P. v. Escalera

Filed 5/8/19 P. v. Escalera CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
HERIBERTO CONTRERAS
ESCALERA,
Defendant and Appellant.
G055492
(Super. Ct. No. 15CF1354)
O P I N I O N
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Lance
Jensen, Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia M. Ihara, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.

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Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney
General, Arlene A. Sevidal, Collette C. Cavalier, and Michael D. Butera Deputy
Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
A jury convicted Heriberto Contreras Escalera of one count of
second-degree robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211 & 212.5, subd. (c).)1 Following the verdict,
Escalera admitted a prior strike allegation (§§ 667, subds. (d) & (e)(1), 1170.12,
subds. (b) & (c)(1)), and a prior prison commitment allegation (§ 667.5, subd. (b).)
Initially, the court sentenced Escalera to a seven-year term: three years for
the robbery, doubled to six by the second-strike prior conviction, and a consecutive
one-year term for the prison prior. Subsequently, Escalera brought a “Motion to Recall
Sentences and Resentence Defendant [§] 1170(d)(1).” The trial court granted the motion,
and vacated the seven-year sentence.
In resentencing, the court struck the strike prior and the prison prior, and
imposed a subordinate one-year term (one-third the mid-term) for the robbery in the
instant case. This term was to be served consecutive to the primary sentence in the
unrelated companion case, Orange County Superior Court Case No. 15CF1073, to which
Escalera had pled guilty and received a six-year, four-month sentence. Escalera’s final
sentence was therefore seven years and four months. He does not contest his sentence in
this appeal.
On appeal, Escalera raises four claims: (1) his trial counsel was
constitutionally ineffective for failing to object to portions of the prosecutor’s closing
arguments; (2) the trial court prejudicially erred by modifying the standard robbery jury
instruction (CALCRIM No. 1600), and, alternatively, his trial counsel was ineffective for
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise
indicated.

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failing to object to the modification; (3) the trial court prejudicially erred by instructing
the jury with an inappropriate definition of “moral turpitude,” and, again alternatively,
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to this definition; and (4) cumulative
error requires reversal, even if individual errors do not. We reject each of these claims
and affirm the judgment.
FACTS
1. Prosecution Case
Grace R. was driving her two daughters to school one morning in June
2015, when she stopped at a convenience store to use an ATM. She parked her car in
front of the store entrance, leaving her daughters, 9-year-old Jane Doe One (J.D.1) and
13-year-old Jane Doe Two (J.D.2), in the back seat. Waiting for their mother, the girls
occupied themselves with their cellphones.
J.D.1 noticed a man she later identified as Escalera walk around his van,
stop, and begin smoking a cigarette next to their car. Escalera lingered for a minute or so
“kind of looking at” the two girls, although J.D.1 said she was unable to see his eyes.
She felt this was unusual and told her sister he seemed “pretty shady.” Her sister told her
not to worry.
Escalera opened the car door, grabbed Grace R.’s wallet from the front seat,
closed the door, and walked back towards his van. J.D.1 said Escalera did not look at her
or her sister in the back seat as he took the wallet.
J.D.1 chased after Escalera. She grabbed the handle of the van door as
Escalera “was about to close the door” and “pulled it back open.” Escalera said, “I don’t
have anything.” J.D.1 countered, “Yes, you do,” and Escalera “kept on tugging on the
door.” J.D.1 continued to resist, and the two engaged in what she characterized as a “tug
of war.” When the prosecutor asked her “[w]ere you scared,” J.D.1 answered “Yes.”

