Mariah D. v. Michael N.

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

MARIAH D.,
Petitioner Below, Petitioner

v.) No. 25-ICA-160 (Fam. Ct. of Jefferson Cnty. Case No. FC-19-2017-D-290)

FILED
MICHAEL N., December 4, 2025
Respondent Below, Respondent ASHLEY N. DEEM, CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Mariah D.1 (“Mother”) appeals the Family Court of Jefferson County’s
March 29, 2025, and April 3, 2025, orders that required the parties to attend family
assessment therapy without a pending motion or notice.2 Respondent Michael N. (“Father”)
did not participate in this appeal.

This Court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to West Virginia Code § 51-
11-4 (2024). After considering the party’s argument, the record on appeal, and the
applicable law, this Court finds that there is error in the family court’s decision but no
substantial question of law.3 This case satisfies the “limited circumstances” requirement of
Rule 21(d) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure for reversal in a memorandum decision.
For the reasons set forth below, the family court’s April 3, 2025, and March 29, 2025,
orders are reversed, in part, as they pertain to family therapy.

The parties are the parents of two minor children who were born in 2010 and 2012.
The family court entered an initial custodial allocation order on March 12, 2018, and by
order entered October 2, 2019, the family court modified that initial custody order.
Sometime thereafter, Father filed a petition to modify the October 2, 2019, order, seeking
additional parenting time.

1
To protect the confidentiality of the juveniles involved in this case, we refer to the
parties’ last name by the first initial. See, e.g., W. Va. R. App. P. 40(e); State v. Edward
Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 645 n.1, 398 S.E.2d 123, 127 n.1 (1990).
2
Mariah D. is represented by Cinda L. Scales, Esq.
3
We recognize our limited and circumspect review of a family court order in an
uncontested appeal, like this one, when the respondent fails to participate on appeal to
support the order.

1
On August 28, 2024, the family court held a final hearing on Father’s petition for
modification. The family court held an in-camera interview of the children, who were
twelve and fourteen years of age, where they expressed that they were happy with the
current custodial arrangement. By order entered October 22, 2024, the family court found
that the children were of advanced age, reasonably mature to express their custodial
preference, and that Father agreed that it was in the children’s best interest to honor their
custodial preference. As such, the court found that the children preferred for custody to
remain the same and ordered that the custodial allocation as set forth in the court’s October
2, 2019, order remain in place. Thus, pursuant to the children’s preference, the court
awarded Father parenting time every Thursday to Sunday, and every Wednesday evening
for dinner. The October 22, 2024, order also required Father to file a full financial
disclosure within ten days of the August 28, 2024, hearing.

On January 28, 2025, Mother filed a petition for contempt, alleging that Father had
not filed his full financial disclosure as required by the family court’s October 22, 2024,
order. By order entered February 6, 2025, the family court ordered Father to appear on
March 27, 2025, for a hearing to show cause why Mother’s petition for contempt should
not be granted.

On March 27, 2025, the family court held a show cause hearing on Mother’s petition
for contempt regarding Father’s failure to file his full financial disclosure. By final
contempt order entered April 3, 2025, the family court found Father in contempt of the
court’s October 22, 2024, order because Father did not file his full financial disclosure until
March 27, 2025. As stated in the contempt order, the family court also ordered, “without
any motion pending[,]” the parties to “participate in a [f]amily [a]ssessment” with
Winchester Mental Health (“Winchester”). The order prohibited the parties from filing any
future motions until the family assessment from Winchester was filed with the family court.
The court warned that the failure of the parties to follow this order could result in the
dismissal of any future filings.

The family court entered a separate order directing the parties to participate in
family assessment therapy on March 29, 2025. This order stated that after hearing Mother’s
petition for contempt on March 27, 2025, the court found there was “good cause shown for
a [f]amily [a]ssessment and that such appointments are in the best interest of the
children[.]” The court went on to explain that the “family previously and unsuccessfully
worked with [another doctor,] as evidenced by the frequent filings since 2017 and the father
not exercising his custodial allocation time with his children.” The court stated that the
“parents’ inability to co-parent in a healthy manner appears to be having a negative impact
on the children and their relationship with their father.” As such, the March 29, 2025, order
directed the parties to “follow the recommendations of [Winchester] in repairing the bond
between the father and his children and helping the parents to have a healthy co-parenting
relationship.”

2
Additionally, the March 29, 2025, order directed the parties to contact Winchester
within seven days of the order’s entry and to complete any intake and paperwork the facility
deemed necessary, including but not limited to, authorizations to permit Winchester to
receive or to provide information about the parties and the children. These authorizations
extended to ordering the parties to complete any forms necessary to allow Winchester
complete access to the parties’ AppClose communication accounts. The order also gave
Winchester complete discretion regarding each therapy session’s duration, frequency,
location, and attendees, and ordered that “a party may bring the children when it is not that
party’s parenting time.” Family therapy was ordered to continue until Winchester
recommended that the goals in its assessment were met, that no further progress was
possible, or that a referral to another agency was necessary. The order restricted Winchester
from making “recommendations as to the parenting time schedule or access to the
child[ren]” but permitted Winchester to make “recommendations to the parties regarding
changes in conduct that may be helpful[.]” The parties were ordered to equally divide the
costs related to Winchester’s counseling services. The March 29, 2025, order concluded
by stating that it was “ordered and adjudged that this matter shall not come on for another
hearing for any future filings of contempt and/or modification until after the family
assessment is filed[.]” Mother now appeals the March 29, 2025, and April 3, 2025, orders.

