P. v. Rankin

Filed 1/14/19 P. v. Rankin CA5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
STEVIE JANENE RANKIN,
Defendant and Appellant.
F075406
(Super. Ct. No. BF166278A)
OPINION
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Kenneth C.
Twisselman II, Judge.
Jacquelyn Larson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General,
Eric L. Christoffersen and Christina Hitomi Simpson, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
INTRODUCTION
Appellant Stevie Janene Rankin was convicted following a jury trial of unlawfully
driving or taking a motor vehicle (Veh. Code, § 10851; count 1); unlawfully buying or

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receiving a stolen motor vehicle (Pen. Code, § 496d, subd. (a);1 count 2); unlawfully
displaying a license plate with the intent to avoid compliance with vehicle registration
requirements (Veh. Code, § 4462.5; count 3); misdemeanor possession of heroin (Health
& Saf. Code, § 11350, subd. (a); count 4); misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia used
for injecting a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364; count 5); and
unlawfully attempting to conceal evidence (§§ 664 & 135; count 6).
On appeal, appellant argues her convictions for counts 1 and 2 must be vacated
because (1) there was insufficient evidence to support she committed a felony because no
evidence was presented as to the value of the motor vehicle pursuant to Proposition 47
and (2) the court erred when instructing the jury on unanimity. She argues her right to
present a defense was violated because the court erroneously excluded statements she
made at her arrest. She argues her conviction on count 4 must be vacated because the
evidence was insufficient to support the amount of heroin she possessed was “usable.”
Finally, she argues her sentence on count 5 must be stayed pursuant to section 654
because her convictions on counts 4 and 5 arose out of an indivisible course of conduct.
We disagree with all of appellant’s contentions and affirm the judgment in its entirety.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On October 11, 2016, Lisa Jobe reported her black 1994 Honda Civic stolen. Her
son, who lives with her, alerted her at approximately 6:00 a.m. that the vehicle was gone.
When she went outside, she saw broken glass on the street where the vehicle had been
parked the night before. It had been locked, with the windows rolled up. No one had
permission to take it. She received it back approximately three weeks later, and the
driver-side front window was broken. She received a key back with the vehicle, and the
ignition was not damaged. The key does not open the driver-side door. It only opens the
passenger-side door and operates the vehicle.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.

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On October 11, 2016, at approximately 5:45 p.m., a sheriff’s deputy conducted a
traffic stop on a white Honda. The white Honda and a black Honda pulled over together.
The black Honda then made an immediate U-turn, which seemed odd to the deputy. He
ran the license plate and discovered the vehicle had been reported stolen and was Jobe’s
vehicle. He left the scene and attempted to locate the black Honda but was unable to.
When the deputy returned to the scene and contacted the driver of the white Honda, he
asked if the driver of the white Honda knew the driver of the black Honda, and the driver
gave appellant’s name. The deputy was able to access an image of appellant and
identified her as the driver of Jobe’s black Honda. He identified her in court as well.
On October 28, 2016, another sheriff’s deputy observed a black Honda with a
license plate that had the year and month tabs transposed. He ran a records check and
learned the vehicle’s registration expired in 2014 but had a 2017 tab. He opined based on
his experience the tabs were false and possibly stolen, so he conducted a traffic stop on
the black Honda. The driver of the vehicle was appellant.
The deputy asked appellant if she had any drugs, guns, knives, or drug
paraphernalia in the vehicle, and she replied no. He told her he would be conducting a
pat down for weapons, and she informed him that she had a drug needle and marijuana in
her bra. A syringe was found on appellant’s person. The syringe had a brown-colored
liquid that looked to the deputy like heroin, and he opined that the syringe was used to
inject heroin.
The deputy searched the vehicle and located a wallet. Inside the wallet was a
photograph of appellant, and inside a zipper pouch in the wallet was a plastic bag
containing a substance the deputy suspected was heroin. The substance was tested and
was confirmed to be heroin, weighing 0.034 grams. The vehicle identification number of
the vehicle matched that of Jobe’s Honda.
At trial, the deputy explained “cold-plating” is where someone puts a license plate
that is not stolen on a vehicle that is stolen so if law enforcement runs the plate, the