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J.D.1 was unable to get the door open because Escalera was stronger than
she was. On the day she testified, J.D.1 was 11 years old, stood four-feet eleven-inches
tall, and weighed 111 pounds. She was nine years old and smaller at the time of the
crime.
During the struggle, J.D.1 called for help, imploring a nearby delivery
driver to call 911. The driver testified he saw Escalera’s van begin to move backwards
while J.D.1 was holding onto the door, and he called the police.
Escalera eventually returned the wallet to J.D.1. J.D.1 testified she was
crying and shaking. Escalera told her to go inside the store with her mom. J.D.1. found
her mother, told her what had happened, and the two walked towards Escalera’s van,
which was about to leave the parking lot.
Escalera yelled back to Grace R., “I didn’t do anything.” J.D.1 testified he
said “a woman took the wallet . . . and that he got it back and gave it to [J.D.1].” Grace
R. told Escalera she was calling the police, and both she and J.D.1 took photos of the
van’s license plate.
The license plate information, along with surveillance video footage taken
from inside the store, enabled police to identify, locate, and apprehend Escalera. By that
time he had shaved off his moustache and eyebrows and had cut his hair.
After his arrest, Escalera was interviewed by Santa Ana Police Detective
Adrian Silva. Escalera admitted he had been at the store and was involved in “some
trouble with a little girl.” Initially, he denied taking the wallet, telling Silva another man
had stolen it; that man dropped the wallet and he picked it up and returned it to the
owner’s daughter. He could not explain why he did not immediately give the wallet back
and admitted that he had taken it with him to his van.
Escalera then told Silva he had indeed been involved in a physical struggle
to close the door while the girl was trying to get the wallet back. When Silva told

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Escalera there was video of his van rolling backwards, he admitted the van had rolled
back as the girl was standing next to it, before he gave her the wallet.
Following the interview, Silva showed J.D.1 a “six-pack” photo lineup,
which included a recent photo of Escalera. J.D.1 identified Escalera, and she specifically
noted how his eyebrows and moustache were different in the photo than they were at the
time of the incident.
2. Defense Case
Escalera was the only defense witness. While leaving the store, he said he
saw a car with its window down and a purse inside. He admitted reaching into the car,
taking the wallet, and returning to his van. However, he insisted he had not seen the
girls, either at the time of the theft, or as he walked back to his van. He maintained he
had said nothing to J.D.1 and denied struggling with her or resisting her efforts to open
the van door. He denied hearing the girl screaming at him to give back the wallet or her
telling anyone to call 911. Instead, Escalera testified that, as soon as J.D.1 opened the
van door, he returned the stolen wallet to her.
As for the inconsistent statements he had made to Detective Silva, Escalera
denied or did not recall making them. He admitted he later altered his appearance, and
that he fled the scene because he was afraid of being caught.
The trial court permitted Escalera to be impeached with a prior felony
conviction. When asked, “Is it true that in the past you have been convicted of a felony
crime involving moral turpitude?” he answered, “Yes.”
DISCUSSION
1. Escalera Has Not Shown His Trial Counsel Was Ineffective for Failing to Object
to the Prosecutor’s Closing Arguments
Escalera argues his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing
to object to portions of the prosecutor’s closing argument in which he discussed how

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three inapplicable theories might be used to convict Escalera of robbery. We are not
persuaded.
A. Robbery
“Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of
another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by
means of force or fear.” (§ 211, italics added.) “It is the use of force or fear which
distinguishes robbery from grand theft from the person.” (People v. Mungia (1991) 234
Cal.App.3d 1703, 1707.)
“Force” for purposes of robbery is not synonymous with physical assault.
(People v. Mungia, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at p. 1708.) “When actual force is present in
a robbery, at the very least it must be a quantum more than that which is needed merely
to take the property from the person of the victim, and is a question of fact to be resolved
by the jury taking into account the physical characteristics of the robber and the victim.
[Citations.] The force need not be applied directly to the person of the victim.” (People
v. Wright (1996) 52 Cal.App.4th 203, 210; cf. People v. Mullins (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th
594, 609 [relative sizes of the defendant and the victim may itself establish force].)
‘“Fear”’ is defined as ‘“[t]he fear of an unlawful injury to the person or
property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his family; or, [t]he
fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property of anyone in the
company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.”’ (§ 212; People v. Morehead
(2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 765, 771.)
‘“The element of fear for purposes of robbery is satisfied when there is
sufficient fear to cause the victim to comply with the unlawful demand for his property.’
[Citations.] It is not necessary that there be direct proof of fear; fear may be inferred
from the circumstances in which the property is taken. [Citation.] [¶] If there is
evidence from which fear may be inferred, the victim need not explicitly testify that he or

