others. To the 6
extent that the Franklin Facility, where Wright is currently located, has narrow 7
hallways, the weight of his motorized wheelchair is of concern, and may pose a 8
safety risk. Similarly, DOCCS argues that allowing Wright to use a motorized 9
wheelchair will result in a number of administrative burdens, including frequent 10
inspections of the device, requiring transportation to a technician for 11
maintenance. These may be reasonable concerns and could, as a factual matter, 12
inform the analysis of whether DOCCS is unduly burdened by Wright’s use of 13
his motorized wheelchair. To be clear, however, DOCCS may not rely upon 14
general safety and security concerns to show that it is unduly burdened by 15
Wright’s request. In whatever evidentiary presentation it chooses to make before 16
the district court on remand, DOCCS must proffer specific reasons why allowing 17
Wright the use of his motorized wheelchair would be unduly burdensome. 18

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A reasonable fact‐finder could conclude that safety and administrative 1
worries are sufficient bases to find in DOCCS’s favor. But, a reasonable fact‐ 2
finder could also find for Wright—determining that DOCCS would not be 3
unduly burdened by allowing Wright the use of his motorized wheelchair. We 4
therefore vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of 5
DOCCS on Wright’s ADA and RA claims and remand the case for further 6
proceedings consistent with this opinion. 7
3. Failure to Grieve 8
We note that the district court granted DOCCS summary judgment on an 9
alternative ground: because Wright “refused to engage in an interactive process” 10
with DOCCS and failed adequately to grieve the mobility assistance program, 11
Wright did not follow the underlying policy of the ADA such that granting 12
injunctive relief was particularly inappropriate in this case. Wright, 2015 WL 13
5751064, at *16. We disagree with the district court’s assessment in this regard. 14
Wright did not refuse to engage with DOCCS in an interactive process. Rather, 15
Wright informally complained to correction officers, and his counsel wrote four 16
unanswered letters attempting to resolve the conflict prior to initiating litigation. 17
On this record, it appears that DOCCS was well aware of Wright’s issues with 18

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34
the mobility assistance program but, as noted above, did not evaluate Wright’s 1
specific individual needs. DOCCS’s failure to engage in an interactive process 2
with Wright and his attorney is DOCCS’s shortcoming, not Wright’s. This lack of 3
interactive process is no basis for granting summary judgment in favor of the 4
defendants. 5
CONCLUSION 6
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate and remand for further proceedings 7
consistent with this opinion. 8

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