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vehicle does not come back as stolen. Usually a person will steal a plate from the same
make of the stolen vehicle.
The jury convicted appellant of unlawfully driving or taking a motor vehicle (Veh.
Code, § 10851; count 1); unlawfully buying or receiving a stolen motor vehicle (§ 496d,
subd. (a); count 2); unlawfully displaying a license plate with the intent to avoid
compliance with vehicle registration requirements (Veh. Code, § 4462.5; count 3);
misdemeanor possession of heroin (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350, subd. (a); count 4);
misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia used for injecting a controlled substance
(Health & Saf. Code, § 11364; count 5); and unlawfully attempting to conceal evidence
(§§ 664 & 135; count 6).
As to count 1, appellant was sentenced to the upper term of three years, plus five
years for five prior prison term enhancements, for a total of eight years. Her sentence
was split to four years in custody and four years of mandatory supervision. The sentence
for count 2 was stayed pursuant to section 654. On counts 3, 4, and 5, appellant was
sentenced to concurrent terms of 180 days each. As to count 6, appellant was sentenced
to a concurrent term of 90 days. Appellant filed a timely appeal on April 3, 2017.
DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence: Felony Offenses (Counts 1 and 2)
Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to support she committed a felony
as to counts 1 and 2. She argues, pursuant to Proposition 47, the prosecution was
required to show the vehicle in question was worth $950 or more.
Proposition 47 was passed on November 4, 2014, and became effective the next
day. It created section 490.2, requiring that all thefts under $950 be petty thefts
punishable only as a misdemeanor. Appellant argues section 490.2 applies to both
Vehicle Code section 10851 and section 496d, subdivision (a) and thus felony violations
of the code sections require the prosecution to prove as an element of the crime the value
of the vehicle was $950 or more. She argues that because the prosecution presented no

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evidence as to the value of the vehicle, her convictions for both offenses must be vacated.
We find both contentions are without merit.
A. Vehicle Code section 10851 (Count 1)
We first address appellant’s claim regarding Vehicle Code section 10851. We
must start by noting the distinction between the types of offenses for which a defendant
can be convicted under Vehicle Code section 10851.
Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (a) reads in pertinent part:
“Any person who drives or takes a vehicle not his or her own, without the
consent of the owner thereof, and with intent either to permanently or
temporarily deprive the owner thereof of his or her title to or possession of
the vehicle, whether with or without intent to steal the vehicle … is guilty
of a public offense.”
The Court of Appeal in People v. Van Orden (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 1277 (Van Orden),
described four types of offenses that Vehicle Code section 10851 criminalizes: “pure
theft,” theft of a vehicle committed by some means other than driving the vehicle away;
“driving theft,” theft of a vehicle committed by driving the vehicle away; “posttheft
driving,” any driving that occurs or continues after the theft is complete; and “pure
driving,” driving a vehicle with the intent only to temporarily deprive its owner of
possession. The Van Orden court gleaned its definitions from the Supreme Court
decision in People v. Garza (2005) 35 Cal.4th 866 (Garza). (Van Orden, at pp. 1285-
1286.)
Garza dealt with the interplay between Vehicle Code section 10851 and section
496, subdivision (a) (receiving stolen property [now receiving a stolen vehicle is
criminalized separately in section 496d]), particularly whether dual convictions violated
the statutory rule against convicting a person for both stealing and receiving the same
property. The court concluded the answer depended on the basis for the Vehicle Code
section 10851 conviction—whether it was for stealing the vehicle or for taking or driving
it in another prohibited manner. (Garza, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 871.) Simply put, a