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she was afraid. [Citations.] Moreover, the jury may infer fear “‘from the circumstances
despite even superficially contrary testimony of the victim.’”” (People v. Morehead,
supra, 191 Cal.App.4th at pp. 774-775.)
Robbery includes an act of asportation with the stolen property, and any
force or fear used to aid this act, or to resist efforts of the property owner to recover the
stolen item, converts a theft into robbery, regardless of how the initial taking occurred.
(People v. Estes (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 23, 28 (Estes).) Since “[t]he crime of robbery
includes the element of asportation, the robber’s escape with the loot [is] considered as
important in the commission of the crime as gaining possession of the property.” (Id. at
p. 27.) An Estes robbery “occurs where a perpetrator achieves possession of the property
in the victim’s immediate presence without the use of force or fear, then uses force or fear
during asportation in order to retain possession of the property.” (People v. Hodges
(2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 531, 540.)
Escalera correctly asserts the sole issue at trial was whether he used force or
fear in taking or attempting to keep Grace R.’s wallet, i.e., whether he committed a
robbery, or just a simple theft. If the jury believed J.D.1, the delivery driver, and
Detective Silva, there was evidence legally sufficient for the jury to convict Escalera of
robbery.
B. Ineffectiveness of Counsel
Escalera argues the prosecutor erred during closing argument by offering
the jury three inapplicable theories as to how he might be convicted of robbery. He
concedes the prosecutor’s fourth theory, the Estes-type forcible taking we described
above, was “valid,” admitting “[i]f the jury unanimously believed [J.D.1’s] testimony that
she had a tug-of-war with [Escalera] when she tried to open his van door, this was a valid
theory of force for robbery.”

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Escalera acknowledges his trial counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s
arguments. He also concedes a prosecutorial misconduct claim on appeal will be deemed
forfeited unless there was a timely objection on the same ground, and a request for the
jury to be admonished. Perhaps fearing such a forfeiture, Escalera reframes the issue,
arguing his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object. He maintains the
prosecutor’s closing arguments prejudicially infected the single valid theory of robbery
with the three incorrect alternative theories to such a degree that trial counsel’s failure to
object entailed constitutionally ineffective assistance.
(i) Background
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
show: (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms; and (2) the deficient performance was prejudicial.
(Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 689 (Strickland); People v. Ledesma
(1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 216-217 (Ledesma).)
“‘Surmounting Strickland’s high bar is never an easy task.’” (Harrington
v. Richter (2011) 562 U.S. 86, 105 (Richter), quoting Padilla v. Kentucky (2010) 559
U.S. 356, 371.) This is because “[a]n ineffective-assistance claim can function as a way
to escape rules of waiver and forfeiture and raise issues not presented at trial, and so the
Strickland standard must be applied with scrupulous care, lest ‘intrusive post-trial
inquiry’ threaten the integrity of the very adversary process the right to counsel is meant
to serve. [Citation.] . . . It is ‘all too tempting’ to ‘second-guess counsel’s assistance
after conviction or adverse sentence.’” (Richter, supra, 562 U.S. at p. 105.)
To establish the prejudice prong, “[i]t is not enough ‘to show that the errors
had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.’” (Richter, supra, 562
U.S. at p. 104.) To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show a reasonable
probability he or she would have received a more favorable result had counsel’s

