Federal Circuit disposition — 2006-1234

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2006-1234
(Serial No. 78/192,104)
IN RE OMEGA SA (OMEGA AG) (OMEGA LTD.)
Matthew C. Wagner, Collen IP Intellectual Property Law, P.C., of Ossining, New
York, argued for appellant. On the brief was Jess M. Collen.
Stephen Walsh, Associate Solicitor, United States Patent and Trademark Office,
of Arlington, Virginia, argued for the Director of the United States Patent and Trademark
Office. With him on the brief was Nancy C. Slutter, Associate Solicitor. Of counsel on
the brief was Robert Lorenzo, Senior Supervisory Attorney, Trademark Law Office, of
Alexandria, Virginia. Of counsel were Christina J. Hieber and Cynthia C. Lynch,
Associate Solicitors, of Arlington, Virginia.
Appealed from: United States Patent and Trademark Office
Trademark Trial & Appeals Board

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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2006-1234
(Serial No. 78/192,104)
IN RE OMEGA SA (OMEGA AG) (OMEGA LTD.)
__________________________
DECIDED: July 23, 2007
__________________________
Before NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and DYK, Circuit
Judge.
NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
Omega S.A. appeals the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)
of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), sustaining the Trademark
Attorney's refusal to register Omega's trademark AQUA TERRA in Class 14 for "jewelry,
precious stones; watches, watch straps, watch bracelets and parts thereof; chronometers,
chronographs, watches made of precious metals, watches partly or entirely set with
precious stones in International Class 14," unless Omega amended its application to limit

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2006-1234 2
"chronographs" to "chronographs for use as watches." We affirm the decision of the
Board.1
DISCUSSION
The definition of goods in a trademark registration is a mixed question of law and
fact, wherein the decision by the TTAB receives plenary review, with underlying factual
findings reviewed for support by substantial evidence, with due regard to the discretionary
authority of the PTO. See In re Int'l Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., 183 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed.
Cir. 1999), citing Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150 (1999) (rulings of the PTO tribunals are
reviewed in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act).
1 In re Omega SA, Ser. No. 78/192,104 (TTAB Nov. 4, 2005).
The Trademark Attorney refused Omega's application for registration of AQUA
TERRA in Class 14, on the ground that the term "chronographs" can refer not only to
watches in Class 14, but also to time recording instruments in Class 9. The PTO directs
attention to the online Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual, which
identifies "chronographs for use as specialized time recording apparatuses" as classified in
International Class 9, whereas "chronographs for use as watches" or "chronographs for use
as timepieces" are in International Class 14. Omega declined to amend its application,
arguing that it already has several registered trademarks in Class 14 for use with "watches
and chronographs," and that the term "chronographs" includes timepieces such as
watches, whether or not "chronographs" also is used for time recording instruments.
Omega points out that United States Class 14 does not include time recording instruments,
and argues that the PTO requirement to restrict the definition of goods for registration of

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2006-1234 3
AQUA TERRA in Class 14 is inconsistent with Omega's several other trademark
registrations in Class 14. Omega expresses concern as to the effect of such a restriction
on its existing registrations.
Omega argues that the term "chronograph" is internationally understood in the watch
industry, although Omega does not dispute that "chronograph" can also designate time
recording instruments. However, Omega argues that the PTO should not now require this
additional qualification to the United States registration because the parent Swiss
registration is based on International Class 14, which includes "chronographs [watches],"
"chronometers," and "chronometrical instruments." Omega points out that the United
States has adopted the International Classification, see The Trademark Manual of
Examining Procedure (TMEP) '1401.02 ("As of September 1, 1973, the international
classification of goods and services is the primary classification used by the United States,
and it applies to all applications filed on or after September 1, 1973, and their resulting
registrations, for all statutory purposes. See 37 C.F.R. '2.85.").
Omega argues that the limitation of "chronograph" to watches necessarily follows
when registration is in United States Class 14, and that further qualification is unnecessary
and superfluous since the only chronographs in Class 14 are watches. Omega points out
that TMEP '1402.03(3) states that "An identification that can be understood when read in
association with the title of the class in which it is placed, and that is otherwise satisfactory,
should not be required to be further qualified by an amendment." Omega states that the
Trademark Attorney's requirement simply leads to inconsistency in United States trademark
practice.