When reviewing the orders of a family court, we apply the following standard of
review:

When a final order of a family court is appealed to the Intermediate Court of
Appeals of West Virginia, the Intermediate Court of Appeals shall review
the findings of fact made by the family court for clear error, and the family
court’s application of law to the facts for an abuse of discretion. The
Intermediate Court of Appeals shall review questions of law de novo.

Syl. Pt. 2, Christopher P. v. Amanda C., 250 W. Va. 53, 902 S.E.2d 185 (2024); accord W.
Va. Code § 51-2A-14(c) (2005) (specifying standards for appellate court review of family
court orders).

On appeal, Mother argues one assignment of error. She contends that the family
court abused its discretion by sua sponte ordering the parties to participate in family
assessment therapy at Winchester without proper notice. In support of Mother’s argument,
she maintains that the family court’s order violated her due process rights when the only
issue noticed for hearing was Mother’s petition for contempt regarding Father’s failure to
file his financial disclosure.4 We agree.

Mother also avers that the family court’s order violates her family’s right to privacy
4

as Winchester requires a copy of medical records for every family member and requires
each member to submit to a drug test.

3
As an initial matter, we find the manner in which the March 29, 2025, family
assessment order was presented failed to comply with Rule 22(b) of the West Virginia
Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court.5 Importantly, Rule 22(b) expressly
provides that when an order is prepared for submission to the court, a copy of that draft
order must be sent to all parties with a notice that written objections may be submitted to
the family court within five days. Here, as the March 29, 2025, order was entered two days
after the March 27, 2025, contempt hearing, Mother was not served a copy of the order to
have an opportunity to object. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
(“SCAWV”) has long held that

[i]t is axiomatic that “ ‘[t]he due process of law guaranteed by the State and
Federal Constitutions, when applied to procedure in the courts of the land,
requires both notice and the right to be heard.’ Syl. Pt. 2, Simpson v. Stanton,
119 W. Va. 235, 193 S.E. 64 (1937).” Syl. Pt. 3, State ex rel. Chris Richard
S. v. McCarty, 200 W. Va. 346, 489 S.E.2d 503 (1997).

David C. v. Tammy S., 244 W. Va. 577, 581, 855 S.E.2d 885, 889 (2021). Thus, Mother
was deprived of notice and her right to object.

Additionally, it is undisputed that there was no pending motion regarding therapy,
custody, or otherwise. The only issue properly pending before the family court was
Mother’s petition for contempt regarding Father’s failure to file his full financial disclosure
within ten days of the court’s October 22, 2024, order. Upon review, there is nothing in the

5
Rule 22(b) of the Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court provides:

Preparation of Orders and Findings.—In proceedings in which both parties
are self-represented, the court shall prepare all orders and findings of fact. In
proceedings in which one or both parties are represented by attorneys, the
court may assign one or more attorneys to prepare an order or proposed
findings of fact. An attorney assigned to prepare an order or proposed
findings shall deliver the order or findings to the court no later than ten days
after the conclusion of the hearing giving rise to the order or findings. Within
the same time period the attorney shall send all parties copies of the draft
order or findings together with a notice which informs the recipients to send
written objections within five days to the court and all parties. If no
objections are received, the court shall enter the order and findings no later
than three days following the conclusion of the objection period. If objections
are received, the court shall enter an order and findings no later than ten days
after the receipt of the objections.

4
record to indicate that Mother was put on notice that family assessment therapy could be
ordered as a result of the contempt hearing. Rather, the record demonstrates that just five
months prior to the court’s order requiring family therapy, the court interviewed the
children and specifically found that the children’s custodial preference was in their best
interest because they were of advanced age and reasonably mature to express their
preference. As such, Mother had no way of knowing that anything other than the issue of
contempt would be considered by the court. Therefore, we find that the family court abused
its discretion by sua sponte ordering family assessment therapy.

Accordingly, we reverse, in part, the family court’s March 29, 2025, and April 3,
2025, orders.6

Reversed, in part.

ISSUED: December 4, 2025

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Judge Charles O. Lorensen
Judge Daniel W. Greear
Judge S. Ryan White

6
We note that our review of the family court’s orders pertains solely to the issues
surrounding family therapy. Thus, this decision does not affect the family court’s rulings
on contempt or child support, as no holdings in the orders other than with respect to family
therapy were challenged on appeal.

5