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performance not been deficient. (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at pp. 693-694; Ledesma,
supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 217-218.) “The likelihood of a different result must be
substantial, not just conceivable.” (Richter, supra, 562 U.S. at p. 112.) In this context,
“[a] reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694; accord, Ledesma, supra, 43 Cal.3d at
p. 218.)
“It is particularly difficult to prevail on an appellate claim of ineffective
assistance. On direct appeal, a conviction will be reversed for ineffective assistance only
if (1) the record affirmatively discloses counsel had no rational tactical purpose for the
challenged act or omission, (2) counsel was asked for a reason and failed to provide one,
or (3) there simply could be no satisfactory explanation.” (People v. Mai (2013) 57
Cal.4th 986, 1009.) For this reason, “[a] claim of ineffective assistance in such a case is
more appropriately decided in a habeas corpus proceeding.” (People v. Mendoza Tello
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 264, 266-267.)
“[T]he burden of proof that the defendant must meet in order to establish
his entitlement to relief on an ineffective-assistance claim is preponderance of the
evidence.” (Ledesma, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 218.) We review trial counsel’s
performance with deferential scrutiny, indulging a strong presumption it falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance, recognizing the many choices attorneys
make in handling cases and the danger of second-guessing a trial attorney’s decisions.
(People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 389 (Maury); Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at
pp. 687-688, 694.)
“Tactical errors are generally not deemed reversible, and counsel’s
decisionmaking [is] evaluated in the context of the available facts.” (Maury, supra,
30 Cal.4th at p 389.) ‘“Whenever we are asked to consider a charge that counsel has
failed to discharge his professional responsibilities, we start with a presumption that he
was conscious of his duties to his clients and that he sought conscientiously to discharge

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those duties. The burden of demonstrating the contrary is on his former clients.”’ (United
States v. Cronic (1984) 466 U.S. 648, 658, fn. 23.)
Relating these standards to this case, “the decision facing counsel in the
midst of trial over whether to object to comments made by the prosecutor in closing
argument is a highly tactical one” (People v. Padilla (1995) 11 Cal.4th 891, 942,
overruled on other grounds in People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 823, fn. 1.),
and “a mere failure to object to . . . argument seldom establishes counsel’s
incompetence.” (People v. Ghent (1987) 43 Cal.3d 739, 772; see also People v. Kelly
(1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, 540 [an attorney may choose not to object for many reasons, and
the failure to object rarely establishes ineffectiveness of counsel].)
(ii) The Prosecutor’s Closing Arguments
In his initial closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “[F]rom the time
[Escalera] takes the [wallet] . . . until he gets away with it, the robbery is still ongoing.
So whether he uses that force or fear to get the wallet in the first place or in his act of
escaping and trying to carry the property away. If at any point during that entire process
he uses force or fear against the victim, it is a robbery. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] So with him
starting with [his] intent to steal [the wallet], any of these actions from that point to the
point he gives the wallet back ultimately, force or fear at any point during that spectrum,
that is a completed robbery.” (Italics added.) This argument correctly informed jurors
that force or fear must be used before the victim’s property is retrieved in order to
constitute robbery.
The prosecutor then described his alternative theories for how a robbery
could have been committed. Escalera argues the prosecutor here misstated the facts.
Trial counsel objected to some of these statements, averring the prosecutor had
“misstate[d] the evidence.” In response, the trial court admonished the jurors:

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“[N]othing the attorneys say is evidence. Their remarks are not evidence. Only what you
hear from the witnesses from the stand or admitted exhibits are evidence.”
In his closing argument, defense counsel concluded, “I think this case is
about whether or not holding [the van] door closed is applying force to that child, and I
don’t think that would be a proper use of the English language.” In other words, his
strategy was to focus on the prosecutor’s strongest theory of robbery and argue the
evidence did not prove it.
In his rebuttal, the prosecutor told the jury there are “four different points
that I believe you could find, either force and/or fear was used, and if at any point any of
the four of them have been proven to you beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant is
guilty of robbery.” His first point was a “fear” theory of intimidation before Escalera
took the purse off the seat. The second point was the “force” theory involving the
struggle with the van door. The third was a “fear” theory based on J.D.1’s fear during her
struggle with Escalera.
The fourth point was a legally incorrect “fear” theory, based on Escalera’s
conduct after he had relinquished the purse to J.D.1. In conclusion, the prosecutor told
the jury: “If at any of these points you believe that the defendant used intimidation, force
or fear from the time he took that wallet to the time he pulls out of that [store], he’s guilty
of a robbery. (Italics added.) Trial counsel did not object.
(iii) Discussion
Jurors need not unanimously agree on a particular robbery theory, so long
as each finds a robbery was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. (Cf. People v. Russo
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 1124, 1132.) “‘Not only is there no unanimity requirement as to the
theory of guilt, the individual jurors themselves need not choose among the theories, so
long as each is convinced of guilt.’” (People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 1025,
italics added.) “‘[D]ifferent jurors may be persuaded by different pieces of evidence,