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person convicted of a theft violation of Vehicle Code section 10851 could not also be
convicted of receiving the same stolen vehicle; whereas a person convicted of a driving2
violation could be.
In the recent decision in People v. Page (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1175 (Page), the high
court considered a petition for resentencing pursuant to Proposition 47, wherein the
defendant requested resentencing of a Vehicle Code section 10851 conviction. The court
in Page extended the reasoning in Garza to hold that Proposition 47 applies to theft
violations of Vehicle Code section 10851, but not driving violations of Vehicle Code
section 10851. (Page, at pp. 1182-1187.)
The Court of Appeal in People v. Gutierrez (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 847 (Gutierrez)
applied Page to a direct appeal from a trial conviction, wherein the defendant contended
his conviction must be reduced to a misdemeanor because there was no evidence the
value of the vehicle was $950 or more. The court framed the issue not as a sufficiency of
the evidence issue, but as an instructional issue because the jury instructions failed to
explain the different ways by which Vehicle Code section 10851 could be violated.
(Gutierrez, at p. 856.) In Gutierrez, the record did not indicate what theory the jury based
its conviction on. (Id. at p. 857.) Accordingly, the appellate court reversed the
defendant’s conviction of Vehicle Code section 10851 because his felony conviction for
unlawful driving or taking a vehicle may have been based on a legally incorrect theory.
The court remanded for retrial on the felony count or resentencing as a misdemeanor.
(Gutierrez, at p. 857.)
Page and Gutierrez make clear that to convict a defendant of a felony theft
violation of Vehicle Code section 10851, the People must prove beyond a reasonable
2 For clarity, when we hereinafter refer to “driving” violations, we are referring to
what the Van Orden court refers to as both “pure” and “posttheft” driving.

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doubt the vehicle had a value of $950 or more. A driving violation has no such
requirement.
Here, the jury was not instructed that one of the elements of a theft violation of
Vehicle Code section 10851 was whether the vehicle had a value of $950 or more. This
constitutes error under Gutierrez, which we find to be the logical extension of the high
court’s decision in Page. However, we find this error harmless.
“When a trial court instructs a jury on two theories of guilt, one of which was
legally correct and one legally incorrect, reversal is required unless there is a basis in the
record to find that the verdict was based on a valid ground.” (People v. Chiu (2014)
59 Cal.4th 155, 167; see People v. Guiton (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1116, 1128-1129.) “An
instruction on an invalid theory may be found harmless when ‘other aspects of the verdict
or the evidence leave no reasonable doubt that the jury made the findings necessary’
under a legally valid theory.” (In re Martinez (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1216, 1226.)
It is clear beyond a reasonable doubt the jury convicted appellant of a driving
violation of Vehicle Code section 10851, and thus not a theft crime coming within the
purview of Proposition 47. The jury was properly instructed on the difference between
theft and driving violations and that they could not convict appellant of a violation of
section 496d if they found her guilty of a theft violation of Vehicle Code section 10851:
“A defendant who is accused of the theft of property and of
receiving the same property as stolen property cannot be convicted of both
crimes. In this situation, the crimes are charged as alternatives. She may
be found not guilty of both crimes, or guilty of one and not guilty of the
00000000000000000000000other. If you find that the defendant
committed an act or acts constituting theft of property or receiving the same
property as stolen property, you must then determine which of the crimes
charged was committed. [¶] In order to find the defendant guilty you must
all agree as to the particular crime committed, and if you find the defendant
guilty of one, you must find [her] not guilty of the other[.] [¶] … There is
no prohibition against a person who engages in unlawful post-theft driving
being found guilty both of receiving stolen property and a violation of
Vehicle Code section 10851(a). [¶] A theft of a vehicle is complete when

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the [driving is no longer part of a continuous journey away from the place
of the theft].” (Italics added.)
Since the jury convicted appellant of both Vehicle Code section 10851 and section 496d,
pursuant to proper instructions, it follows they premised their verdict on a driving
violation of Vehicle Code section 10851.
The prosecutor exclusively argued the driving theory in his closing argument:
“[T]here’s two theories, that either she took the car or that she drove it knowing it was
stolen. In this case, there’s not enough evidence to prove that [appellant] was personally
the one that stole Ms. Jobe’s vehicle.” The prosecutor went on, “So in this case
[appellant] can and should, based on the evidence, as discussed, be found guilty of both
Count 1 and Count 2 because in Count 1 she was driving the stolen vehicle with the
intent to deprive the owner of it and in Count 2 she was possessing a stolen vehicle.”
Even if there was evidence appellant took the vehicle, she was observed almost
12 hours and again 17 days after the time Jobe noticed her vehicle was missing. Clearly,
appellant’s driving occurred after the theft was complete irrespective of who actually
took the vehicle. Appellant’s conviction for Vehicle Code section 10851 is supported by
sufficient evidence because the prosecution was not required to present evidence of the
value of the vehicle for the jury to convict appellant of a driving violation of the statute.3
3 We note in In re D.N. (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 898, our court ordered, without
remand, reduction to a misdemeanor of a juvenile adjudication of Vehicle Code section
10851 where the prosecution had not presented evidence the vehicle was valued at $950
or more. The present case is distinguishable because In re D.N. specifically dealt with a
theft violation of Vehicle Code section 10851.

