The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption as set forth… v. Omya UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 1 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 2 August Term 2010 3…

* The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption as set forth above.
09-4551-cv
Brod v. Omya
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 1
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 2
August Term 2010 3
Docket No. 09-4551-cv 4
Submitted: September 13, 2010 Decided: July 18, 2011 5
_____________________________________________________________________________ 6
ERNEST BROD, ROBERT DEMARCO, BEVERLY PETERSON, RESIDENTS 7
CONCERNED ABOUT OMYA, an unincorporated association under Vermont law, on behalf of 8
its members who are residents of Pittsford, Vermont living in close proximity to defendants’ 9
Florence facility, 10
11
Plaintiffs-Appellants, 12
- v. - 13
OMYA, INC., OMYA INDUSTRIES, INC., 14
Defendants-Appellees.*
15
_____________________________________________________________________________ 16
Before: MINER, LEVAL, and WESLEY, Circuit Judges. 17
Appeal from (1) a judgment entered in the United States District Court for the District of 18
Vermont (Niedermeier, M.J.), vacating, after a remedy hearing, so much of a summary judgment 19
as held defendants liable for creating an “imminent and substantial endangerment” as set forth in 20
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (“RCRA”) due to the presence of 21
aminoethylethanolamine (“AEEA”) in defendants’ waste; and (2) so much of a summary 22
judgment as granted dismissal of plaintiffs’ open dumping claim brought under the provisions of 23
RCRA; the District Court (i) determined that, based on, inter alia, subsequent testing and expert 24
testimony presented at the remedy hearing, the potential harm posed by AEEA did not in fact 25
constitute a “serious endangerment” and thus no remedy was warranted; (ii) granted defendants’ 26
motion to dismiss all claims related to AEEA because plaintiffs had failed to satisfy the citizen 27
suit notice requirements of RCRA; and (iii) found that arsenic was not present at a level high 28
enough to subject defendants to liability under RCRA. 29
30
Affirmed. 31

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2
David K. Mears, Director of the Environmental and 1
Natural Resources Law Clinic at Vermont Law 2
School, South Royalton, Vermont, for Plaintiffs- 3
Appellants. 4
Alan P. Biederman, Biederman Law Office, 5
Rutland, Vermont, for Defendants-Appellees. 6
Edward V. Schwiebert and Hans G. Huessy, Kenlan 7
Schwiebert Facey & Goss, P.C., Rutland, Vermont, 8
for Defendants-Appellees. 9
MINER, Circuit Judge: 10
Plaintiffs-appellants, Ernest Brod, Robert DeMarco, Beverly Peterson, and Residents 11
Concerned about Omya (collectively, the “plaintiffs” or “RCO”), appeal from a judgment 12
entered September 30, 2009, in the United States District Court for the District of Vermont 13
(Niedermeier, M.J.), vacating so much of a summary judgment as held defendants-appellees 14
Omya, Inc. and Omya Industries, Inc. (collectively, “Omya”) liable for creating an “imminent 15
and substantial endangerment” within the meaning of the Resource Conservation and Recovery 16
Act of 1976, Pub. L. 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976) (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 17
6901–92) (“RCRA”). Liability was predicated upon a finding that aminoethylethanolamine 18
(“AEEA”) was present in Omya’s waste. Following a remedy hearing held after the entry of 19
summary judgment, the District Court (1) determined that, based on, inter alia, subsequent 20
testing and expert testimony presented at the remedy hearing, the potential harm posed by AEEA 21
did not in fact constitute a “serious endangerment,” and thus no remedy was warranted; and (2) 22
granted Omya’s motion to dismiss all claims related to AEEA because plaintiffs had failed to 23
satisfy the citizen suit notice requirements of RCRA. In an Opinion and Order, dated July 1, 24

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3
2008, the District Court dismissed RCO’s open dumping claim, the court having found that 1
arsenic was not present at a level high enough to subject Omya to liability under RCRA. In its 2
complaint, which raised two claims, RCO alleged that Omya’s waste disposal practices violated 3
RCRA. RCO first claimed that Omya was creating an imminent and substantial endangerment to 4
human health and the environment by permitting its waste to seep into the groundwater, thereby 5
contaminating hydrologically-connected water sources with AEEA. RCO also claimed that 6
Omya was operating an unlawful open dump because Omya’s solid waste allegedly contained an 7
amount of arsenic above the permitted level established by the Environmental Protection Agency 8
(“EPA”). On appeal, RCO claims that the District Court: (1) erred by concluding that Omya’s 9
disposal of AEEA did not create an imminent and substantial endangerment; (2) erred by 10
granting Omya’s motion to dismiss all claims related to AEEA, the District Court having held 11
that RCO failed to satisfy RCRA’s citizen suit notice requirements; (3) erred in finding that 12
Omya’s disposal of solid waste did not violate RCRA’s prohibition on open dumping; and (4) 13
abused its discretion by denying RCO’s request to present expert testimony on arsenic 14
contamination and area toxicity. For the reasons stated below, we affirm. 15
BACKGROUND 16
Omya operates a calcium carbonate mineral processing facility (the “Plant”) in Florence, 17
Vermont. It imports raw marble ore, primarily from three quarries in Vermont, and then 18
processes the ore by crushing, purifying, and refining it into finished products, including “fine 19
ground calcium carbonate.” To begin the purification process, Omya adds the crushed ore and a 20