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even when they agree upon the bottom line. Plainly there is no general requirement that
the jury reach agreement on the preliminary factual issues which underlie the verdict.’”
(Schad v. Arizona (1991) 501 U.S. 624, 631-632.)
The crux of Escalera’s argument is this reasoning does not apply in a case
in which jurors are provided an erroneous theory of liability as an alternative. In other
words, even if the jury does not have to agree on the theory of robbery, each possible
theory must be legally valid. He argues “[t]he prosecutor relied upon four theories of
guilt to support the ‘force or fear’ element of the crime. However, the evidence did not
[factually] support two theories, one was a legally invalid theory, and only one was a
valid theory.” As a result, he suggests “some of the jurors could have believed that
[Escalera] used force, others could have believed that he used fear, and others, that he
used fear to accomplish his escape after he returned the purse.” And, he concludes,
because trial counsel failed to object to the prosecutor telling the jury they could convict
on the three erroneous theories, he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
Escalera’s argument blurs the distinction between legally incorrect theories
and factually inapplicable theories.
In support of his argument, Escalera cites People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d
1, 69 (Green), overruled on other grounds by People v. Hall (1986) 41 Cal.3d 826, 834,
fn. 3, and People v. Martinez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 225, 239; limited in People v. Guiton
(1993) 4 Cal.4th 1116, 1128-1129, fn. 1 (Guiton). In Green, a kidnapping charge could
have been based on any one of three “distinct segments of asportation of the victim.”
(Guiton, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1121.) The court found the trial court incorrectly
instructed the jury as to one segment, the second was not error, and the minimal distance
of the third segment “‘was insufficient as a matter of law to support’ the kidnapping
verdict.” (Ibid.) The court held: “[W]hen the prosecution presents its case to the jury on
alternate theories, some of which are legally correct and others legally incorrect, and the
reviewing court cannot determine from the record on which theory the ensuing general

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verdict of guilt rested, the conviction cannot stand.” (Green, supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 69,
italics added.)
The court revisited Green in Guiton, and limited Green to those situations
where the underlying facts do not constitute a crime, regardless of any theory of liability.
(Guiton, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1129.) The Guiton analysis relies on the United States
Supreme Court’s decision in Griffin v. U.S. (1991) 502 U.S. 46 (Griffin).
In Griffin, the defendant and several co-defendants were charged with a
single conspiracy, alleged to have had two target crimes. The jury was instructed that it
could convict the defendant “if it found her to have participated in either one of the two
objects of the conspiracy.” (Griffin, supra, 502 U.S. at p. 48.) The Supreme Court
upheld the jury’s guilty verdict, drawing “a distinction between a mistake about the law,
which is subject to the rule generally requiring reversal, and a mistake concerning the
weight or the factual import of the evidence, which does not require reversal when
another valid basis for conviction exists.” (Guiton, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1125.) “[I]f the
evidence is insufficient to support an alternative legal theory of liability, it would
generally be preferable for the court to give an instruction removing that theory from the
jury’s consideration. The refusal to do so, however, does not provide an independent
basis for reversing an otherwise valid conviction.” (Griffin, supra, 502 U.S. at p. 60.)
In Guiton, a drug sales case, the court “harmonized” Griffin and Green:
“[T]he rule in Green [citation], which we construe as applying only to cases of legal
insufficiency . . . survives . . . . If the inadequacy of proof is purely factual, of a kind the
jury is fully equipped to detect, reversal is not required whenever a valid ground for the
verdict remains, absent an affirmative indication in the record that the verdict actually did
rest on the inadequate ground. But if the inadequacy is legal, not merely factual, that is,
when the facts do not state a crime under the applicable statute, as in Green, the Green
rule requiring reversal applies, absent a basis in the record to find that the verdict was
actually based on a valid ground.” (Guiton, supra, 4 Cal.4th at pp. 1128-1129, italics

