Philips North America, LLC v. Garmin International, Inc., Garmin Ltd.

N OTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
PHILIPS NORTH AMERICA, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
GARMIN INTERNATIONAL, INC., GARMIN LTD.,
Defendants-Appellees
______________________
2022-2255
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of California in No. 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS,
Judge André Birotte, Jr.
______________________
Decided: August 15, 2024
______________________
ELEY T HOMPSON, Foley & Lardner LLP, Chicago, IL,
argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by J EAN-
P AUL CIARDULLO, Los Angeles, CA; J OHN CUSTER, RUBEN
J OSE RODRIGUES , L UCAS I. SILVA, Boston, MA.
RACHAEL D. L AMKIN, Baker Botts LLP, San Francisco,
CA, argued for defendants-appellees. Also represented by
MICHELLE L YONS MARRIOTT , Erise IP, P.A., Overland Park,
KS.
______________________
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PHILIPS NORTH AMERICA, LLC v.
GARMIN INTERNATIONAL , INC.
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Before T ARANTO, STOLL , and STARK, Circuit Judges.
S TOLL , Circuit Judge.
Philips North America, LLC (“Philips”) brought suit
against Garmin International, Inc. and Garmin Ltd. (col-
lectively, “Garmin”) in the Central District of California for
alleged infringement of several patents, including U.S. Pa-
tent Nos. 6,013,007 (“the ’007 patent”) and 8,277,377 (“the
’377 patent”). Philips appealed from the district court’s en-
try of partial final judgment of: (1) invalidity as to the as-
serted claims of the ’007 patent (following claim
construction), and (2) no infringement as to the asserted
claims of the ’377 patent. For the reasons that follow, we
agree with the district court’s claim construction of “means
for computing athletic performance feedback data from the
series of time-stamped waypoints obtained by said GPS re-
ceiver” and thus we affirm the district court’s indefinite-
ness determination as to claims 1 and 21 of the ’007 patent.
We also vacate the judgment of non-infringement of claim 1
of the ’377 patent and remand.
BACKGROUND
The technology at issue is related to physical activity
tracking. The accused Garmin devices are wearable fitness
trackers, e.g., a smart watch.
I
The ’007 patent is directed to a “Global Positioning Sys-
tem (GPS) based personal athletic performance monitor for
providing an athlete with real-time athletic performance
feedback data.” ’007 patent at Title, Abstract. System
claims 1 and 21 are relevant on appeal. Both independent
claims contain the term “means for computing athletic per-
formance feedback data from the series of time-stamped
waypoints obtained by said GPS receiver.” ’007 patent
col. 11 ll. 13–15; id. at col. 12 ll. 29–31. The parties do not
dispute that the term is subject to 35 U.S.C § 112 ¶ 6 as a
means-plus-function term. They also do not dispute that
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the function claimed is “computing athletic performance
feedback data from the series of time-stamped waypoints
obtained by said GPS receiver.” The parties dispute the
proper interpretation of that claimed function—specifi-
cally, the phrase “athletic performance feedback data”—
and whether a corresponding structure is adequately dis-
closed for the term.
The trial court was not persuaded by Philips’s argu-
ment that the phrase “athletic performance feedback data”
refers only to “elapsed distance of an athlete; current or av-
erage speed of an athlete; [or] current or average pace of an
athlete.” J.A. 7–8 (alteration in original). Instead, the
court agreed with Garmin that the ’007 patent specifica-
tion supports interpreting “athletic performance feedback
data” more broadly because it discloses that other feedback
data like “calories burned” can be calculated based on posi-
tions and times collected by a GPS receiver during a ses-
sion. J.A. 8–10.
Continuing its interpretation of the means-plus-func-
tion limitation at issue, Philips argued that the correspond-
ing structure disclosed in the patent specification is “a
processor and equivalents thereof.” J.A. 7. The district
court disagreed and explained that in this case “legal au-
thority requires the asserted patent to disclose an algo-
rithm representing the corresponding structure.” J.A. 9
(citing Noah Sys., Inc. v. Intuit Inc., 675 F.3d 1302, 1318
(Fed. Cir. 2012)). Continuing, the court concluded that the
specification did not disclose any such algorithm and, in
particular, that “the ’007 Patent fails to disclose an algo-
rithm for computing ‘calories burned’ from the series of
time-stamped waypoints.” J.A. 9–10. Accordingly, the
trial court determined that the term “means for computing
athletic performance feedback data from the series of time-
stamped waypoints obtained by said GPS receiver” is in-
definite for lack of corresponding structure.
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II
The ’377 patent is directed to a method and apparatus
“for wireless monitoring of exercise, fitness, or nutrition by
connecting a web-enabled wireless phone to a device which
provides exercise-related information, including physiolog-
ical data [e.g., heart rate] and data indicating an amount
of exercise performed.” ’377 patent at Title, Abstract.
