Kimberly B. Rushman v. Christopher John McMahon

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
August 19, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2020AP1717 Cir. Ct. No. 2019FA100

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF:

KIMBERLY B. RUSHMAN,

PETITIONER-APPELLANT,

V.

CHRISTOPHER JOHN MCMAHON,

RESPONDENT-RESPONDENT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Juneau County:
STACY A. SMITH, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Kloppenburg, Fitzpatrick, and Graham, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2020AP1717

¶1 PER CURIAM Kimberly B. Rushman appeals the circuit court’s
division of property in a judgment of divorce between herself and her former
husband, Christopher John McMahon. Rushman argues that the circuit court erred
in: (1) denying Rushman’s motion for a continuance; (2) determining that
McMahon’s one-third interest in an Oneida County property is not subject to
division; and (3) departing from the presumption of equal division when dividing a
Portage County property. We reject Rushman’s arguments and affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Rushman and McMahon were married in October 2016. Rushman
filed for divorce in July 2019. The circuit court conducted a trial in August 2020.
At trial, the parties presented evidence regarding two assets pertinent to this appeal:
a one-third interest in an Oneida County property titled to McMahon, and a Portage
County property titled to McMahon and Rushman. In the course of the parties’
presentation of evidence relevant to the Oneida County property, the court denied
Rushman’s motion for a continuance. We now summarize the trial proceedings
related to the Oneida County property and the denial of the continuance, and to the
Portage County property.

Oneida County Property and Denial of Continuance

¶3 McMahon testified that he has a two-thirds interest in the Oneida
County property, and that he did not pay for his two-thirds interest in the Oneida
County property. He testified that he received the first one-third interest in the
Oneida County property from his mother and stepfather prior to the marriage and

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the second one-third interest from his sister during the marriage, both as gifts.1 At
the conclusion of his testimony, McMahon’s counsel informed the circuit court that
counsel would next call McMahon’s sister to testify by phone about her gifting to
McMahon her one-third interest in the Oneida County property. Counsel had filed
a motion on the morning of trial to allow McMahon’s sister to testify by phone.
Over Rushman’s counsel’s objection, the court permitted McMahon’s sister to
testify by phone. She testified that the Oneida property was originally a gift from
their parents and that she subsequently gave McMahon her one-third interest in the
property, for which he paid no consideration.

¶4 At the conclusion of McMahon’s sister’s testimony, McMahon’s
counsel rested. Rushman’s counsel moved to call a rebuttal witness in response to
McMahon’s and his sister’s testimony that McMahon received the second one-third
interest in the Oneida County property as a gift. The circuit court granted the motion
and directed Rushman’s counsel to “get [the witness] on the phone.” Counsel then
moved for a continuance on the basis that extra time was needed to make
arrangements for the testimony because counsel did not have the witness’s contact
information. The court denied the motion for a continuance, explaining that counsel
“knew [Rushman’s] defense” on this issue and “could have had [the witness] ready.”

¶5 The circuit court determined that McMahon’s interest in the Oneida
County property was a gift and is therefore not subject to division.

1
Rushman does not dispute that the transfer to McMahon of the first one-third interest in
the Oneida County property was a gift.

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Portage County Property

¶6 Rushman and McMahon testified that McMahon purchased the
Portage County property in 2011 and transferred it to himself and Rushman in 2017.
McMahon testified that he and Rushman lived together at the Portage County
property for approximately one year and two months during their four-year
marriage. Rushman testified that she lived with McMahon at the Portage County
property for less than two years total during the marriage.

¶7 The circuit court determined that the Portage County property is
divisible and subject to the presumption of equal division. The court considered
that the parties “don’t have a lot of money” and observed that Rushman did not
“make any money” during most of the marriage and that McMahon’s retirement
account was tied to his work before the marriage. The court also considered the
“short term” of the marriage and weighed Rushman’s contributions to the marriage
against the benefits she received from it. Based on these considerations, the court
determined that it was equitable to deviate from the presumption of equal division.

¶8 The circuit court decided to base its division on only the property’s
increase in value since McMahon purchased the property because the court was
ordering that McMahon continue to pay the mortgage on the property. The court
first calculated the average annual increase in the value of the property from 2011
to 2019. The court then determined that it would award Rushman an amount equal
to one half of the property’s average annual increase in value multiplied times two,
to reflect the approximately two years that she and McMahon lived together on the
property during the marriage.

