State v. Ryan Hugh Mulhern

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
October 6, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2019AP1565-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF255

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

RYAN HUGH MULHERN,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from judgments of the circuit court for Pierce County:
JOSEPH D. BOLES, Judge. Reversed and cause remanded for further
proceedings.

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2019AP1565-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Ryan Mulhern appeals judgments, entered pursuant
to a jury’s verdict, convicting him of second-degree sexual assault by use of force
and misdemeanor bail jumping.1 The issue before us is whether the circuit court’s
decision to allow the victim, Alyssa,2 to testify that she did not have sexual
intercourse with anyone other than Mulhern in the week before the alleged assault
was harmless error.3 For reasons explained below, we conclude the court’s error
was not harmless, and we therefore reverse the judgment convicting Mulhern of
second-degree sexual assault. Because Mulhern’s bail jumping conviction was
premised solely on the sexual assault conviction, we must also reverse the bail
jumping conviction. See State v. Hansford, 219 Wis. 2d 226, 230, 244-45, 580
N.W.2d 171 (1998); see also State v. Turnpaugh, 2007 WI App 222, ¶8, 305
Wis. 2d 722, 741 N.W.2d 488. We therefore reverse the judgments of conviction
and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND

¶2 A criminal complaint charged Mulhern with one count each of
second-degree sexual assault by use of force, strangulation and suffocation, and
misdemeanor bail jumping. The charges stemmed from an allegation that Mulhern

1
We note that the circuit court entered separate judgments for the second-degree sexual
assault count, which was entered upon a jury’s verdict, and the misdemeanor bail jumping count,
which was entered based on Mulhern’s stipulation that a guilty verdict on the sexual assault count
supported a conviction on the bail jumping count. In Mulhern’s notice of appeal, he states he is
appealing from “the entire final judgment.” We construe the notice of appeal as encompassing
both judgments.
2
Pursuant to the policy underlying WIS. STAT. RULE 809.86 (2017-18), we refer to the
victim using a pseudonym. All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version
unless otherwise noted.
3
The State concedes that this testimony violated Wisconsin’s rape shield statute, WIS.
STAT. § 972.11.

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

sexually assaulted Alyssa in her home during the early morning hours of
November 22, 2016.

¶3 Mulhern waived his right to a jury trial on the misdemeanor bail
jumping charge, and he stipulated that the circuit court would find him guilty of
that charge if the jury returned a guilty verdict on either of the other two counts.
The matter then proceeded to a jury trial on the second-degree sexual assault and
strangulation and suffocation counts.

¶4 Alyssa testified that on the evening of November 21, 2016, Mulhern
called her, “begging to come over to be consoled … as a friend.” She explained
that Mulhern sounded “upset” and “almost frantic” over some personal issues.
Alyssa agreed to let Mulhern come over, but she informed him that he “would stay
on the futon; I would be there for him as a friend, and that would be all it was.”

¶5 Alyssa stated that after Mulhern arrived, they talked for a while and
then she told him she was going to bed because she had an exam the next morning.
She told Mulhern he also needed to go to sleep and she “directed him to the
futon.” Rather than go to the futon, however, Mulhern followed Alyssa to her bed
and lay down next to her.

¶6 Alyssa testified that Mulhern initially “just tr[ied] to cuddle” with
her, and that she did not object to that contact. However, Mulhern then tried to
kiss her, at which point Alyssa “kind of shove[d] him off” of her. When he
persisted, Alyssa “kept telling him” to “stop.” Instead of stopping, Mulhern began
to use his hands on Alyssa’s “face and shoulders” to keep her from moving and to
“direct [her] face to his.”

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

¶7 Alyssa explained that Mulhern eventually escalated from attempting
to kiss her to removing his clothes and pressing his erect penis against her. She
stated that he then tried to remove her clothes, and that her attempts to fend him
off caused him to become “more angry and more forceful.” As the assault
progressed and Alyssa tried to escape, Mulhern put his “arm around [her] neck”
and pulled her back into the bed. Mulhern then penetrated her vagina with his
penis. When Alyssa tried to scream, Mulhern covered her nose and face with his
hand.