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added.) The court concluded that whether the evidence showing the defendant sold
cocaine was sufficient was “a purely factual question.” (Id. at p. 1131.)
Here, the jury was presented with alternative theories for a robbery
conviction, two of which Escalera argues were factually unsupported, and one of which
was legally incorrect; the final theory—the “force” theory under Estes—Escalera agrees
was supported by substantial evidence. The two alleged factually insufficient “fear”
theories do not require reversal under Green, Guiton or Griffin, because there is no
affirmative evidence showing the jury relied on one of these factually unsupported
theories. (People v. Bollaert (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 699, 714.)
The question remaining is whether the prosecutor’s erroneous “fear after
returning the purse” theory falls under the Green rule or the Griffin rule. A robbery
conviction cannot stand if it was based upon fear engendered by Escalera’s conduct after
J.D.1 had regained possession of the wallet. Escalera maintains this necessitates a strict
application of the Green rule. We disagree as Green error may be harmless. (Guiton,
supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1130.) In this case it was.
“Guiton and Green are unlike this case in that in each of them, the court
presented the state’s case to the jury on an erroneous legal theory or theories. In Green,
the instructions were deficient . . . . [¶] In Guiton, too, a theory unsupported by evidence
was presented to the jury in the very trying of the case—he was charged with selling
cocaine despite a lack of evidence that he engaged in this conduct. Again, the trial court
should have modified the instructions in light of this fact. We said, in language equally
applicable to Green: ‘Trial courts have the duty to screen out invalid theories of
conviction, either by appropriate instruction or by not presenting them to the jury in the
first place. Although the presenting of alternate theories to the jury here does not require
reversal, we stress that it was error nonetheless.’” (People v. Morales (2001) 25 Cal.4th
34, 43 (Morales).)

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Here, as in Morales, the court did not present the jury with a case premised
on a legally incorrect theory. Rather, the prosecutor misstated the applicable law, even
though he had earlier discussed the law correctly. In this situation, “such an error would
merely amount to prosecutorial misconduct [citation] during argument, rather than trial
and resolution of the case on an improper legal basis.” (Morales, supra, 25 Cal.4th at
p. 43.)
The standard under which we evaluate prosecutorial misconduct in this
context is whether “it infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a
denial of due process.” (Morales, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 44.) “Conduct by a prosecutor
that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial misconduct
under state law only if it involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to
attempt to persuade either the trial court or the jury. . . . [W]hen the claim focuses upon
comments made by the prosecutor before the jury, the question is whether there is a
reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or applied any of the complained-of remarks
in an objectionable fashion.” (Ibid.)
“[W]e presume that the jury relied on the instructions, not the arguments, in
convicting defendant. . . . Though we have focused on the prosecutor’s closing
arguments, we do not do so at the expense of our presumption that ‘the jury treated the
court’s instructions as statements of law, and the prosecutor’s comments as words spoken
by an advocate in an attempt to persuade.’ [Citation.] The trial court emphasized this
rule when, as stated, it instructed the jury to follow its instructions and to exalt them over
the parties’ arguments and statements.” (Morales, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 47.)
The trial court here repeatedly admonished the jury that attorneys’
comments are not evidence. In addition, the jury was instructed both at the outset and
also at the end of the trial with CALCRIM No. 222 regarding attorneys’ comments. The
court also instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 200, telling them “[y]ou must follow
the law as I explain it to you, even if you disagree with it. If you believe that the