¶9 The circuit court found that the value of the Portage County property
as assessed on property tax records at the time of the 2019 divorce was $162,000

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and that its value in 2011 was $130,000.2 The court subtracted $130,000 from
$162,000 to find that the property’s value rose $32,000 in the “nine years” from
2011 to 2019. Based on this calculation, the court determined that the average
annual increase in value was “$5,333 a year.” The court multiplied that average
annual increase in value by two and then awarded Rushman half of the resulting
amount. The court accordingly ordered McMahon to pay Rushman “a lump sum of
$5,333” as a property equalization payment but otherwise allocated the entire
Portage County home, including the mortgage, to McMahon.3

¶10 Except for the Portage County property, the circuit court awarded
each party all the accounts and debts existing in his or her name and each asset that
he or she possessed prior to the marriage.

¶11 This appeal follows.

DISCUSSION

¶12 Rushman argues that the circuit court erred in: (1) denying
Rushman’s motion for a continuance; (2) determining that the one-third interest in
the Oneida County property McMahon received from his sister is not subject to
division; and (3) departing from the presumption of equal division when dividing

2
Rushman does not dispute the circuit court’s findings as to the value of the Portage
County property in 2011 and 2019.
3
McMahon notes mathematical errors that the circuit court may have made in its
calculations but seeks no relief based on those asserted errors, and Rushman makes no argument at
all based on any such errors. Accordingly, we do not address them further.

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the Portage County property.4 We first discuss the motion for continuance issue and
then the property division issues.

I. Motion for Continuance

¶13 As a preliminary matter, we note that Rushman frames this asserted
error as the circuit court not allowing Rushman’s rebuttal witness to testify by
phone. As summarized above, the record shows that the court would have allowed
the rebuttal witness to testify by phone, but did not allow counsel a continuance to
obtain the contact information for that witness. Accordingly, we address Rushman’s
argument as asserting that the court erred by denying her motion for a continuance.

¶14 We review a circuit court’s decision to grant or deny a continuance of
a trial for an erroneous exercise of discretion. Rechsteiner v. Hazelden, 2008 WI
97, ¶28, 313 Wis. 2d 542, 753 N.W.2d 496.

¶15 Wisconsin law sets forth several factors that are balanced in the
discretionary decision of whether to grant a continuance, including but not limited
to the length of the delay requested; whether other continuances had been requested
and received; the convenience or inconvenience to the parties, witnesses, and the
court; and whether the delay seems to be for legitimate reasons. Rechsteiner, 313
Wis. 2d 542, ¶93. “‘It is well established in Wisconsin that a continuance is not a
matter of right,’” and this court will sustain the circuit court’s decision on a motion
for a continuance so long as it was “‘the product of a rational mental process by

4
Rushman also implies that the circuit court erred in not including in the property division
McMahon’s retirement account and a 1965 Harley Davidson motorcycle titled to McMahon, but
she makes no developed argument based on citations to the record or legal authority in support of
these implied assertions of error, and we do not consider them further. See State v. Pettit, 171
Wis. 2d 627, 646, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (we need not consider “arguments unsupported
by references to legal authority” and “issues inadequately briefed”).

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which the facts of record and law relied upon are stated and are considered together
for the purpose of achieving a reasoned and reasonable determination.’” Id., ¶92,
28 (quoted sources omitted).

¶16 We conclude that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its
discretion by denying Rushman’s motion for a continuance. The record
demonstrates that the court considered the convenience to the parties and the court,
and the reasons for the proposed delay. See id., 313 Wis. 2d 542, ¶93 (identifying
convenience and the reason for the delay as two factors to be balanced in the court’s
discretionary decision on a motion for a continuance). The court denied Rushman’s
motion for a continuance because Rushman’s counsel had notice that the Oneida
property’s gift status was an issue but was not prepared with the contact information
for the potential rebuttal witness on that issue and “could have had” that information
ready. The court reasonably concluded that counsel’s lack of preparation was not a
legitimate reason to inconvenience the parties and the court.

