Iftekhar Ahmed v. Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, et al

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11818
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
JOHN DOE,
Plaintiff,
IFTEKHAR AHMED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
SECURITY,
DIRECTOR, U.S. CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVICES
(USCIS),
DIRECTOR, VERMONT SERVICE CENTER OF USCIS,
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 1 of 8

-- 1 of 8 --

2 Opinion of the Court 22-11818
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 0:22-cv-60141-WPD
____________________
Before R OSENBAUM , JILL PRYOR , and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Iftekhar Ahmed, a native and citizen of Bangladesh repre-
sented by counsel, filed the present suit seeking injunctive relief
from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (the
“USCIS”) denial of his application for adjustment of status under
8 U.S.C. § 1255(m). The District Court for the Southern District of
Florida: (i) denied his motion for preliminary injunctive relief; and
(ii) entered a final judgment dismissing his amended complaint for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. On appeal, Ahmed argues both
that the District Court erred in denying his motion for preliminary
injunctive relief, as he demonstrated a likelihood of success on the
merits, and that the District Court erred in dismissing his amended
complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
I.
Initially, we address Ahmed’s argument that the District
Court erred in denying his motion for preliminary injunctive relief.
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 2 of 8

-- 2 of 8 --

22-11818 Opinion of the Court 3
This Court must “consider issues of mootness sua sponte and, ab-
sent an applicable exception to the mootness doctrine, [must] dis-
miss any appeal that no longer presents a viable case or contro-
versy.”
Hunt v. Aimco Props., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1220 (11th Cir.
2016) (quoting
Pac. Ins. Co. v. Gen. Dev. Corp., 28 F.3d 1093, 1096
(11th Cir. 1994)). A moot case “no longer presents a live contro-
versy with respect to which the court can give meaningful relief.”
Id. (quoting
Ethredge v. Hail, 996 F.2d 1173, 1175 (11th Cir. 1993)).
Once a district court enters a final judgment, “the appeal is properly
taken from the final judgment, not the [denial of a] preliminary in-
junction.”
Burton v. Georgia, 953 F.2d 1266, 1272 n.9 (11th Cir.
1992). Here, the District Court entered a final judgment dismissing
Ahmed’s suit. Ahmed’s appeal, then, is properly taken from the
final judgment, not the preliminary injunction. Accordingly, we
dismiss his appeal to the extent that he challenges the denial of his
motion for a preliminary injunction.
II.
Ahmed’s second argument on appeal is that the District
Court erred in dismissing his amended complaint for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. We review a district court’s determination that
it lacks subject matter jurisdiction
de novo.
Center v. Sec'y, Dep't
of Homeland Sec., 895 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2018). The plain-
tiff bears the burden of establishing federal subject matter jurisdic-
tion.
Williams v. Poarch Band of Creek Indians, 839 F.3d 1312,
1314 (11th Cir. 2016). If there is a deficiency in subject matter ju-
risdiction, district courts are constitutionally obligated to dismiss
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 3 of 8

-- 3 of 8 --

4 Opinion of the Court 22-11818
the action.
Travaglio v. Am. Exp. Co., 735 F.3d 1266, 1268 (11th
Cir. 2013).
Congress limited the jurisdiction of federal courts to review
administrative decisions concerning immigration decisions by pass-
ing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), which states:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law (stat-
utory or nonstatutory), including section 2241 of
Title 28, or any other habeas corpus provision, and
sections 1361 and 1651 of such title, and except as
provided in subparagraph (D), and regardless of
whether the judgment, decision, or action is made
in removal proceedings, no court shall have juris-
diction to review—
(i) any judgment regarding the granting of re-
lief under section 1182(h), 1182(i), 1229b, 1229c, or
1255 of this title, or
(ii) any other decision or action of the Attor-
ney General or the Secretary of Homeland Secu-
rity the authority for which is specified under this
subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney
General or the Secretary of Homeland Security,
other than the granting of relief under section
1158(a) of this title.
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B) (emphasis added).
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 4 of 8

-- 4 of 8 --

22-11818 Opinion of the Court 5
In
St. Cyr, the Supreme Court suggested that barring review
of all legal and constitutional questions in removal cases could raise
a constitutional concern.
I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 300, 121 S.
Ct. 2271, 2279 (2001). Specifically, the Court noted that the Sus-
pension Clause, which states that “[t]he Privilege of the Writ of Ha-
beas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Re-
bellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it,” required
“some judicial intervention in
deportation cases.”
Id. (emphasis
added); U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 2. Following this, Congress passed
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), which restored the jurisdiction of the
courts of appeals to review “constitutional claims or questions of
law raised upon a petition for review.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D);
Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. 1614, 1623 (2022).
In
Patel, the Supreme Court held that federal courts lacked
jurisdiction to review facts found as part of discretionary-relief pro-
ceedings under § 1255, as § 1252(a)(2)(D) only restored jurisdiction
over constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a peti-
tion for review.
Patel, 142 S. Ct. at 1627. In reaching this holding,
the Court noted that, rather than lifting § 1252’s prohibition on ju-
dicial review altogether in response to the Court’s opinion in
St.
Cyr, Congress instead “excised only the legal and constitutional
questions that implicated [the Court’s] concern.”
Id. at 1623. The
Supreme Court further noted that, while the issue of reviewability
for USCIS decisions was not before the Court, it was possible that
Congress had intended to “close that door,” “foreclosing judicial
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 5 of 8