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1 The flotation reagent is a mixture of tall oil hydroxyethyl imidazoline, amine acetate, and
AEEA.
4
flotation reagent to tanks filled with water.1 The flotation reagent then binds to naturally- 1
occurring impurities in the ore. Much of the flotation reagent/impurities mixture floats to the top 2
of the tank and is removed by skimming it off, apparently leaving the pure ore at the bottom of 3
the tank. The water/flotation reagent/impurities mixture is then piped to “settling cells.” There, 4
the residual solids settle to the bottom of the cells, and the water from the top of the cells is piped 5
back to the Plant for re-use. The solids that remain are known as “tailings” and are comprised of 6
water, mineral impurities, and flotation reagent. Omya disposes of the tailings into unlined, 7
exhausted quarries, or Tailings Management Areas (“TMAs”), located near the Plant. The 8
TMAs are in direct contact with fractured bedrock, which permits contaminants from the tailings 9
to seep into the groundwater that flows through the adjacent bedrock. 10
The plaintiffs are concerned about the environmental and human health effects of 11
Omya’s disposal of its tailings. In particular, plaintiffs point to the negative impact that the 12
tailings may have on the public water supply wells in Florence, Vermont, and on the streams, 13
ponds, and wetlands adjacent to the TMAs. In 2002, the individual plaintiffs formed RCO to 14
advocate for regulation and remediation of Omya’s on-site waste disposal practices. RCO took 15
action on November 12, 2004, by serving a notice of violation of RCRA and intent to file a 16
citizen enforcement suit (“NOI”) on the EPA administrator, the Vermont Department of 17
Environmental Conservation, the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (“VANR”), and Omya, 18
as required by the citizen suit notice provisions of RCRA. See 42 U.S.C. § 6972(b) (2006). 19
RCO claimed that Omya violated RCRA’s prohibition on unlawful open dumping of solid waste, 20

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2 RCRA provides that actions may not be commenced by private citizens if the EPA or State
is, inter alia, “diligently” prosecuting an action. 42 U.S.C. § 6972(b)(1)(B), (b)(2)(B) (2006);
see also id. at § 6972(b)(1)(A) (requiring a 90-day delay period before filing suit).
5
in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 6945, and that Omya’s disposal practices presented an “imminent and 1
substantial endangerment” to human health and the environment, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 2
6972. The NOI listed twenty-one chemicals allegedly contained in the waste from Omya’s Plant 3
and claimed that “there have been reports that the waste piles may contain other hazardous 4
substances dumped there in the past.” It also alleged that “the wastes are contaminated with 5
numerous chemicals, including hazardous chemicals listed under Subchapter III of RCRA, as 6
well as pesticides registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.” 7
When neither the EPA nor the VANR commenced a civil or criminal action against 8
Omya within 90 days, RCO filed an action in the United States District Court for the District of 9
Vermont.2 The complaint contained the same allegations that RCO had set forth in its NOI — 10
namely, that Omya was in violation of RCRA’s prohibition on open dumping and that Omya’s 11
disposal practices posed an “imminent and substantial endangerment to health or the 12
environment.” 13
Several months after the action had been filed, Omya sought a solid waste disposal 14
certification from the State of Vermont for its practice of disposing of tailings in its TMAs. 15
While the certification process was ongoing, the state legislature enacted a law requiring that the 16
certification be conditioned in part on Omya first financing and completing a study of the effects 17
of its disposal practices on human health and the environment. Omya responded by hiring 18

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6
consultants to conduct the study and to produce a report (the “Report”), a process that ultimately 1
took several years to complete. 2
In the interim, the parties began to engage in extensive motions practice, including filing 3
motions for summary judgment. Pursuant to a stipulation, discovery was delayed until all then- 4
pending motions with the court had been resolved. The District Court issued its first substantial 5
ruling in June 2006, when, inter alia, it denied Omya’s motion for summary judgment as to both 6
the open dumping and endangerment claims and denied RCO’s motion for partial summary 7
judgment on its open dumping claim. Following the issuance of the court’s order, RCO retained 8
an expert, Dr. James S. Smith, who opined that “arsenic . . . would be found in solution in the 9
groundwater under the site.” Subsequently, RCO hired a consultant to obtain samples of 10
groundwater from properties in the vicinity of the Plant and from directly underneath the Plant. 11
The results of this sampling confirmed that arsenic was present in Omya’s waste and that it had 12
been released into the groundwater underneath the Plant at levels ranging from 8–12 parts per 13
billion (“ppb”). 14
After obtaining the sampling results, RCO filed a second motion for partial summary 15
judgment. RCO argued that the sampling results showed that Omya had violated 40 C.F.R. § 16
257.3-4, which prohibits waste disposal practices that contaminate underground drinking water 17
sources with specific substances in excess of specific thresholds. Because § 257.3-4 was 18
promulgated under § 6945, which is RCRA’s prohibition of “open dumping,” a violation of § 19
257.3-4 is a violation of § 6945. See S. Road Assocs. v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 216 F.3d 20
251, 256 (2d Cir. 2000) (explaining that the “open dumping” regulations “operate as independent 21
prohibitions of RCRA”). Appendix 1 to the “open dumping” regulations sets a Maximum 22