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B. Section 496d (Count 2)
Appellant contends the California Supreme Court’s decision in People v.
Romanowski (2017) 2 Cal.5th 903 (Romanowski) compels us to find that section 490.2
should be applied to section 496d.4
The issue in Romanowski was whether section 490.2 applied to section 484e, theft
of access card information. Section 490.2, subdivision (a) reads in pertinent part:
“Notwithstanding Section 487 or any other provision of law defining grand theft,
obtaining any property by theft where the value of the money, labor, real or personal
property taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950) shall be considered petty
theft and shall be punished as a misdemeanor.” Exceptions apply if the person has a
specified prior offense or if the theft is of a firearm. (§ 490.2.) Section 484e, subdivision
(d) reads: “Every person who acquires or retains possession of access card account
information with respect to an access card validly issued to another person, without the
cardholder’s or issuer’s consent, with the intent to use it fraudulently, is guilty of grand
theft.” (Italics added.) The high court held that section 490.2 applies to section 484e
because section 490.2 used the broad terms “grand theft” and “obtaining any property by
theft” rather than distinguishing between different forms of theft. Accordingly, the court
stated, after Proposition 47, the theft of access card information “ ‘where the value of the
… property taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950)’ ” can be a
misdemeanor. (Romanowski, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 917.)
We are not persuaded by appellant’s assertion that applying Romanowski’s
reasoning compels a finding that section 490.2 applies to section 496d. Romanowski
dealt with a statute that expressly defined the offense as a “grand theft,” which is clearly
4 Appellant makes the same argument in regard to Vehicle Code section 10851, but
we will not address the argument because the issue, as discussed, has been more directly
settled by Page.

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encompassed by the language of section 490.2. Here, receiving stolen property is not, by
definition, a theft. Theft under California law is an unlawful taking. (Page, supra,
3 Cal.5th at p. 1182; People v. Gonzales (2017) 2 Cal.5th 858, 864-865.) The crime of
receiving stolen property has three elements: “(1) the property was stolen; (2) the
defendant knew the property was stolen …; and, (3) the defendant had possession of the
stolen property.” (People v. Russell (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1415, 1425, disapproved on
another ground in People v. Covarrubias (2016) 1 Cal.5th 838, 874, fn. 14.) Receiving
stolen property does not involve a taking and is therefore not a theft.
The Fourth District Court of Appeal in People v. Varner (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 360
(Varner) came to the same conclusion, pointing out Proposition 47 expressly amended
the general receiving stolen property statute, section 496, subdivision (a), to classify a
violation involving property valued at less than $950 as a misdemeanor where it was a
wobbler before. “If section 490.2 applied to receiving stolen property offenses, there
would be no need to amend section 496.” (Varner, at p. 367.) Because of this, we
presume the Legislature did not intend section 490.2 to cover section 496d. It follows
since the Legislature did not expressly amend section 496d, as it did section 496, we find
it did not intend a violation of section 496d involving a vehicle valued at less than $950
to be classified as a misdemeanor.
The First District Court of Appeal in People v. Williams (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th
641, 651 (Williams) has taken the contrary position and held Proposition 47 does apply to
section 496d. In Williams, the court found, as appellant urges us to find here, that section
484e is analogous to section 496d, so, pursuant to Romanowski, it must be within the
purview of Proposition 47. Respectfully, for the reasons stated, we are not persuaded by
this reasoning. We do not agree that the theft-related crime of receiving stolen property
is analogous to a crime of theft of access card account information. We agree with the
Varner court that the legislative history of section 496 is persuasive on the point that the
Legislature did not intend receiving stolen property offenses to be within the purview of