¶17 Rushman argues that the circuit court erred in denying the motion for
a continuance because the absence of the rebuttal witness’s testimony leaves the
record “incomplete.” This argument lacks merit because it overlooks that it was
Rushman’s responsibility, not the court’s, to make sure the record was “complete.”
As noted above, the record shows that the court initially granted Rushman’s motion
to call a rebuttal witness but then denied a continuance when counsel was not
prepared with the contact information for that witness. To the extent that Rushman
may be arguing that Wisconsin litigants are entitled to a continuance to “complete
the record,” she cites no legal authority to support such an argument. “Arguments
unsupported by references to legal authority will not be considered.” State v. Pettit,
171 Wis. 2d 627, 646, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992).

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¶18 Rushman also argues that the circuit court engaged in “judicial
advocacy” because “the respondent was allowed to call [a witness] for testimony”
by phone but the court “summarily refused the opportunity for Rushman to present
her case [by phone], despite hearing no objection by the respondent.” This argument
fails because it is refuted by the record: to repeat, the court granted Rushman’s
motion to call a rebuttal witness to testify by phone and denied the motion for a
continuance when counsel was not prepared to do so.

¶19 In sum, Rushman fails to show that “there was no reasonable basis”
for the circuit court’s denial of her motion for a continuance. Rechsteiner, 313
Wis. 2d 542, ¶28.

II. Property Division

¶20 We first summarize the standard of review and legal principles that
govern a circuit court’s property division decisions. We next analyze in turn the
two property division decisions at issue here. For each issue, we explain our
conclusion and then address Rushman’s arguments to the contrary.

A. Applicable Standard of Review and Legal Principles

¶21 The division of property in a divorce is entrusted to the circuit court’s
discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an erroneous exercise of
discretion. LeMere v. LeMere, 2003 WI 67, ¶13, 262 Wis. 2d 426, 663 N.W.2d
789. A court properly exercises its discretion when it examines the relevant facts,
applies a proper standard of law, and uses a demonstrated rational process to reach
a reasonable conclusion. Id. On review of a circuit court’s discretionary decision,
we review any questions of law independently, but we will not overturn the court’s
factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2) (2019-

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20);5 Covelli v. Covelli, 2006 WI App 121, ¶13, 293 Wis. 2d 707, 718 N.W.2d 260.
In addition, we search the record for reasons to sustain the court’s discretionary
decisions. Steiner v. Steiner, 2004 WI App 169, ¶18, 276 Wis. 2d 290, 687 N.W.2d
740.

¶22 The “general rule” governing the divisibility of property in a divorce
action “is that assets and debts acquired by either party before or during the marriage
are divisible upon divorce.” Derr v. Derr, 2005 WI App 63, ¶10, 280 Wis. 2d 681,
696 N.W.2d 170. Statutory exceptions to this rule include property acquired “by
gift.” Id.; WIS. STAT. § 767.61(2)(a)1. The party asserting that an asset is not
divisible bears the burden of proving to a reasonable certainty by the greater weight
of the credible evidence that an asset falls into one of the statutory exceptions.
Brandt v. Brandt, 145 Wis. 2d 394, 407-408, 427 N.W.2d 126 (Ct. App. 1988).

¶23 Once the circuit court has determined that property is divisible, the
division of that divisible property lies within the court’s “sound discretion” and the
division will not be set aside on appeal unless the court erroneously exercised its
discretion. Perrenoud v. Perrenoud, 82 Wis. 2d 36, 45-46, 260 N.W.2d 658 (1978).
In exercising its discretion, the circuit court “shall presume that all [divisible]
property ... is to be divided equally between the parties, but may alter this
distribution … after considering” the “lengthy and detailed list of statutory factors.”
WIS. STAT. §767.61(1)-(3); LeMere, 262 Wis. 2d 426, ¶16. A court is not precluded
from giving one statutory factor greater weight than another, or from concluding
that some factors may not be applicable at all. Id. at ¶25.

5
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise
noted.

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B. Oneida County Property

¶24 We conclude that the record supports the circuit court’s determination
that McMahon’s one-third interest in the Oneida County property received from his
sister was a gift. As summarized above, McMahon and his sister testified that he
did not pay for that one-third interest. Thus, the court appropriately applied WIS.
STAT. § 767.61(2)(a)1.’s provision that gifts received “from a person other than the
other party” are “not subject to a property division” during a judgment of divorce,
to determine that McMahon’s one-third interest in the Oneida County property
received from his sister is not subject to division.