¶8 Alyssa stated that the next thing she remembered was being curled
up in a ball against her bedroom wall with Mulhern standing near her bed, asking
what was wrong. Alyssa told him to leave, which he did not do until she
threatened to call the police. Once Mulhern left, Alyssa called one of her
roommates (who was not at home at the time), told the roommate what happened,
and asked for her to return home. While waiting for the roommate to return,
Alyssa took a shower because she felt “disgusting [and] dirty.” Alyssa stated she
did not use any soap during this shower.

¶9 At approximately 11:30 a.m. on the morning of the assault, Alyssa
contacted a local sexual assault resource team (SART). The SART nurse who
examined Alyssa testified that Alyssa had the following injuries: tenderness and
tightness on her neck; a sore throat; a “semi-circular wound” on her shoulder;
tenderness on her right chest, inner thighs and inner calves; tenderness on her
inner and outer labia; a linear tear on her left inner labia; an abrasion on her right
vaginal wall; and redness on her left vaginal wall. The nurse stated that these
injuries were consistent with Alyssa’s “stated history” of sexual assault.

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

¶10 State Crime Lab Analyst Vincent Purpero testified regarding DNA
tests he performed on evidence collected as part of Alyssa’s sexual assault
examination kit. Specifically, Purpero determined that a swab taken from
Alyssa’s neck revealed the presence of both Alyssa’s and Mulhern’s DNA.
Purpero also detected, in the neck swab, the presence of amylase, which he
explained is a protein found in high concentrations in saliva.

¶11 Purpero stated that testing on the remaining evidence—which
included vaginal, cervical, anal, external genital, and mons pubis area swabs, as
well as left and right fingernail samples—revealed “either a limited amount or a
lack of male DNA.” Regarding the test results for the vaginal swab in particular,
Purpero explained that foreign male DNA was present, but that the amount of
DNA was insufficient to allow him to identify the contributor of that DNA.

¶12 Purpero also testified that when foreign DNA is deposited on a
person’s body, that person’s body will eventually “slough cells or cleanse itself”
of the foreign DNA. He also acknowledged that showering can remove foreign
DNA from a person’s body.

¶13 Before resting its case, the State sought to recall Alyssa. The State
informed the circuit court that it wished to recall Alyssa to ask her, as relevant to
this appeal, whether she had had sexual intercourse or sexual contact with anyone
during the week leading up to the reported assault.

¶14 Mulhern’s counsel objected to the State’s proposed question on the
ground that it violated Wisconsin’s rape shield statute. The circuit court overruled
this objection, reasoning that the rape shield statute prohibited testimony
concerning sexual conduct, and the testimony the State sought to elicit concerned
only “lack of conduct.” Accordingly, the State recalled Alyssa, and she testified

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

that she did not have sexual intercourse or sexual contact with anyone during the
week leading up to the reported assault.

¶15 The State then recalled Purpero and asked him how long “foreign
DNA deposited in the vagina remain[s] there?” Purpero responded, “five days
after an assault, we generally would not see any evidence of foreign DNA
remaining or persisting in—in the vagina.”

¶16 Mulhern testified in his own defense. He acknowledged that he
went to Alyssa’s house shortly after midnight on November 22, 2016. He stated
that once he arrived, he and Alyssa went into her bedroom and talked for
approximately one-half hour.

¶17 According to Mulhern, he and Alyssa then began kissing on her bed.
He said that he continued to kiss her on the mouth, neck, collarbone, and shoulder
for approximately seven to ten minutes, and that Alyssa gave no indication that
she did not want to kiss him during that time period. Mulhern explained that the
two proceeded to undress, and that “[n]othing really seemed wrong to me, and
then we were nearly about to start having sex and she yells, what—what the ‘F,’
[and] that’s when I stood up from the bed.”

¶18 Mulhern stated that after Alyssa began yelling, he put his clothes
back on. He testified that Alyssa then told him to get out of her house, and he
complied with her request. He denied engaging in oral, vaginal, anal or “any other
kind of sexual contact with [Alyssa], other than above her waist.”