Method claim limitation 1(f)(ii), which the trial court
did not construe, is the only ’377 patent limitation at issue
on appeal. It provides: “wherein the data indicating a
physiologic status of a subject is received at least partially
while the subject is exercising.” ’377 patent col. 13 ll. 39–
41. The trial court explained that claim limitation 1(f)(ii)
“requires real-time uploading, i.e., uploading information
while the subject is exercising.” J.A. 34. Garmin moved for
summary judgment of non-infringement, arguing that
(1) Philips failed to prove that any person or entity directly
infringes limitation 1(f)(ii), and (2) Philips failed to show
Garmin’s specific intent to induce infringement.
The data gathered by the accused Garmin devices can
be divided into two categories: (1) data gathered in Default
mode (“all day data,” e.g., steps taken, heart rate); and
(2) data gathered in Activity mode (exercise training data
in addition to all day data). J.A. 62. Philips accuses only
the Default mode of infringing claim 1 of the ’377 patent,
because the claim requires “uploading information” or
syncing “while the subject is exercising” and this does not
occur in Activity mode. J.A. 34. Specifically, in Activity
mode, Garmin’s accused devices prevent data from being
synced to a user’s phone, but after Activity mode is stopped,
the user can choose to save the activity, which will sync the
user’s data. If the user does not save the activity, the de-
vice will save it automatically after 30 minutes.
In Default mode, “all day data” is sent from the accused
wearable device to a user’s phone running the Garmin Con-
nect application during automatic sync events, which occur
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“if a length of time (default is 4 hours with a minimum of
1 minute) has gone by without another sync and if the
watch has detected more than a certain amount of steps
(default is 2000 steps).” J.A. 2734–35 ¶ 192; Appellant’s
Br. 18 & n.5. A sync event will also occur when a user
(1) brings the Garmin Connect app to the foreground of her
phone, or (2) manually initiates a sync event by selecting
an option on the accused wearable. The data sent from an
accused device to Garmin’s phone application and servers
during a sync is all data since the last sync.
Philips argues that Garmin’s Move IQ feature “pro-
vides compelling evidence that users exercise in the De-
fault mode.” Appellant’s Br. 24. Move IQ, which works
only when the accused device is in Default mode, continu-
ously monitors for periods of sustained activity and auto-
matically recognizes walking, running, biking, swimming
and elliptical training (when done for at least 10 minutes).
In Default mode, users can thus track their exercise
throughout the day without initiating Activity mode and
syncing will occur after the watch detects a certain amount
of activity or after the passage of a set amount of time.
The trial court granted Garmin’s motion for summary
judgment of non-infringement, concluding that Philips
“ha[d] not provided sufficient evidence to show that anyone
has directly infringed” claim 1 of the ’377 patent. J.A. 64.
The court did not reach Garmin’s argument on induced in-
fringement. In September 2022, the district court entered
partial final judgment of: (1) invalidity as to the asserted
claims of the ’007 patent, and (2) no infringement as to the
asserted claims of the ’377 patent. Philips appealed. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
D ISCUSSION
Definiteness is a question of law that we review de
novo. Mass. Inst. of Tech. v. Shire Pharms., Inc., 839 F.3d
1111, 1123 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Identification of a claimed
function and determination of what structure, if any,
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disclosed in the specification corresponds to the claimed
function are questions of law reviewed de novo. Egenera,
Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 972 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir.
2020).
We review a district court’s grant of summary judg-
ment according to the law of the regional circuit. Amgen
Inc. v. Sandoz Inc., 923 F.3d 1023, 1027 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
The Ninth Circuit reviews the grant of summary judgment
de novo. Id. (citing Brunozzi v. Cable Commc’ns, Inc.,
851 F.3d 990, 995 (9th Cir. 2017)). Summary judgment is
appropriate when, viewing the evidence in favor of the non-
movant, there is no genuine dispute of material fact. Id.
(citing Zetwick v. Cty. of Yolo, 850 F.3d 436, 440 (9th Cir.
2017)).
I
On appeal, Philips does not take issue with the district
court’s holding that the structure corresponding to the
claimed function of “computing athletic performance feed-
back data from the series of time-stamped waypoints ob-
tained by said GPS receiver” is an algorithm.
Instead, Philips argues that the trial court erred by
failing to limit its means-plus-function construction to al-
gorithms that compute only certain types of athletic perfor-
mance feedback data. See Appellant’s Br. 34. First, Philips
asserts that “[c]omputation of calories burned is outside of
the asserted claims of the ’007 Patent,” and that there is
“no basis to rewrite” the claims to “modify ‘computing ath-
letic performance feedback data’ with the additional re-
quirement of ‘computing calories burned.’” Appellant’s
Br. 7, 11. Second, Philips relies on expert testimony to ar-
gue that “there is plenty of algorithmic support” for “com-
puting athletic performance feedback data” of “current and
average speed, current and average pace, and elapsed dis-
tance.” Appellant’s Br. 39, 44–46 (“the claim language it-
self identifies algorithmic details in that athletic
performance data must be computed from a series of time-
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stamped waypoints” (quoting J.A. 1017 ¶ 17)). We address
each argument in turn below.