¶25 Rushman argues that the deed’s indication of a transfer fee paid when
McMahon received his sister’s one-third interest in the Oneida County property
“represents tax applied to the purchase price of an action” and therefore shows that
“the transaction was not a gift.” This argument fails because, under Wisconsin law,
transfer fees are not tied to the purchase price but are instead based on the value of
the land transferred. WIS. STAT. § 77.22(1) (“There is imposed on the grantor of
real estate a real estate transfer fee at the rate of 30 cents for each $100 of value or
fraction thereof on every conveyance not exempted or excluded under this
subchapter.”). Rushman points to no statutory language exempting gifts from
siblings from transfer fees. See § 77.22(1) (“every conveyance not exempted or
excluded under this subchapter” is subject to a real estate transfer fee); WIS. STAT.
§ 77.25 (listing all statutory exemptions from transfer fees, but containing no
exemption or exclusion for gifts from a sibling). Therefore, the indication of the
payment of a transfer fee does nothing to show that the circuit court’s finding of fact
that McMahon did not pay for the transfer is “clearly erroneous.” See Schorer v.
Schorer, 177 Wis. 2d 387, 396, 501 N.W.2d 916 (Ct. App. 1993). Accordingly,

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Rushman fails to show that the court erroneously determined that McMahon
received his sister’s one-third interest in the Oneida County property as a gift.

C. Unequal Division of Portage County Property

¶26 We conclude that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its
discretion in unequally dividing the Portage County property. This is because the
record shows that the court cited the correct legal standard, invoking the
presumption of equal division under WIS. STAT. §767.61(1)-(3) and, applying that
standard to the facts, concluded that altering the presumed equal distribution was
equitable in this case based primarily on the parties’ relative contributions to the
Portage County property and the short duration of the marriage, after also
considering the parties’ economic situations and employment histories. See
§ 767.61(3)(a), (d), (g), (j) (listing as factors to consider the length of the marriage,
the parties’ comparative contributions to the marriage, and the parties’ employment
history and financial resources); Prosser v. Cook, 185 Wis. 2d 745, 755-756, 519
N.W.2d 649 (Ct. App. 1994) (affirming that a presumption of equal division may
be “altered because of the relatively short length of the marriage”).

¶27 Rushman argues that the circuit court did not explain its reasoning for
dividing the Portage County property unequally, but the record as summarized
above refutes this argument.

¶28 Rushman also argues that the circuit court failed to explicitly consider,
or did not explain its consideration of, all the required statutory factors. The record
refutes Rushman’s argument. For example, Rushman argues that the court
erroneously “placed no value” on Rushman’s contributions based on its
determination that any such contributions were “offset by her benefits” that she
received from McMahon’s contributions to the marriage. But, the circuit court

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explicitly considered Rushman’s contributions. Similarly, Rushman asserts that the
court did not consider the parties’ financial resources or employment, but the court
did consider that the parties had little money and that Rushman had not been
employed for most of the marriage. The court was well within its discretion to focus
on the factors that it considered were important and that outweighed any remaining
factors. See LeMere, 262 Wis. 2d 426, ¶27 (circuit court’s “incomplete
consideration of the statutory factors” is not error “where the overlooked factors are
only marginally relevant”).

¶29 Rushman is essentially arguing that the circuit court should have
weighed the factors differently and reached a different result. That is precisely a
challenge to the court’s exercise of discretion that we will not disturb on appeal
where, as here, the record shows that “the court examined the relevant facts, applied
a proper standard of law and, using a demonstrated rational process, reached a
conclusion a reasonable judge could reach.” Glidewell v. Glidewell, 2015 WI App
64, ¶22, 364 Wis. 2d 588, 869 N.W.2d 796.

¶30 Lastly, Rushman argues that the circuit court considered improper
factors. Specifically, she cites the court’s statement that Rushman had the
“mindset” of a “gold digger.” However, the court explained that it was not basing
its decision as to how to divide the Portage County property on any evidence of
Rushman’s “mindset,” but on credible evidence that showed that McMahon
contributed more financially to the very short marriage than Rushman did.

¶31 In sum, Rushman fails to show that the circuit court erroneously
exercised its discretion in dividing the Portage County property unequally.

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CONCLUSION

¶32 For the reasons stated, we affirm.

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5.

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