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7
Contaminant Level (“MCL”) of 50 ppb for arsenic in groundwater. See 40 C.F.R. § 257, App. 1 1
(2011). RCO also noted that the Safe Drinking Water Act (“SDWA”) sets forth an MCL for 2
arsenic at a level of 10 ppb for community water systems. Recognizing that the permitted level 3
of 50 ppb for arsenic in groundwater exceeded the 8–12 ppb of arsenic actually measured, RCO 4
contended that the MCL of 50 ppb stated in Appendix I was outdated. It argued that Appendix I 5
makes reference to, and its values are intended to mirror, the MCLs set forth in the SDWA. 6
Since the SDWA MCL for arsenic in community water systems had been recently updated by the 7
EPA to a maximum permitted level of 10 ppb, RCO argued that Omya was in violation of the 8
open dumping prohibition by releasing arsenic at measured levels of 8–12 ppb. 9
On September 7, 2007, Omya responded by filing a cross-motion for summary judgment 10
on the open dumping claim. In opposition to RCO’s proposition that the EPA had intended to 11
update the MCL for arsenic, Omya argued that the open dumping regulations expressly reference 12
Appendix I and the standards set forth therein. It further contended that “[i]t is pure speculation 13
to suggest that, if and when EPA updates Appendix I, EPA will incorporate the new 10 ppb 14
arsenic standard.” 15
In October 2007, while the second motions for summary judgment were pending, a 16
preliminary Report commissioned by Omya was released, followed several months later by the 17
publication of the final Report, on February 15, 2008. The Report concluded that the 18
groundwater on-site at the Plant contained elevated levels of iron, manganese, arsenic, and 19
AEEA. The Report noted that two separate tests had detected small amounts of AEEA (between 20
3 and 9 ppb) in off-site spring water, which was traced to the Omya Plant. It further explained 21
that AEEA is a “potent cause of a specific and rare birth defect in laboratory rats and, at 22

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8
sufficiently high exposures, might cause such a defect in human fetuses as well.” However, tests 1
of drinking water wells did not find any contaminants traced to the Plant, and the Report 2
concluded that there was no immediate danger to drinking water from Omya’s operations. The 3
Report did, however, recommend expanded monitoring and testing of the groundwater and 4
springs in the area. After examining the Report, RCO became aware that AEEA was among the 5
chemicals being released by Omya’s tailings and concluded that the levels of AEEA that had 6
been detected both on- and off-site could pose a risk to human health. Based on this information, 7
RCO filed a supplemental memorandum in support of its August 2007 motion for summary 8
judgment, arguing, inter alia, that the presence of AEEA in the tailings was alone sufficient to 9
pose an imminent and substantial endangerment to human health. As such, RCO contended that 10
it was entitled to equitable relief as necessary to eliminate the risk posed by Omya’s disposal of 11
toxic wastes, citing Dague v. City of Burlington, 935 F.2d 1343, 1355 (2d Cir. 1991), rev’d on 12
other grounds by, 505 U.S. 557 (1992) (“Significantly, congress used the word ‘may’ to preface 13
the standard of liability. . . . This is ‘expansive language’, which is intended to confer upon the 14
courts the authority to grant affirmative equitable relief . . . to eliminate any risk posed by toxic 15
wastes.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original)). 16
On July 1, 2008, the District Court issued an Opinion and Order granting summary 17
judgment to Omya on the open dumping claim and to RCO on the endangerment claim. The 18
court found RCO’s arguments as to its open dumping claim unavailing principally for two 19
reasons: (1) the open dumping regulation unambiguously references the MCL table in Appendix 20
I, and neither the EPA regulation nor Appendix I mentions the SDWA’s drinking water standard; 21
and (2) even if the EPA had intended to update the values in Appendix I to mirror the levels set 22

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9
forth in the SDWA for drinking water, the agency would have needed to follow strict rulemaking 1
procedures in order to change the regulation’s language, including the MCLs in Appendix I. 2
Because no test had detected arsenic at levels above 50 ppb in the groundwater below Omya’s 3
disposal pits, the court found that RCO did not demonstrate that Omya had violated RCRA’s 4
open dumping regulation. 5
On the endangerment claim, the court noted the Report’s conclusion that the groundwater 6
near Omya’s Plant was not currently contaminated by AEEA to an unsafe level but found that 7
the evidence showed that there was at least some risk of harm to the environment and to human 8
health. Specifically, the court found that continued operations could cause the AEEA level to 9
rise to an unsafe level, and AEEA could spread from the groundwater to drinking water sources. 10
Applying our holding in Dague that courts are authorized “to grant affirmative equitable relief to 11
the extent necessary to eliminate any risk posed by toxic wastes,” 935 F.2d at 1355 (emphasis in 12
original), the District Court concluded that the evidence regarding AEEA met Dague’s expansive 13
“any risk” standard, noting, in addition, that its finding of “any risk” was reinforced by the 14
possibility that Omya had introduced arsenic into the groundwater, even if the levels were below 15
those required for open dumping liability. The District Court concluded: “[w]hile liability is 16
clear, the remedy is far from clear. The Court is tasked with delivering equitable relief, and it 17
would be inappropriate to decide the appropriate relief without a further [remedy] hearing.” 18
After the court issued its liability determination but before it scheduled a remedy hearing, 19
Omya made several defensive motions. In July 2008, it filed a motion to dismiss all claims 20
pertaining to AEEA, arguing that RCO had failed to comply with the RCRA notice requirement 21
because it had not specified AEEA as a waste contaminant in its NOI. Omya contended that 22