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attorneys’ comments on the law conflict with my instructions, you must follow my
instructions.” In defining “Robbery” using CALCRIM No. 1600, the court correctly told
the jury they must find “the defendant used force or fear to take the property or to prevent
the person from resisting.” Notwithstanding the prosecutor’s remarks, the trial court
instructed the jury that, in order to find Escalera guilty of robbery, they had to focus on
what happened before J.D.1 regained possession of the wallet and Escalera fled.
“[W]e presume the jury followed the court’s instructions over any
misstatements of law by the prosecutor.” (People v. Forrest (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 1074,
1086.) Here, “the prosecutor’s fleeting misstatements of the legal standard . . . were not
so egregious as to amount to a denial of due process.” (Id. at p. 1085.) “The relevant
question is whether the prosecutors’ comments ‘so infected the trial with unfairness as to
make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’” (Darden v. Wainwright (1986)
477 U.S. 168, 181.) We find in this case they did not.
Escalera argues this was a close case. We disagree.
This was a classic credibility contest. The jury was presented with a
straightforward question concerning who to believe: Escalera on the one hand; or J.D.1,
the delivery driver, and Detective Silva on the other. Escalera denied using force to take
or keep the wallet, and insisted there was no struggle with J.D.1. He was impeached with
his felony conviction. The People’s witnesses testified otherwise. After a relatively short
deliberation,2 the jury convicted Escalera of robbery.
Although we do not find Escalera has shown trial counsel’s performance
was objectively deficient under the first prong, we briefly address the second prong of the
ineffective assistance inquiry, because to prevail he must also prove his counsel’s
purported deficiency resulted in demonstrable prejudice. “[P]rejudice must be
affirmatively proved; the record must demonstrate ‘a reasonable probability that, but for
2 Roughly two hours.

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counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
(Maury, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 389; Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.)
Put simply, Escalera has asserted prejudicial error but has not satisfied the
requirement that he demonstrate his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for
failing to object to the erroneous portion of the prosecutor’s closing argument. After
reviewing the entire closing arguments of both counsel, and the court’s admonitions and
jury instructions, we find there is no reasonable likelihood the jury’s verdict would have
been different had trial counsel objected to the prosecutor’s fleeting remarks about the
legally inapplicable “fear” theory of robbery. (Cf. People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629,
663.) Accordingly, Escalera has failed to establish ineffective assistance of counsel. (See
Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at pp. 691-692.)
2. The Trial Court’s Modification of CALCRIM No. 1600 Was Not Prejudicial Error
Escalera next claims the trial court committed error by adding language to
the standard robbery jury instruction related to the meaning of “fear” in a robbery
prosecution. We agree, but find the error harmless.
At the prosecutor’s request, the trial court added language to the standard
robbery jury instruction (CALCRIM No. 1600) related to the “fear” element so that the
final instruction included the following: “Intimidation may be established by proof of
conduct, words, or circumstances reasonably calculated to produce fear. But it is not
necessary that there be proof of actual fear, as fear may be presumed where there is just
cause for it.” Adding this language, which created a “presumption” in favor of the
People related to the fear element of robbery, constituted error.
At oral argument the Attorney General acknowledged the problematic
nature of this language, but argued that the language was permissible since here the word
“presumed” was the functional equivalent of “inferred.” We disagree. To “presume” a
fact is not the same as to “infer” the existence of that fact based upon the existence of