¶19 In its closing argument, the State focused on Alyssa’s testimony that
she did not have sexual intercourse or sexual contact with anyone during the week
leading up to the reported assault. Specifically, the State argued:

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

So [Purpero] stated that DNA clears the vagina in five
days. So [Alyssa] had stated, in the week prior to the sex
assault, she had no sex. So the sex assault was
November 22nd, it’s the same date as the evidence
collection, and there was male DNA found in the vagina.
Given this information, I submit to you one reasonable
hypothesis, given this information, this timeline, is that the
male DNA is the Defendant.

The State again emphasized this testimony in its closing rebuttal argument, stating:

So again, I don’t want to underestimate how important this
timeline really is. This is really important and I want to
make it understandable and perfectly clear. DNA clears the
vagina in five days. [Alyssa] did not have sex with anyone
seven days up to the sex assault. Seven days. So the only
DNA in [Alyssa’s] vagina is her own DNA, okay?

Then November 22nd, that’s the date of the sex assault.
That’s the date she’s saying Mr. Mulhern sexually
assaulted her. The evidence, the swabs of her vagina, was
taken that same day. There’s male DNA found in her
vagina, it’s collected. I submit to you one reasonable
hypothesis is that this male DNA is the Defendant’s. This
is important evidence that I want you to consider. I hope
I’m clear on this point.

¶20 The jury found Mulhern guilty of the second-degree sexual assault
count and not guilty of the strangulation and suffocation count. Pursuant to
Mulhern’s stipulation, the circuit court then found him guilty of misdemeanor bail
jumping “based on the verdict of the jury.” The court imposed concurrent
sentences totaling nine years of initial confinement and seven years of extended
supervision. Mulhern now appeals.

DISCUSSION

¶21 Mulhern first argues that the circuit court erroneously exercised its
discretion by allowing the State to elicit testimony from Alyssa that she did not
have sexual intercourse or sexual contact with anyone during the week leading up

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

to the reported assault. A circuit court erroneously exercises its discretion to admit
evidence if the court applies an improper legal standard or makes a decision not
reasonably supported by the facts of record. State v. Jackson, 2014 WI 4, ¶43,
352 Wis. 2d 249, 841 N.W.2d 791.

¶22 Mulhern contends the circuit court applied an improper legal
standard when it concluded that testimony regarding a “lack of [sexual] contact”
did not fall within the purview of the rape shield statute. In support, he notes that
our supreme court recently rejected this very notion, holding: “Prior sexual
conduct includes a lack of sexual conduct, meaning that evidence that a
complainant had never had sexual intercourse is inadmissible.” State v. Bell, 2018
WI 28, ¶63, 380 Wis. 2d 616, 909 N.W.2d 750.

¶23 In response, the State notes that the Bell court referenced testimony
concerning a witness’s complete lack of sexual conduct (i.e., virginity), as
opposed to—as occurred in this case—a witness’s testimony regarding a lack of
sexual conduct over a discrete period of time. Nonetheless, the State
acknowledges that “there does not appear to be a basis to believe that [Wisconsin]
courts would … distinguish” the former scenario from the latter. Consequently,
the State concedes that “the court erroneously exercised its discretion in admitting
this part of [Alyssa’s] testimony.”

¶24 Although the parties agree that the circuit court erroneously
exercised its discretion by admitting the challenged portion of Alyssa’s testimony,
they dispute whether the error warrants a new trial. The admission of evidence
that violates the rape shield statute is subject to a harmless error analysis. State v.
Mitchell, 144 Wis. 2d 596, 619-20, 424 N.W.2d 698 (1988). Under the
harmless-error analysis, the party benefiting from the court’s error (here, the State)

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

“must show that ‘it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would
have found the defendant guilty absent the error.’” State v. Martin, 2012 WI 96,
¶45, 343 Wis. 2d 278, 816 N.W.2d 270 (citation omitted).

¶25 The Martin court provided the following non-exhaustive list of
factors for courts to consider when conducting a harmless error analysis: (1) the
frequency of the error; (2) the importance of the erroneously admitted evidence;
(3) the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the
erroneously admitted evidence; (4) whether the erroneously admitted evidence
duplicates untainted evidence; (5) the nature of the defense; (6) the nature of the
State’s case; and (7) the overall strength of the State’s case. Id., ¶46. The
harmless error inquiry is a question of law that we review de novo. State v.
Magett, 2014 WI 67, ¶29, 355 Wis. 2d 617, 850 N.W.2d 42.