A
We first address the construction of the claimed func-
tion, “computing athletic performance feedback data from
the series of time-stamped waypoints obtained by said GPS
receiver.” The specification is “always highly relevant,”
usually “dispositive,” and “the single best guide to the
meaning of a disputed term.” Vitronics Corp. v. Concep-
tronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). Here, the
’007 patent specification supports the district court’s con-
clusion that “athletic performance feedback data” reasona-
bly includes calories burned in light of the ’007 patent
specification. J.A. 9. The specification repeatedly lists ex-
amples of athletic performance feedback data:
1) “athletic performance feedback data such as
elapsed exercise time, distance covered, average
pace, elevation difference, distance to go and/or
advice for reaching pre-set targets,” ’007 pa-
tent Abstract;
2) “real-time performance feedback such as elapsed
time, elapsed distance, current and average
speeds and paces, current climbing rate, and so
forth,” id. at col. 2 ll. 8–11;
3) “measures of athletic performance” are “scrolled
on the display . . . during each feedback cycle,”
such as: elapsed distance, elapsed time, current
speed, average speed, average pace, current
pace, calories burned, and so forth, see id.
Fig. 11, col. 4 ll. 36–39, col. 6 ll. 49–55;
4) “performance data sets” include: total exercise
time, total elapsed distance, maximum speed, to-
tal calories burned, total cumulative elevation,
and so forth, see id. Fig. 12, col. 6 ll. 16–18; and
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5) “performance data such as elapsed distance, cur-
rent and average speeds and paces, calories
burned, miles remaining, and time remaining,”
id. at col. 7 ll. 45–47.
While the specification does not identify “calories burned”
every time it lists exemplary athletic performance feedback
data, we, like the district court, are not persuaded by
Philips’s argument that the scope of what constitutes “ath-
letic performance feedback data” should be limited only to
“current and average speed, current and average pace, and
elapsed distance.” J.A. 8; Appellant’s Br. 39. This is so be-
cause the specification twice identifies performance data as
including calories burned. While the specification uses
slightly different wording—e.g., “measures of athletic per-
formance” versus “performance data sets”—we are con-
vinced that the inventor used the broad phrase “athletic
performance feedback data” to include all of these various
terms.
We thus agree with the trial court that, given the dis-
closure in the ’007 patent specification, calories burned is a
type of “athletic performance feedback data.” Philips has
not identified text in the specification establishing that cal-
ories burned should be excluded from a construction of the
term. Philips makes only a conclusory assertion that
“[c]omputation of calories burned is outside of the asserted
claims” of the ’007 patent, for which it provides no persua-
sive record support. Appellant’s Br. 7. And its observation
during claim construction that the ’007 patent “written de-
scription only mentions calories twice” is equally uncon-
vincing. J.A. 4449. Accordingly, in this case, we adopt the
district court’s construction of the “athletic performance
feedback data.”
B
Next, we address the issue of whether the specification
adequately discloses structure corresponding to the term
“means for computing athletic performance feedback data
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from the series of time-stamped waypoints obtained by said
GPS receiver.” Once again, in this appeal, the parties do
not dispute that this term is a means-plus-function term
and that the ’007 patent specification must disclose an al-
gorithm for performing the claimed function.
Means-plus-function claiming “involves a quid pro
quo.” Noah, 675 F.3d at 1318. In exchange for being able
to draft a claim limitation in purely functional language,
“[t]he applicant must describe in the patent specification
some structure which performs the specified function.” Id.
(quoting Valmont Indus., Inc. v. Reinke Mfg. Co., 983 F.2d
1039, 1042 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). For claims “to serve their
proper function of providing the public clear notice of the
scope of the patentee’s property rights, we cannot allow a
patentee to claim in functional terms essentially un-
bounded by any reference to what one of skill in the art
would understand from the public record.” Med. Instru-
mentation & Diagnostics Corp. v. Elekta AB, 344 F.3d
1205, 1219 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
Here, it is undisputed that the ’007 patent specification
does not disclose any algorithm for calculating calories
burned from the series of time-stamped waypoints ob-
tained by said GPS receiver. Philips argues only that its
expert’s unrebutted testimony established that a person of
skill in the art would have understood the specification as
disclosing “corresponding structural and algorithmic sup-
port” for determining certain athletic performance feed-
back data—specifically, “for current or average speed,
current or average pace, or elapsed distance.” Appellant’s
Br. 7–8, 39. As we have discussed, the function claimed is
“computing athletic performance feedback data from the
series of time-stamped waypoints obtained by said GPS re-
ceiver,” and “athletic performance feedback data” includes
more than just measurements of speed, pace, or elapsed
distance—it also includes calories burned, for example. In
his declaration, however, Dr. Martin never mentions calo-
ries burned, let alone how one of ordinary skill in the art
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would have understood how to calculate calories burned
based on the specification. We thus agree with the district
court that “there is insufficient disclosure supporting how
to compute various types of ‘athletic performance feedback
data.’” J.A. 9. Accordingly, we affirm the court’s summary
judgement of indefiniteness of claims 1 and 21 of the
’007 patent.