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10
neither party had known AEEA to pose a risk of harm until a preliminary draft of the Report was 1
published in October 2007, over three years after RCO served its NOI. While the motion to 2
dismiss was pending, Omya also filed a motion to vacate the District Court’s determination as to 3
endangerment liability. Omya argued that five rounds of testing — completed after the court’s 4
liability ruling — disproved the Report’s conclusion that AEEA was migrating off-site and 5
thereby posing a risk of imminent and substantial endangerment. It further contended that this 6
evidence disproved the court’s rationale and required the court to vacate its opinion. 7
The District Court declined to decide Omya’s motions and instead scheduled a remedy 8
hearing to take place in March 2009. At the hearing, RCO presented the testimony of three 9
experts regarding its proposal for an appropriate remedy. RCO argued that the court should 10
require Omya to conduct additional monitoring, including drilling new wells at different levels, 11
to monitor more accurately the concentration and migration of AEEA. RCO also sought to 12
present expert testimony, which would have opined that a proper remedy must include arsenic 13
monitoring. However, the court sustained an objection by Omya, ultimately ruling, in response 14
to an offer of proof later filed by RCO for the excluded testimony, that the evidence at issue was 15
not material because the court had previously ruled that RCO failed to demonstrate that arsenic 16
was present in sufficient quantities to violate federal environmental laws. Moreover, the court 17
had previously ruled that the hearing would address only the remedy for the presence of AEEA, 18
not further issues of liability. 19
Omya’s experts then testified about changes to the waste management disposal system 20
and groundwater monitoring program, arguing, as it did in its motions to dismiss and to vacate, 21
that its current monitoring and remediation efforts were adequate to protect the plaintiffs. In 22

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3 RCO had previously filed a motion to clarify the scope of the remedy hearing, arguing that a
complete remedy should take arsenic contamination into account. In denying the motion, the
court stated that it would “take evidence at the hearing on the appropriate remedy for the
violation found in [the court’s July 2008 Order].”
11
addition, despite the court’s prior statements that the sole purpose of the hearing was to 1
determine the appropriate remedy for the endangerment violation, the court nonetheless 2
permitted Omya’s experts to testify on the issue of liability. The experts opined that there was 3
no evidence that AEEA posed an imminent and substantial endangerment to RCO, and 4
questioned the Report’s methods, arguing that its conclusions on toxicity were not scientifically 5
valid. The court ultimately indicated that it would consider the testimony regarding the toxicity 6
and danger of AEEA as it was relevant to Omya’s pending motion to vacate, stating: “based on 7
the hearing, [the court] has the option of finding that, in fact, the plaintiffs have met the burden 8
or haven’t met the burden [of proving liability under RCRA].” The court noted that it could, 9
“based on the evidentiary hearing . . . determine the validity of the [c]ourt’s prior conclusion.” 10
In response, RCO filed a motion for leave to present the testimony of Dr. William Bress, 11
the Vermont State Toxicologist, to supplement its opposition to Omya’s motion to vacate, 12
arguing that it had no notice that the court would take evidence regarding the toxicity of AEEA 13
as relevant to the court’s prior liability determination.3 RCO submitted to the court its belief that 14
Bress would have testified, contrary to Omya’s experts, that a human health-based drinking 15
water guideline for AEEA was a necessary remedy to protect human health from the imminent 16
and substantial endangerment posed by AEEA. The District Court denied RCO’s request and 17
stated that it would “consider the testimony of [Omya’s] experts only on the issue of remedy, as 18
the [c]ourt indicated was the sole purpose of the hearing.” 19

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12
On September 30, 2009, the District Court granted Omya’s motion to vacate the July 1
2008 Order holding Omya liable for creating an imminent and substantial endangerment. The 2
court explained that in making its prior liability determination, it had relied on the Report’s 3
conclusion that AEEA may cause birth defects in human fetuses, a conclusion that was grounded 4
in part on an appendix that had not been submitted to the court until after it had issued its Order. 5
Based on a renewed review of the Report and appendix, the court noted that the Report’s authors 6
had stated that “their estimates of acceptably small doses of AEEA is uncertain, the rat studies 7
had not been published in scientific journals, and there was no direct data to support or refute 8
their judgment of toxicity,” and that they “had assumed that the risk for humans was the same as 9
for rats, without the benefit of further studies.” Given the limitations of the Report’s conclusion, 10
the court found Omya’s witnesses to be “very persuasive” on the issue of the potential toxicity of 11
AEEA to humans and the environment. Moreover, the court noted that after issuing its 2008 12
Order, we clarified the Dague standard, stating: “the combination of the word ‘may’ with the 13
word ‘endanger,’ both of which are probabilistic, leads us to conclude that a reasonable prospect 14
of future harm is adequate to engage the gears of [§6972(a)(1)(B)] so long as the threat is near- 15
term and involves potentially serious harm.” Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc., 575 F.3d 199, 16
211 (2d Cir. 2009) (emphasis supplied). Applying Metacon, the District Court concluded that 17
“[p]laintiff’s evidence is merely speculative of future harm and is not sufficient for the trier of 18
fact to find that the alleged potential harm claimed constitutes a serious endangerment,” and 19
therefore granted Omya’s motion to vacate. In addition, the court granted Omya’s motion to 20
dismiss, which had argued that RCO failed to satisfy the notice requirements for a RCRA citizen 21
suit with respect to AEEA. This timely appeal followed. 22