-- 5 of 8 --

6 Opinion of the Court 22-11818
review unless and until removal proceedings” were initiated.
Id. at
1626.
Here, the District Court correctly found that it lacked sub-
ject matter jurisdiction to review the denial of Ahmed’s application
for adjusted status, as the plain language of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)
stripped the court of jurisdiction. Ahmed’s application for adjust-
ment was made under § 1255(m), and § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) expressly
states that no court has jurisdiction to review “any judgment re-
garding the granting of relief under section . . . 1255 of this title.”
§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(i).
Initially, Ahmed argues that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) does not apply
to applications for adjustment under § 1255(m) because Congress
did not intend for the jurisdiction stripping statute to apply to
§ 1255(m) and because § 1255(m) differs meaningfully from other
subsections of that statute, such as § 1255(a). Appellant Br. at 48–
51. But that argument ignores the plain text of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i),
which states that “no court shall have jurisdiction” over “any judg-
ment regarding the granting of relief under section 1182(h), 1182(i),
1229b, 1229c, or 1255 of this title.” § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). Even assum-
ing that Congress did not intend the jurisdiction stripping provision
to apply to § 1255(m), it provided no exception in the statute and
because the text is clear, we cannot look beyond it.
See NLRB v.
SW General, Inc., 580 U.S. 288, 305, 137 S. Ct. 929, 942 (“The text
is clear, so we need not consider [ ] extra-textual evidence.”);
see
also Wiersum v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 785 F.3d 483, 487–88 (11th Cir.
2015).
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 6 of 8

-- 6 of 8 --

22-11818 Opinion of the Court 7
Section 1252(a)(2)(D) addressed the Court’s concerns and
clarified that the jurisdiction stripping statute was not to be “con-
strued as precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of
law.” § 1252(a)(2)(D). Ahmed argues that his Complaint below
presented constitutional and legal questions to the District Court.
What he seeks, however, is not the resolution of a constitutional
or legal question, but a reweighing of the evidence. Ahmed’s argu-
ment is not that the USCIS looked at the wrong types of evidence,
but rather that it did not come to the conclusion he wanted based
on that evidence. This is a factual question, not a legal one.
See
Mutua v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 22 F.4th 963, 968 (11th Cir. 2022) (“An
argument couched as a legal question that essentially challenges
the agency’s weighing of evidence is a garden-variety abuse of dis-
cretion argument that does not state a legal or constitutional
claim.” (internal citations omitted));
see also Patel v. United States,
971 F.3d 1258, 1280 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc),
aff’d sub nom. Patel
v. Garland, 124 S. Ct. 1614 (2022) (“[F]actfinding, factor-balancing,
and exercise of discretion normally do not involve legal or consti-
tutional questions, so we lack jurisdiction to review them.” (inter-
nal citations omitted.”)).
To the extent Ahmed argues that his Complaint raises a con-
stitutional question under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment that is reviewable under § 1252(a)(2)(D), this
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 7 of 8

-- 7 of 8 --

8 Opinion of the Court 22-11818
argument fails as well.1 This Court has been clear that there is “no
constitutionally protected interest in purely discretionary forms of
relief.”
Scheerer v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 513 F.3d 1244, 1253 (11th Cir.
2008). And adjustment of an alien’s status is a discretionary form
of relief.
Id.;
see also Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 881 F.3d
860, 869 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[W]e have specifically identified . . . ad-
justment of status as [a] discretionary form[ ] of relief.”).
The District Court did not err in determining it lacked sub-
ject matter jurisdiction over Ahmed’s complaint because the plain
text of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) indicates that “no court” has jurisdiction in
any judgment regarding the granting of relief under § 1255.2
DISMISSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART.
1 Ahmed’s Complaint also alleged a claim that his Fifth Amendment due pro-
cess rights were violated. The Supreme Court in
Bivens established the avail-
ability of a cause of action against federal officials in their individual capacities
for violations of federal constitutional rights.
See Bivens v. Six Unknown
Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 395–97, 91 S. Ct.
1999, 2004–05 (1971). Ahmed’s opening brief, however, does not address this
claim. As such, it is abandoned.
See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385
F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he law is [ ] well settled in this Circuit
that a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the court is
deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.”)..
2 Ahmed also argued on appeal that the District Court had jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) and 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2), as denial of an application
for adjustment under § 1255(m) is not discretionary. Because § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)
clearly deprives the District Court of subject matter jurisdiction, we do not
reach this argument.
USCA11 Case: 22-11818 Document: 20-1 Date Filed: 03/20/2023 Page: 8 of 8

-- 8 of 8 --