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2006-1234 4
The PTO responds that the requirement of a more precise description of goods for a
United States registration is not governed by the international classification, nor by the
existence of any foreign registration or other domestic registration for similar goods, citing
In re Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 192 USPQ 157, 158 (TTAB 1976) (the PTO is not
compelled to accept International Classification entries for the specification of goods). The
PTO states that the classification system is merely a search tool and does not determine
the trademark owner's rights, which are based on use of the mark and identification of the
goods, not on the class in which the mark is registered. See Jean Patou, Inc. v. Theon,
Inc., 9 F.3d 971, 975 (Fed. Cir. 1993). The PTO states that if Omega were permitted
registration for "chronographs" without limitation to watches, Omega could assert the
registered mark against a maker of time recording instruments although Omega does not
use the trademark with such goods. Omega states that its worldwide registrations for its
trademarks for use including "chronographs" have seen none of the overreaching projected
by the PTO. Although we doubt the rigor of the PTO's hypothesis, we agree that
foreseeable confusion or conflict should be averted, and that in this case no detriment to
any of Omega's marks is apparent. In view of Omega's concern that its other trademarks
would be adversely affected, additional briefing was requested on this point. The PTO in its
brief states that "third parties cannot challenge prior registrations based on terminology
used in the ID in a more recent application/registration." The PTO states that its
requirement for amendment to "chronographs for use as watches" has "no retroactive effect
on an applicant's existing registrations" and "in no way harms or puts at risk previously
registered marks having broader IDs." We confirm the general rule that the definition of

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2006-1234 5
goods in one registration does not taint the definition of similar goods in any other
registration.
The International Classification does not prohibit the imposition of additional
requirements for national registration, as TMEP '1401.02(c) states:
[B]ecause the international list was developed to classify goods and services
and not to identify specific goods and services, most entries will not be
sufficiently definite to use in an identification of goods or services. (Italics in
original).
It is within the PTO's authority to develop particularized definitions that are "more extensive
and specific than the Alphabetical List of Goods and Services that is published by WIPO."
TMEP '1401.02(c), and to require compliance with such definitions. Treaty and statute do
not prohibit domestic requirements that do not significantly diverge from the international
classification. "It is within the discretion of the PTO to require that one's goods be identified
with particularity." In re Water Gremlin Co., 635 F.2d 841, 845 (CCPA 1980).
Omega points to its several existing registrations for "chronographs" in Class 14, and
presses the concern that variations in the definition of goods among its several trademarks
might make these valuable marks vulnerable in unknown ways, or at least would require
the burden and expense of modification of the existing registrations. Omega argues that
inconsistent examination requirements place inappropriate burdens on applicants. We
agree that consistency is highly desirable, and that the time and expense of complying with
inconsistent applications burdens both the PTO and the public that depends on its services.
However, the requirement herein imposed is not so extreme or unreasonable as to warrant
judicial intervention into the internal procedures and requirements of PTO trademark
examination. See Hyatt v. Boone, 146 F.3d 1348, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir. 1998) ("Courts should

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not readily intervene in the day-to-day operations of an administrative agency."). The
Trademark Attorney's requirement was within the PTO's discretionary authority, and will not
be disturbed.
In sum, the scope of the term "chronographs" is ambiguous for registration
purposes, for it includes both watches and time recording devices. Omega states that the
only chronographs with which it uses the mark are "watches." The PTO has discretion to
determine whether and how a trademark registration should include a more particularized
statement of the goods for which the mark is be used; in the circumstances here the PTO
did not abuse its discretion in determining that the term "chronographs" in the registration
should be restricted to those "for use as watches." No basis for challenging this
requirement has been shown. Although Omega expresses concern that this requirement
may adversely affect its prior trademark registrations for "chronographs" that are not limited
to "watches," the PTO has assured the court that the imposition of this requirement will not
effect existing registrations.
The decision of the TTAB is
AFFIRMED.

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