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13
On appeal, RCO argues that the District Court (1) erred by granting Omya’s motion to 1
dismiss because it properly complied with the notice requirements of RCRA’s citizen suit 2
enforcement provision; (2) misapplied the legal standard for determining an “imminent and 3
substantial endangerment” under RCRA by (i) failing to consider evidence of arsenic 4
contamination and (ii) failing to address the threat to the environment posed by the 5
contamination of groundwater; (3) erred in finding that Omya’s disposal of solid waste did not 6
violate RCRA’s prohibition on open dumping, because (i) the most recent MCL for arsenic 7
under the SDWA represents the correct benchmark, not Appendix I and (ii) Omya’s disposal 8
practices violated the statutory prohibition on the open dumping of solid waste; and (4) abused 9
its discretion by denying RCO’s request to present expert testimony on arsenic contamination 10
and area toxicity. 11
DISCUSSION 12
I. Standard of Review 13
A complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be 14
granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). We review de novo a district court’s decision granting a 15
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Kuck v. Danaher, 600 F.3d 159, 162 (2d Cir. 16
2010). We accept all factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of 17
the plaintiff. Hayden v. Paterson, 594 F.3d 150, 160 (2d Cir. 2010). “To survive a motion to 18
dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 19
relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell 20

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14
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The District Court dismissed the 1
endangerment claim under the provisions of Rule 12(b)(6). 2
This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment on RCRA claims de 3
novo, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Jaramillo 4
v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 536 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir. 2008). Summary judgment may not be granted 5
unless “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that 6
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a 7
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2); see Scholastic, Inc. v. Harris, 259 F.3d 73, 81 (2d Cir. 8
2001). “The role of the court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether there 9
are any factual issues to be tried.” Wilson v. NW Mut. Ins. Co., 625 F.3d 54, 60 (2d Cir. 2010). 10
In determining whether summary judgment is appropriate, this Court will “construe the facts in 11
the light most favorable to the non-moving party and must resolve all ambiguities and draw all 12
reasonable inferences against the movant.” Williams v. R.H. Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 13
126 (2d Cir. 2004). A district court’s interpretation of law is reviewed de novo. See Dattner v. 14
Conagra Foods, Inc., 458 F.3d 98, 100 (2d Cir. 2006). The District Court granted summary 15
judgment dismissing the open dumping claim. 16
II. The Statutory Framework 17
RCRA is a “comprehensive environmental statute that governs the treatment, storage, and 18
disposal of solid and hazardous waste.” Metacon, 575 F.3d at 204–05. It was enacted to 19
promote the national policy of reducing or eliminating hazardous waste and, where waste is 20
nevertheless generated, to provide for the treatment, storage, or disposal of such waste “to 21
minimize the present and future threat to human health and the environment.” 42 U.S.C. § 22

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4 The citizen suit enforcement section provides, in pertinent part:
Except as [otherwise provided,] any person may commence a civil action on his own
behalf — (1)(A) against any person . . . who is alleged to be in violation of any
permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order which has
become effective pursuant to this chapter; or (B) against any person . . . including any
past or present generator, past or present transporter, or past or present owner or
operator of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility, who has contributed or who is
contributing to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transportation, or
disposal of any solid or hazardous waste which may present an imminent and
substantial endangerment to health or the environment . . . .
42 U.S.C. § 6972(a) (2006).
15
6902(b) (2006). In addition to enforcement by the EPA and designated state agencies, RCRA 1
provides private individuals a means, in some circumstances, by which to commence an action in 2
a district court to enforce RCRA’s waste disposal mandates.4 See 42 U.S.C. § 6972 (2006). The 3
citizen suit provision of section 6972(b)(2)(A) sets forth the mandatory requirements for 4
bringing a claim of an imminent and substantial endangerment under subsection (a)(1)(B). Such 5
claim requires that a plaintiff provide notice of a violation, at least 90 days prior to bringing suit, 6
to the EPA Administrator, to the state in which the alleged violation occurred, and to “any 7
alleged violator of such permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or 8
order.” 42 U.S.C. § 6972(b)(2)(A) (2006). Suits brought under subsection (a)(1)(A), such as an 9
open dumping claim, are subject to the same notice requirements; however, the applicable delay 10
period is 60 days instead of 90 days. 42 U.S.C. § 6972(b)(1)(A) (2006). 11

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5 The statute merely provides that commencement of an action must be delayed until “sixty
days after the plaintiff has given notice. . . . Notice . . . shall be given in such manner as the
Administrator shall prescribe by regulation.” 42 U.S.C. § 6972(c) (2006).
16
The Supreme Court has emphasized that “[u]nder a literal reading of the statute, 1
compliance with the 60-day notice provision is a mandatory, not optional, condition precedent 2
for suit.” Hallstrom v. Tillamook Cnty., 493 U.S. 20, 26 (1989). The Court explained that, as a 3
matter of policy, the delay periods represent a congressional compromise “between encouraging 4
citizen enforcement of environmental regulations and avoiding burdening the federal courts with 5
excessive numbers of citizen suits.” Id. at 29. We have echoed this balance in our own 6
precedent, noting that strict compliance with the notice and delay provisions fulfills 7
Congressional intent: 8
First, governmental agencies can take the lead in enforcing environmental 9
regulations, with the hope that an agency may be able to compel compliance 10
through administrative action, thus eliminating the need for any access to the 11
courts. Second, the alleged violator is given a nonadversarial period in which he 12
has the opportunity to comply with the law, thus obviating the need for the citizen 13
suit. 14
Dague v. City of Burlington, 935 F.2d 1343, 1351 (2d Cir. 1991), rev’d in part on other grounds 15
by City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557 (1992). 16
RCRA does not describe the required content of a notice of intent to sue (“NOI”) nor has 17
the Supreme Court shed light on this requirement.5 See id. at 1354. However, the EPA has 18
promulgated a regulation, which provides: 19
Notice regarding an alleged violation of a permit, standard, regulation, condition, 20
requirement, or order which has become effective under [RCRA] shall include 21
sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the specific permit, 22
standard, regulation, condition, requirement, or order which has allegedly been 23
violated, the activity alleged to constitute a violation, the person or persons 24