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section 490.2 and would have expressly amended section 496d if it intended the offense
to be classified as a misdemeanor for vehicles valued less than $950.
We find the better reasoned position is that section 490.2 does not apply to section
496d, and the prosecution was not required to prove the value of the vehicle was greater
than $950. Appellant’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence. We find this
position is congruent with the reasoning underlying the decisions in Page and
Romanowski.5
C. Equal Protection
Appellant argues the equal protection clause requires those convicted under
Vehicle Code section 10851 and section 496d to be treated equally with those who have
been convicted of theft involving a vehicle or other low-value property. We disagree.
“[N]either the existence of two identical criminal statutes prescribing different
levels of punishments, nor the exercise of a prosecutor’s discretion in charging under one
such statute and not the other, violates equal protection principles.” (People v. Wilkinson
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 838.)
The difference in treatment between thieves and receivers of stolen property is
easily rationalized. The provisions of criminalizing receiving stolen property reflect an
intent to cut off the market in stolen goods on which criminal enterprises thrive. A stolen
vehicle of low value can be worth less than the sum of its parts when dismantled and
illicitly sold. Thus, in some cases, the receipt is more serious than the theft. We reject
appellant’s claim that her right to equal protection of the law is violated.
5 Some more recent cases addressing the issue and also in accord with our decision
here are pending review before the California Supreme Court. (People v. Bussey (2018)
24 Cal.App.5th 1056, review granted Sept. 12, 2018, S250152; People v. Orozco (2018)
24 Cal.App.5th 667, review granted Aug. 15, 2018, S249495.)

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II. Exclusion of Appellant’s Statement at Arrest
Appellant argues the court erred by excluding her statements made at the time of
her arrest wherein she told the officer that “Joe” let her borrow the vehicle. She argues
this exclusion denied her the ability to present a defense in violation of her right to due
process because Jobe’s son’s name is Joseph, and appellant’s statement proved she knew
Joe’s name at the time of her arrest.
A. Relevant Background
The People brought a motion in limine to exclude the admission of appellant’s
statement from the time of her arrest. The People wished to introduce that appellant
answered “no” when the deputy who arrested her asked her if there were any drugs,
weapons, or paraphernalia in the vehicle. The prosecutor wanted to confirm with the
court that the door would not then be opened for appellant to offer other statements she
made at the time of her arrest, namely, that she borrowed the vehicle from “Joe.”
A hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402 was held on the matter. The
deputy testified he asked appellant if she was aware the vehicle was stolen, and she
responded that she was borrowing the vehicle. The deputy asked appellant if she placed
the plates on the vehicle, and she stated that she did not. The deputy asked why she was
driving the vehicle with false tags on it, and she responded she was borrowing the vehicle
from her friend, “Joe.” The deputy asked her why she was in possession of the stolen
vehicle, and she stated she did not know it was stolen and that she was only borrowing it.
The court allowed the deputy to testify before the jury that appellant answered
“no” when asked about contraband but excluded her other statements from her arrest as
hearsay.
B. Discussion
Hearsay is evidence of an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the
matter stated. Unless an exception applies, hearsay is inadmissible. (Evid. Code,
§ 1200.)

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We apply “the abuse of discretion standard of review to any ruling by a trial court
on the admissibility of evidence, including one that turns on the hearsay nature of the
evidence in question [citations].” (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 725.) “ ‘[A]
trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed, and reversal of the judgment is not required,
unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd
manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” (People v. Hovarter (2008)
44 Cal.4th 983, 1004.)
Appellant argues the statement was nonhearsay because it was not offered for the
truth of the matter asserted but merely to show appellant knew Joe’s name at the time of
her arrest. She argues the exclusion of this evidence violated her right to present a
defense because it disabled her from showing that she had a legitimate reason for
possessing the vehicle. We are not persuaded by appellant’s contention. She concedes in
her opening brief the purpose of her desire to admit the statement was so that she could
argue she borrowed the vehicle from Joe as a defense. This is the exact matter asserted in
the statement she wished to introduce. Thus, we cannot see how the statement was not
offered for its truth. The statement has no value to appellant’s defense if it was not true.
Appellant suggests the statement was nonhearsay because it went to “state of
mind.” We do not agree, but assuming arguendo appellant is correct, the court properly
excluded the statements as being untrustworthy. A state-of-mind/physical sensation
hearsay statement, though otherwise satisfying Evidence Code sections 1250 or 1251, is
inadmissible if made under circumstances indicating its lack of trustworthiness. (Cal.
Law Revision Com. com., 29B pt. 4 West’s Ann. Evid. Code (2015 ed.) foll. § 1252,
p. 453 [“If a statement of mental or physical state was made with a motive to
misrepresent or to manufacture evidence, the statement is not sufficiently reliable to
warrant its reception in evidence.” (Italics added.)].) Here, appellant’s statement was
made to law enforcement conducting an investigation that could have led to her arrest. In