II
Lastly, we consider whether the district court erred in
granting Garmin’s motion for summary judgment of non-
infringement. Because there is a genuine dispute of mate-
rial fact regarding direct infringement, we conclude that
the court erred.
To infringe limitation 1(f)(ii) directly, a user’s data in-
dicating a physiologic status (e.g., heart rate) must be
synced or uploaded while the user is exercising in Default
mode. If and when a user becomes active and takes 2,000
steps in Default mode, the accused device will sync. See
J.A. 2734–35 ¶ 192.
The parties dispute whether a user’s mid-exercise (i.e.,
current) heart rate is synced during exercise in Default
mode. Philips argues that “the data uploaded in a sync
event includes all of the heart-rate data collected by an Ac-
cused Wearable since the last sync, meaning that it in-
cludes the very latest heart rate data tracked by the
Accused Wearable.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 15; see also
J.A. 2689–90 at 180:9–181:2 (the data sent includes “data
right up to the moment when [the user] hit[s] the sync[],
and . . . using [the] example of the heart rate . . . [the user]
would get a graph of [her] heart rate and that would be up-
dated at that point”). For its part, Garmin argues that
“[t]he data packet sent during an automatic sync could be
data from the last 4 hours, or data from the last 4 days . . .
[a]s such, the data cannot possibly provide ‘data indicating
a physiologic status of a subject,’ e.g., a user’s current heart
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rate.” Appellee’s Br. 31. The district court did not discuss
this genuine dispute of material fact.
The court did note Philips’s expert’s concession that
“not every sync that occurs will happen while the user is
exercising,” but it failed to acknowledge the remainder of
the expert’s statement, which says in its entirety: “[w]hile
not every sync that occurs will happen while the user is
exercising, it is inevitable that some syncs will occur during
exercise.” J.A. 66; J.A. 2740 ¶ 201. We conclude that a rea-
sonable factfinder could find that: (1) a user wearing an
accused device could exercise in Default mode, (2) the rec-
ord supports that an accused device would record data such
as the user’s heart rate in Default mode, and (3) the record
supports that a sync could happen during the time that the
user is exercising.1 This would be an act of direct infringe-
ment, precluding summary judgment on that ground. Gar-
min has not “provid[ed] evidence that would preclude a
finding of [direct] infringement, or . . . show[n] that the ev-
idence on file fails to establish a material issue of fact es-
sential to [Philips’s] case.” Novartis Corp. v. Ben Venue
Labs., Inc., 271 F.3d 1043, 1046 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Accord-
ingly, the court erred in granting summary judgment of no
direct infringement.
We acknowledge that Garmin raised an alternative
ground for affirmance: Philips “failed to evidence a genu-
ine factual dispute regarding any intent by Garmin to in-
duce infringement.” Appellee’s Br. 33. As we noted at the
outset, in granting summary judgment, the district court
1 Although this circumstance might occur infre-
quently for a given user, the frequency or amount of usage
of a patented method presents a damages question. See,
e.g., Lucent Techs., Inc. v. Gateway, Inc., 580 F.3d 1301,
1334–35 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“how many . . . users had ever
performed the patented method or how many times” is a
damages issue).
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did not reach Garmin’s argument on induced infringement.
We remand for the district court to consider induced in-
fringement in the first instance. To succeed on its induced
infringement claim, Philips must prove that Garmin had
specific intent to encourage another’s infringement. See,
e.g., Warner-Lambert Co. v. Apotex Corp., No. 98 C 4293,
2001 WL 1104618, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 14, 2001) (granting
summary judgment of no induced infringement), aff’d,
316 F.3d 1348, 1351, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“In the absence
of any evidence that [the defendant] has or will promote or
encourage [others] to infringe the . . . method patent, there
has been raised no genuine issue of material fact.”).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s
indefiniteness determination as to claims 1 and 21 of the
’007 patent, and we vacate the summary judgment of non-
infringement of claim 1 of the ’377 patent and remand.
AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-AND-REMANDED-
IN-PART
COSTS
No costs.
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