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17
responsible for the alleged violation, the date or dates of the violation, and the full 1
name, address, and telephone number of the person giving notice. 2
40 C.F.R. § 254.3(a) (2011) (emphasis supplied). Without detailing what constitutes “sufficient 3
information,” we have held that the content of an NOI must serve the purpose of giving “the 4
appropriate governmental agencies an opportunity to act and the alleged violator an opportunity 5
to comply.” Dague, 935 F.2d at 1354. 6
III. RCO’s Notice of Intent to Sue 7
Omya claims that RCO’s NOI was inadequate because, while it was timely provided to 8
the proper parties, the NOI failed to identify the contaminant upon which the plaintiffs now 9
attempt to premise liability. That is, the NOI expressly specified twenty-one contaminants 10
allegedly contained in Omya’s waste; however, neither AEEA nor arsenic was among those 11
contaminants listed. Moreover, while the NOI alleged that chemicals, including pesticides and 12
Subchapter III hazardous chemicals, were leaching into the groundwater, Omya contends that 13
AEEA is neither a pesticide nor a Subchapter III hazardous chemical. Thus Omya maintains that 14
its motion to dismiss for failure to comply with the RCRA notice provisions was properly 15
granted by the District Court. 16
As noted above, the RCRA regulation governing the contents of an NOI requires the 17
inclusion of “sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the specific permit, 18
standard, regulation, condition, requirement, or order which has allegedly been violated, [and] 19
the activity alleged to constitute a violation.” 40 C.F.R. § 254.3(a) (2011). We have not 20
previously examined closely the question of what constitutes “sufficient information” for these 21
purposes in an NOI under RCRA. But we have addressed that question for notices under the 22
Clean Water Act (“CWA”), which are governed by a similar regulation. See Catskill Mountains 23

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18
Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Inc. v. City of New York, 273 F.3d 481 (2d Cir. 2001). The 1
regulation governing the contents of an NOI under the CWA, like the corresponding RCRA 2
regulation, requires the inclusion of “sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the 3
specific standard, limitation, or order alleged to have been violated, [and] the activity alleged to 4
constitute a violation.” 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a) (2011). The CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a), provides 5
that “the discharge of any pollutant by any person shall be unlawful,” unless done in compliance 6
with a duly issued discharge permit, 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a) (2006), and defines “pollutant” as 7
“dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, 8
chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded 9
equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged 10
into water,” § 1362(6). Accordingly, in Catskill Mountains, we determined that, to satisfy the 11
regulation, an NOI under the CWA “must identify with reasonable specificity each pollutant that 12
the defendant is alleged to have discharged unlawfully.” 273 F.3d at 488. 13
In Catskill Mountains, recreational users of Esopus Creek, located in upstate New York, 14
brought suit against New York City (the “City”). The City had been operating the Schoharie 15
Dam and Reservoir, also located in upstate New York, to provide drinking water to New York 16
City. In doing so, the City diverted water from the Reservoir, through Shandaken Tunnel, and 17
into Esopus Creek, which eventually connects with the Hudson River and flows toward the City. 18
Id. at 484. The plaintiffs in Catskill Mountains served an NOI that stated that “the City has 19
discharged pollutants in the form of Total Suspended Solids and Settleable Solids into the 20
Esopus Creek.” Id. at 486 (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiffs then filed a 21
complaint, alleging that the City was in violation of § 1311(a), the CWA provision prohibiting 22
“the discharge of any pollutant” except in compliance with a duly issued discharge permit (an 23

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19
“NPDES permit”). The plaintiffs contended that Shandaken Tunnel and certain “earth disturbing 1
activities” were discharging pollutants “in the form of suspended solids, turbidity, and heat into 2
Esopus Creek.” Id. at 485. The City agreed that it lacked a NPDES permit to discharge into 3
Esopus Creek but argued that “it need not obtain one because its releases do not constitute 4
‘discharges’ as defined by the CWA.” Id. 5
We concluded that the NOI gave sufficient notice of some of plaintiffs’ claims but 6
insufficient notice of others. We found that the NOI’s mention of “suspended solids” gave 7
sufficient notice of the claims of unpermitted discharges of suspended solids and of turbidity. 8
On the other hand, we determined that the plaintiffs’ NOI did not provide adequate notice of 9
their claim regarding thermal discharges. We stated that “to be ‘sufficient,’ the information 10
provided [in the NOI] must include the pollutant alleged to be the basis of a violation 11
subsequently alleged in the complaint,” reasoning that “the NOI letter must differentiate 12
pollutants from nonpollutants and one pollutant from another.” Id. at 487; accord Friends of the 13
Earth, Inc.v. Gaston Copper Recycling Corp., 629 F.3d 387 (4th Cir. 2011) (holding that where 14
plaintiffs failed to specify “cadmium, zinc, iron, or oil and grease” in their NOI, the district 15
court’s liability findings as to those pollutants must be reversed); see also Waterkeepers N. C.A. 16
v. AG Indus. Mfg. Inc., 375 F.3d 913, 917 (9th Cir. 2004) (finding an NOI adequate where, inter 17
alia, it “specifically identifies pollutants associated with [the defendant’s] operations”). Because 18
the CWA defines “heat” and “solid waste” as distinct pollutants, see 33 U.S.C. § 1362(6) (2006), 19
the discharge of which can support distinct penalties, we ruled that the plaintiffs’ NOI, which 20
mentioned only the discharge of “solids,” did not give the City adequate notice that the plaintiffs 21
intended to allege in their complaint a second violation of the CWA based on the discharge of 22
“heat.” Id. at 487, 489. 23