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other facts. Words matter. Precision matters. At law, a “presumption” is not the same
thing as an “inference.” Confusing the two in an instructional context, thereby creating a
“presumption” that benefits the People so as to lessen their burden of proof, constitutes
error.
Nevertheless, we find this error harmless because J.D.1 testified she was in
actual fear during the incident.3 In other words, there was direct evidence of fear in this
case, so this is not a case in which fear needed to be inferred—or presumed—
circumstantially.
‘“A single instruction to a jury may not be judged in artificial isolation, but
must be viewed in the context of the overall charge.”’ (Boyde v. California (1990) 494
U.S. 370, 378.) CALCRIM No. 1600’s full text told the jury the use of force or fear to
take the property or prevent the victim from resisting or regaining was a necessary
element of the offense. J.D.1’s testimony that she was afraid was not impacted. Given
these circumstances, the trial court’s addition of the erroneous language was harmless.
3. The Trial Court’s Definition of “Moral Turpitude” Did Not Create Prejudicial
Error, Nor Was Trial Counsel Ineffective for Agreeing to It
Escalera next claims the trial court’s definition of the term “moral
turpitude” was erroneous and, alternatively, trial counsel’s failure to object to the trial
court’s response to a jury question asking for a definition constituted ineffective
assistance. We disagree.
During deliberations, the jury sent out a note asking, “What does ‘moral
turpretude [sic]’ mean?” Before responding, the court discussed its options with counsel
outside the presence of the jurors: “Not surprising. I get it quite often. So I have three
proposed responses, [counsel], responses I’ve used in the past. Let me read them to you.
3 “[Prosecutor]: At the time when this was happening . . . [¶] . . . [¶] [w]ere
you scared? [¶] [J.D.1]: Yes.”

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[¶] The first one is ‘moral turpitude is defined as a readiness or willingness to lie,’
Option one. [¶] Option two. ‘A crime of moral turpitude is one which bears a rational
relationship to a witness’s readiness to lie.’ [¶] That is from [an unpublished case]. [¶]
And the last one is ‘Moral turpitude constitutes a readiness to do evil, i.e., an act of
baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes to his
fellow men or to society in general contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right
and duty between people.’”
Defense counsel chose option two, as did the prosecutor and the court. The
jury was then told: “A crime of moral turpitude is one which bears a rational relationship
to a witness’ readiness to lie.”
Evidence Code section 785 entitles a party to present evidence to impeach
the credibility of any witness, including a criminal defendant. A prior felony conviction
that “necessarily involve[s] moral turpitude” is admissible to impeach a witness’
testimony. (People v. Castro (1985) 38 Cal.3d 301, 306; cf. Cal. Const., art. I, § 28,
subd. (f)(4).) Escalera does not dispute that his prior felony conviction involved moral
turpitude.
A trial court does not err by characterizing a prior felony conviction as “[a]
felony involving moral turpitude” and, as a result, defense counsel has no constitutional
duty to object to such a phrasing. (People v. Ballard (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 687, 698,
fn. 6.) Escalera provides no contrary authority. He instead disputes the trial court’s
definition of “moral turpitude,” and his trial counsel’s acquiescence in one of the court’s
proposed definitions. He provides us with suggestions for a different definition of moral
turpitude, but no authority showing it was error to define it as the court and parties agreed
to do here. Indeed, he acknowledges the court’s definition was “technically correct.”
“Defense counsel need not make futile objections or motions merely to
create a record impregnable to attack for claimed inadequacy of counsel.” (People v.

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McCutcheon (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 552, 558-559.) As such, trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to object to a technically correct definition of moral turpitude.
4. There Was No Cumulative Error
In his final claim, Escalera contends the judgment must be reversed due to
the cumulative effect of each of his assigned errors on appeal, whether or not individually
reversal would be required. “The ‘litmus test’ for cumulative error ‘is whether defendant
received due process and a fair trial.’” (People v. Cuccia (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 785,
795.) He did.
We have considered each claim of error, whether raised as prosecutorial
misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel, or trial court error. We have concluded
either no error occurred, the claim was forfeited, or the claimed error was harmless.
Escalera was not deprived of the rights guaranteed him under either the state or federal
Constitutions on any ground asserted.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
GOETHALS, J.
WE CONCUR:
ARONSON, ACTING P. J.
FYBEL, J.

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