¶26 Mulhern contends the circuit court’s error was not harmless because
the State would not have been able to argue to the jury that Mulhern was the only
possible contributor of the unidentifiable male DNA found in the vaginal swab,
absent the improperly introduced evidence. Stated differently, without the
improper evidence and the State’s derivative argument, Mulhern contends “there
is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been
different.” For its part, the State argues that because the evidence concerning
Alyssa’s lack of prior sexual conduct was only presented once and the State had a
“solid case,” the court’s error was harmless “under the circumstances.”

¶27 We conclude that the State has not met its burden to show that it is
clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have convicted Mulhern
absent the circuit court’s error. In reaching this conclusion, we find the second,
third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Martin factors to be particularly instructive.

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

¶28 We begin by discussing the fifth and sixth Martin factors. Mulhern
and the State agree that this was essentially a he said/she said case. In other
words, as the State aptly explains, “there was no version of events presented to the
jury that [Alyssa] and Mulhern had consensual intercourse. And to that end, the
jury was required either to believe [Alyssa’s] account and convict Mulhern, or to
believe Mulhern’s account and acquit him.”

¶29 Given this reality, the importance of the erroneously admitted
evidence (the second Martin factor) was paramount because the evidence
corroborated Alyssa’s version of events. To explain, the State established through
Purpero’s testimony that: (1) an unidentified foreign male’s DNA was present on
the vaginal swab; and (2) foreign DNA does not persist in a vagina for more than
five days. Absent the erroneously admitted testimony, the jury would have reason
to question whether the unidentified DNA belonged to Mulhern or to a third-party.
With the testimony, however, the jury was provided with only one logical
explanation—that, contrary to his version of events, Mulhern did have sexual
intercourse with Alyssa.

¶30 Lest there be any doubt about the importance of Alyssa’s testimony,
we need only look to the State’s own reliance on, and characterization of that
testimony in its closing rebuttal argument. As set forth above, the State called the
timeline it constructed, based solely on the erroneously admitted testimony,4 as

4
To explain, because the State introduced no evidence to corroborate Alyssa’s
testimony, it had no other basis to construct this timeline. Relatedly, the fact that the challenged
testimony was not duplicated by other untainted evidence weighs in favor of finding that the error
was prejudicial. Therefore, the third and fourth Martin factors support a conclusion that the error
was not harmless. See State v. Martin, 2012 WI 96, ¶¶53-57, 343 Wis. 2d 278, 816 N.W.2d 270.

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

“really important” and stated it did not “want to underestimate how important”
that timeline was to its case.

¶31 As to the seventh Martin factor, the State argues it had a “strong
case” based on Alyssa’s “compelling testimony.” The jury’s decision to acquit
Mulhern on the strangulation and suffocation count, however, suggests that the
jury had a reasonable doubt as to whether Alyssa’s testimony fully and accurately
described Mulhern’s actions.

¶32 Indeed, the State, in its closing argument, “submit[ted]” to the jury
that Mulhern was guilty on that count based on Alyssa’s testimony. In light of the
fact that the jury did not return a guilty verdict on that count, we cannot conclude
that Alyssa’s testimony regarding the described assault was so compelling that a
rational jury would have no choice but to accept it.

¶33 The State also argues that because the frequency of the error was
low, the first Martin factor weighs in favor of a finding of harmless error. We
disagree. Even though the testimony was only admitted once, it was introduced at
the close of the State’s case and then—as we have explained—relied upon and
specifically highlighted by the State in its closing argument.

¶34 For these reasons, we conclude the State has not met its burden to
show it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found
Mulhern guilty absent the erroneous admission of the challenged testimony. See
Martin, 343 Wis. 2d 278, ¶45. As a result, the error was not harmless. We
therefore reverse Mulhern’s second-degree sexual assault conviction. Because
Mulhern’s bail jumping conviction was premised solely on the sexual assault
conviction, we must also reverse the bail jumping conviction. See Hansford, 219

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No. 2019AP1565-CR

Wis. 2d at 230, 244-45; see also Turnpaugh, 305 Wis. 2d 722, ¶8. We remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

By the Court.—Judgments reversed and cause remanded for further
proceedings.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5.

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