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6 Like RCRA, the CWA does not describe the content of an NOI. However, the
corresponding CWA regulation directs, like a similar regulation promulgated pursuant to RCRA,
that “[n]otice . . . shall include sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the
specific standard, limitation, or order alleged to have been violated . . . .” 40 C.F.R. 135.3(a)
(2011) (emphasis supplied).
20
Although we recognized in Catskill Mountains that “[t]he rationale for [requiring an NOI 1
to identify specific contaminants] is most apparent in the context of a suit alleging discharges in 2
excess of NPDES permit limitations, in which the defendant may be discharging some pollutants 3
lawfully and others unlawfully,” we did not limit the applicability of the rule to NPDES permit 4
cases. Catskill Mountains, 273 F.3d at 487; see id. at 488 (“The principle applies equally where, 5
as here, the defendant has failed altogether to obtain a permit.”). In fact, our description of the 6
policies underlying the NOI requirements demonstrates the general applicability of the Catskill 7
Mountains rule: “Specific knowledge of the pollutants allegedly discharged unlawfully makes it 8
easier for the defendants to promptly rectify the problem.” Id. at 488. 9
While we recognize the differences between RCRA and the CWA, we nonetheless have 10
viewed the CWA notice requirements as “analogous” to the RCRA notice requirements. See 11
Bldg. & Const. Trades Council of Buffalo, NY & Vicinity v. Downtown Dev., Inc., 448 F.3d 12
138, 158 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Building Trades”) (describing Catskill Mountains as “an analogous 13
context” in an action brought under RCRA); see also Burnette v. Carothers, 192 F.2d 52, 57 (2d 14
Cir. 1999) (discussing the “substantially identical provisions” for notice under the CWA and 15
RCRA).6 Moreover, we have noted that the legislative objectives underlying both the CWA and 16
RCRA notice requirements are the same. See Building Trades at 153–54 (stating that citizen 17
suits require notice and delay to allow both the government and the potential defendant time to 18
respond to a citizen’s concerns before the citizen plaintiff may file suit). 19

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21
In Building Trades we examined the sufficiency of an NOI alleging a violation of RCRA. 1
There, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants had created an imminent and substantial 2
endangerment due to “the alleged disposal of solid and hazardous waste contaminating 3
groundwater, surface waters, soil, residences, and air.” Id. at 143. The defendants argued that 4
the plaintiff’s NOI “was insufficient because it failed to identify any particular RCRA pollutants 5
that had been discharged by the defendants.” Id. at 157. Citing our holding in Catskill 6
Mountains that notice “must identify with reasonable specificity each pollutant that the 7
defendant is alleged to have discharged unlawfully,” id. at 158 (citing Catskill Mountains, 273 8
F.3d at 488), we held that the plaintiff’s notice was sufficient where it described the specific 9
contaminants at issue, alleging that “groundwater contaminants disposed of at the site include 10
one or more of chromium, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, lead, arsenic, zinc, silver, nickel, and 11
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,” id. at 158 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). 12
Here, because RCO’s NOI did not identify AEEA and arsenic as contaminants in Omya’s 13
waste, it did not give Omya adequate notice of the endangerment and open dumping violations 14
for which RCO seeks to hold Omya liable. Section 6972(a)(1)(B) of RCRA prohibits 15
“contributing to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transportation, or disposal of 16
any solid or hazardous waste which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to 17
health or the environment.” RCO claims that Omya’s practice of dumping its processing waste 18
into unlined pits presents “an imminent and substantial endangerment” in violation of § 19
6972(a)(1)(B) because AEEA, a toxic chemical in the waste, is seeping into groundwater. The 20
activity alleged to constitute the violation is not simply the dumping of waste into unlined pits, 21
but rather the dumping of waste contaminated with AEEA into unlined pits. Accordingly, 22
RCO’s NOI, which alleged that Omya was dumping waste into unlined pits but did not identify 23

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22
AEEA as a waste contaminant, did not include “sufficient information to permit the recipient to 1
identify . . . the activity alleged to constitute a violation.” 40 C.F.R. § 254.3 (2011). 2
Similarly, the NOI also gave inadequate notice of the open dumping violation that RCO 3
subsequently sought to prosecute. Section 6945(a) of RCRA prohibits “open dumping” as 4
defined by regulation. See 42 U.S.C. § 6945(a) (2006) (“Upon promulgation of criteria under § 5
6907(a)(3) of this title, any solid waste management practice or disposal of solid waste or 6
hazardous waste which constitutes the open dumping of solid waste or hazardous waste is 7
prohibited . . . .”); 40 C.F.R. § 257.1(a)(2) (2011) (defining “open dumping” as any practice that 8
violates §§ 257.1 through 257.4). RCO claims that Omya’s practice of dumping its processing 9
waste into unlined pits is prohibited “open dumping” because the waste is contaminating 10
underground drinking water sources with arsenic in violation of 40 C.F.R. § 257.3-4. See 11
§257.3-4(a) (“A facility or practice shall not contaminate an underground drinking water source . 12
. . .”). The specific regulation allegedly violated is § 257.3-4, and the activity alleged to 13
constitute the violation is the dumping of waste contaminated with arsenic into unlined pits. 14
RCO’s NOI, however, alleged only that Omya’s “disposal of [processing] waste into the 15
environment constitutes illegal open dumping,” and did not mention arsenic or allege that the 16
practice violated any particular “open dumping” regulation. Accordingly, RCO’s NOI did not 17
include “sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the specific . . . regulation . . . 18
which has allegedly been violated, [or] the activity alleged to constitute a violation.” § 254.3. 19
Here, plaintiffs concede that none of the twenty-one contaminants listed in RCO’s NOI 20
gives rise to liability under either the endangerment or open dumping prohibitions of RCRA. 21
That being so, RCO’s failure to give notice of the specific pollutants now at issue circumvents 22
the dual goals that the Supreme Court has said motivate the RCRA notice requirements: (1) 23