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this instance, the court properly determined she had a motivation to be dishonest, and in
fact was dishonest, when asked if she had any drugs with her.
As the court properly excluded hearsay evidence, we do not find merit in
appellant’s contention her constitutional right to due process and a fair trial were violated.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence: “Usable” Amount of Heroin (Count 4)
Appellant contends her possession of heroin conviction is not supported by the
evidence because there is insufficient evidence to support she had a “usable” amount of
heroin. We disagree.
Our duty on a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is to review the whole
record in the light most favorable to the judgment for substantial evidence—evidence that
is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—that could have enabled any rational trier of
fact to have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. (Jackson v. Virginia
(1979) 443 U.S. 307, 318–319; People v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179, 1251.) We
presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact a reasonable trier of fact
could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Prince, supra, at p. 1251.)
The California Supreme Court in People v. Leal (1966) 64 Cal.2d 504, 512
established that a defendant must possess a usable quantity of a controlled substance in
order to be guilty of possession. Possession of useless traces or blackened residue of a
controlled substance is not sufficient to sustain a conviction for possession of a narcotic
substance. (People v. Rubacalba (1993) 6 Cal.4th 62, 64–65 (Rubacalba).)
Appellant argues 0.034 grams of heroin “is so minute that it simply cannot be
termed ‘usable,’ whatever form it is in.” Although the usable amount rule precludes
conviction for possession of trace amounts, it does permit conviction for minute amounts.
(People v. Karmelich (1979) 92 Cal.App.3d 452, 456.)
Here, the deputy testified he has taken a 40-hour course in the recognition of
narcotics and has 11 years of field experience where he has come into contact with heroin
numerous times. As part of his training, he learned that a usable amount of heroin is

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anything you can manipulate with two fingers of your hand. He testified that any amount
used that can be manipulated in one’s hand will cause a reaction in the body. He testified
he was able to manipulate the substance in the bag found in appellant’s wallet with his
fingers and that it had the distinct vinegar smell of heroin and was a black, tarlike
substance.
Expert testimony can be relied upon by a jury to determine what is a “usable”
amount. (People v. Camp (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 244.) The testimony was substantial
because it was based on the officer’s training and experience in the area of recognizing
narcotics. The deputy’s testimony established there was more than a “blackened residue”
because it was recognizable as heroin in look and smell and could be manipulated. The
jury could have also inferred the heroin was usable because the evidence showed
appellant had it in her possession, in a place of easy access, yet hidden, raising the
inference she meant to use it. This evidence is sufficient to meet the usable amount
standards set forth in Leal and Rubacalba.
Appellant’s contention the deputy testified to an improper legal conclusion is not
well-taken. Appellant did not object to the expert’s qualifications or opinions, and the
strength of the facts on which the expert’s opinion was based goes to the weight of the
evidence, which the jury was instructed to consider.
We conclude sufficient evidence supports the count 4 conviction for possession of
heroin. (Rubacalba, supra, 6 Cal.4th at pp. 65–66.)
IV. Unanimity Instructional Error (Counts 1 and 2)
Appellant argues the court erred by instructing the jury on the unanimity
requirement for both counts 1 and 2 together. The court instructed:
“The defendant is accused of having committed the crimes charged
in counts 1 and 2. The prosecution has introduced evidence for the purpose
of showing that there is more than one act upon which a conviction on
counts 1 and/or 2 may be based. Defendant may be found guilty if the
proof shows beyond a reasonable doubt that she committed any one or

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more of the acts. However, in order to return a verdict of guilty to counts 1
or 2 all jurors must agree that she committed the same act or acts. It is not
necessary that the particular act agreed upon be stated in your verdict.”
Appellant contends that by conflating the instruction to include two counts, the jury may
have understood they could convict appellant of both counts 1 and 2 based on a single
act. She also suggests it confused the jury on the issues of the interplay between Vehicle
Code section 10851 and section 496d and that the jury needed to agree unanimously on
one or both dates (October 11 and October 28) listed in the information. We do not agree
this is a reasonable reading of the instruction.
We determine whether a jury instruction correctly states the law under the
independent or de novo standard of review. (People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193,
218.) Review of the adequacy of instructions is based on whether the trial court “fully
and fairly instructed on the applicable law.” (People v. Partlow (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d
540, 558.) “ ‘In determining whether error has been committed in giving or not giving
jury instructions, we must consider the instructions as a whole ... [and] assume that the
jurors are intelligent persons and capable of understanding and correlating all jury
instructions which are given.’ ” (People v. Yoder (1979) 100 Cal.App.3d 333, 338.)
“Instructions should be interpreted, if possible, so as to support the judgment rather than
defeat it if they are reasonably susceptible to such interpretation.” (People v. Laskiewicz
(1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 1254, 1258.)
The jurors were instructed to “not single out any particular sentence or any
individual point or instruction and ignore the others” and to “[c]onsider the instructions
as a whole and each in light of all the others.” The jurors were also instructed on the
elements of counts 1 and 2 separately and to decide each count separately. In addition, as
discussed above, the jurors were properly instructed on the interplay between Vehicle
Code section 10851 and section 496d. Viewing the charge as a whole, we do not find
there was a reasonable probability the jurors did not understand that they needed to find

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all elements of both counts 1 and 2 as well as unanimously agree on one or both dates
listed in the information in order to convict appellant of each count.
V. Section 654 (Count 5)
Appellant contends the court was required to stay her sentence on count 5 pursuant
to section 654.
Section 654, subdivision (a), provides: “An act or omission that is punishable in
different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or
omission be punished under more than one provision.” “Section 654 precludes multiple
punishments for a single act or indivisible course of conduct.” (People v. Hester (2000)
22 Cal.4th 290, 294.) Section 654 applies to concurrent sentences as well as consecutive
sentences. (People v. Mulqueen (1970) 9 Cal.App.3d 532, 547-548.)
A trial court’s express or implied determination that two crimes were separate,
involving separate objectives, must be upheld on appeal if supported by substantial
evidence. (People v. Brents (2012) 53 Cal.4th 599, 618.) We review for sufficient
evidence in a light most favorable to the judgment and presume in support of the trial
court’s conclusion the existence of every fact the trier of fact could reasonably deduce
from the evidence. (People v. Andra (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 638, 640-641.)
Appellant contends her convictions for possession of heroin and possession of
drug paraphernalia were part of an indivisible course of conduct because there was no
evidence the syringe was used for any other purpose but to ingest the heroin for which
she was convicted of possessing. She acknowledges the syringe had brown-colored
liquid in it that the deputy opined, based on his training and experience, was heroin that
had been liquified. She also acknowledges her possession conviction was based on the
0.034 grams of heroin found in the plastic bag.
Where a defendant does not possess paraphernalia for the sole purpose of
ingesting the drug for which he or she is convicted of possessing but for the more general

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18.
purpose of ingesting a controlled substance, multiple punishment is not prohibited under
section 654. (People v. Pinon (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 956.) Here, substantial evidence
supports the offenses were separate and distinct. The syringe and the heroin were not
stored together as a “kit”; the syringe was found in appellant’s bra, while the heroin was
found in her wallet. As the syringe had residue in it, it had clearly been used on a prior
occasion. Thus, it cannot be said its sole purpose was to ingest the heroin contained in
the plastic bag. The court did not err in imposing a separate sentence on count 5.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
_____________________
DE SANTOS, J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________
SMITH, Acting P.J.
_____________________
SNAUFFER, J.

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