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23
“allow[ing] Government agencies to take responsibility for enforcing environmental 1
regulations”; and (2) “giv[ing] the alleged violator an opportunity to bring itself into complete 2
compliance with the Act.” Hallstrom, 493 U.S. at 29 (internal quotation marks omitted); 3
Building Trades, 488 F.3d at 153–54; Catskill Mountain, 273 F.3d at 488; see also Friends of the 4
Earth, 629 F.3d at 400 (analyzing the adequacy of the content of an NOI by examining whether 5
the information “provide[d] the alleged violator with enough information to attempt to correct 6
the violation and avert the citizen suit”); Pub. Interest Research Grp. of NJ, Inc. v. Hercules, Inc., 7
50 F.3d 1239, 1249 (3rd Cir. 1995) (same). While AEEA apparently was not a cognizable 8
environmental concern until the draft Report was published in 2007, nothing prevented RCO 9
from then giving notice to Omya of a purported violation of RCRA for the discharge of that 10
specific chemical. Likewise, RCO was free to give notice to Omya of alleged improper 11
discharge of arsenic after RCO’s experts and consultants discovered that arsenic was present to 12
some degree in the groundwater on-site at the Plant. 13
Because the liability that RCO asserts depends on the presence of particular contaminants 14
in Omya’s processing waste, namely AEEA and arsenic, we discern no principled reason why 15
we should not apply the holding of Catskill Mountains to RCO’s notice letter. In Catskill 16
Mountains, we held that to be sufficient, an NOI for a claim of discharge of a pollutant in 17
violation of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1311 (2006), must identify the pollutant with sufficient 18
specificity to permit the recipient to identify the specific standard, limitation, or order alleged to 19
be violated and the activity alleged to constitute the violation. 273 F.3d at 487. Accordingly, we 20
now hold that when an alleged violation of RCRA depends on the presence or release of a 21
particular contaminant, the NOI must identify the contaminant alleged to be the basis of the 22
violation with sufficient specificity to permit the recipient to identify the specific legal provision 23

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7 To establish a violation of some provisions of RCRA, a plaintiff need not plead or prove the
presence or release of any particular contaminant. Compare 40 C.F.R. § 257.3-1(a) (prohibiting
solid waste disposal facilities in floodplains from “restrict[ing] the flow of the base flood . . . so
as to pose a hazard to human life, wildlife, or land or water resources”), with § 257.3-3(a)
(prohibiting solid waste disposal facilities from “caus[ing] a discharge of pollutants into waters
of the United States that is in violation of the requirements of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NDPES) under Section 402 of the Clean Water Act, as amended”). Of
course, an NOI need not identify a particular contaminant if the violation alleged may be proved
without establishing the presence or release of that particular contaminant.
8 Any error that might be assigned to the District Court in taking Omya’s evidence regarding
liability due to AEEA at the remedy hearing, while thereafter rejecting RCO’s motion for leave
to present expert testimony to controvert that evidence, is immaterial in light of our disposition.
24
alleged to be violated and the activity alleged to constitute the violation. See 40 C.F.R. § 1
254.3(a) (2011). 7
2
While we recognize that this rule may prevent plaintiffs in some cases from bringing a 3
citizen suit to enforce provisions of RCRA, that is a consequence of the EPA’s duly authorized 4
regulation. Whether the regulation is wise is not a question entrusted to the courts. 5
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that RCO’s claim that AEEA presents an imminent 6
and substantial endangerment, in violation of RCRA, was properly dismissed under Rule 7
12(b)(6) by the District Court.8 For similar reasons, the plaintiffs’ failure to specify arsenic in 8
their NOI supports the District Court’s dismissal of the endangerment and the open dumping 9
claims. Of course, the dismissal of this action will not prohibit RCO from again giving notice to 10
Omya and filing its suit in compliance with RCRA’s notice and delay requirements upon future 11
discovery of potential violations of the federal environmental laws. See Hallstrom, 493 U.S. at 12
32. 13
CONCLUSION 14

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9 As in Building Trades, “[f]or the purposes of this appeal, we assume that non-compliance
with the pre-suit notice provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act . . . does not
affect a federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” Building Trades, 448 F.3d at 158 n.14
(citing Hallstrom, 493 U.S. at 31 (“[W]e need not determine whether § 6972(b) is jurisdictional
in the strict sense of the term.”)).
25
Because we determine that, in a case of this nature, a proper NOI must specify each 1
alleged containment, we need not reach RCO’s other claims.9 In accordance with the foregoing, 2
the judgment is affirmed. 3

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