State v. Carlos Trevino

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
June 4, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2019AP934-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF110

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

CARLOS TREVINO,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Vernon County:
DARCY JO ROOD, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Kloppenburg, Graham, and Nashold, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2019AP934-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Carlos Trevino appeals a judgment convicting him
of two counts of burglary as party to a crime, one count of theft, and one count of
theft as party to a crime. Trevino argues that the circuit court misused its discretion
when it allowed an amendment to the information the day before trial. We disagree
and affirm the judgment.

BACKGROUND

¶2 The complaint and original information filed against Trevino in
August 2017 charged him with one count of burglary and one count of theft, both
as party to a crime, at the Bethel Butikk in Vernon County on or about July 22,
2017. The complaint allegations implicated Trevino and three other individuals.
Additionally, the allegations described several previous burglaries and thefts at the
Bethel Butikk beginning in June 2017. In January 2018, the State filed an amended
information changing the date of the alleged burglary and theft crimes to July 11,
2017.1

¶3 On March 20, 2018, two days before trial, the State moved for leave
to file a third amended information. The circuit court heard the State’s motion the
following day, and the State sought to add four additional charges against Trevino
for burglary and theft at the Bethel Butikk: one count of burglary and one count of
theft, both as party to a crime, between the end of June 2017 and July 10, 2017, and
one count of burglary as party to a crime and one count of theft on or about July 19,
2017.

1
The State also filed a second amended information that modified the spelling of Bethel
Butikk. We use the modified spelling in this opinion.

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No. 2019AP934-CR

¶4 The State asserted that no additional witnesses would be necessary,
and it contended that the amendment would not prejudice Trevino. Trevino’s
counsel objected to the amendment. Counsel conceded that he would not need
additional witnesses, and he agreed with the circuit court’s statement that “all [he]
would have to do is modify [his] preparation just to ask about these additional
dates.” He argued, however, that he had been preparing for trial based on a single
alleged incident, and that he had not prepared to defend against charges for
additional dates.

¶5 The circuit court allowed the amendment, concluding that Trevino
would not be prejudiced. The court reasoned that the additional charges were all
within the same time frame and involved the same witnesses. The court
acknowledged that the additional charges might affect Trevino’s trial preparation
but determined that Trevino could still adequately prepare a defense. The jury found
Trevino guilty on four of the six charges.

DISCUSSION

¶6 Trevino argues that the circuit court misused its discretion when it
allowed the amendment to the information the day before trial. For the reasons that
follow, we disagree.

¶7 “We will not reverse the [circuit] court’s decision to allow an
amendment absent an erroneous exercise of discretion.” State v. Frey, 178 Wis. 2d
729, 734, 505 N.W.2d 786 (Ct. App. 1993). “If the record shows that discretion
was exercised and a reasonable basis exists for the [circuit] court’s ruling, we will
sustain it.” Id. “[W]hile it may be that we would have decided the [question]
differently, that is not the test; it is enough that a reasonable judge could have so

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No. 2019AP934-CR

concluded.” State v. Jeske, 197 Wis. 2d 905, 912, 541 N.W.2d 225 (Ct. App. 1995)
(alteration in original).

¶8 “There is a misuse of discretion if the defendant is prejudiced by the
amendment.” State v. Neudorff, 170 Wis. 2d 608, 615, 489 N.W.2d 689 (Ct. App.
1992). “Rights of the defendant which may be prejudiced by an amendment are the
rights to notice, speedy trial and the opportunity to defend.” Id.

¶9 Trevino contends that the amendment to the information the day
before trial prejudiced his rights to notice and the opportunity to defend. He argues
that the amendment transformed his case from a single criminal transaction on a
single date to a series of criminal transactions over a month-long period. He argues
that the amendment compromised his trial strategy and required him to prepare a
new defense less than twenty-four hours before trial. Neither these arguments nor
other similar arguments that Trevino makes persuade us that the circuit court
erroneously exercised its discretion.

¶10 First, it was reasonable for the circuit court to determine that Trevino
had adequate notice under the circumstances. As the court recognized, the
additional charges all fell within the time frame covered by the complaint, and they
all related to the same series of burglaries and thefts described in the complaint. The
complaint allegations are reasonably read as tying Trevino to the entire series of
burglaries and thefts. Thus, the defense had considerable advance notice of
allegations supporting the additional charges. “Notice to the defendant of the nature
and cause of the accusations is the key factor in determining whether an amended
charging document has prejudiced a defendant.” See State v. Wickstrom, 118
Wis. 2d 339, 349, 348 N.W.2d 183 (Ct. App. 1984). “When the defendant has such

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No. 2019AP934-CR

notice, there is no prejudice in allowing the state to amend the complaint to charge
additional counts supported by the original complaint.” Id.

¶11 Second, it was reasonable for the circuit court to conclude that the
additional charges would not deprive Trevino of his opportunity to defend. The
court reasonably relied on Trevino’s concession that no additional witnesses would
be necessary, and on Trevino’s agreement with the court’s statement that “all
[Trevino’s counsel] would have to do is modify [his] preparation just to ask about
these additional dates.” Trevino’s counsel argued that he had been preparing to
defend against only one criminal transaction, but he did not provide the court with
any fact-specific showing as to why he would be unable to modify his defense to
address the additional charges in time for trial.

¶12 Trevino argues that the factors that led us to reverse in Neudorff
should lead us to reverse here. We disagree and conclude that the circumstances in
Neudorff are substantially different. In Neudorff, the circuit court allowed the State
to amend the information on the morning of trial, changing a charge for possession
of cocaine with intent to deliver to a charge for conspiracy to deliver cocaine. See
Neudorff, 170 Wis. 2d at 612-13. In concluding that the amendment prejudiced the
defendant, we relied on several factors that are not present here, including that the
original charge and new charge had different elements; that the charges were based
on different time periods; that the new charge might require different witnesses; and
that the change in the nature of the charges on the morning of trial left the defendant
with “no coherent theory of defense to present to the jury.” See id. at 611, 618-20.

¶13 Separate from his reliance on Neudorff, Trevino argues that he was
prejudiced because the amendment joined multiple charges, thus increasing his total
penalty exposure and increasing the risk that the jury would view him as a bad

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No. 2019AP934-CR

person who did something wrong. This argument misses the mark because it does
not depend on the timing of the amendment and, therefore, does not address the
applicable test for prejudice. As we have stated, the test in this context is whether
there is prejudice to the defendant’s rights to “notice, speedy trial and the
opportunity to defend.” See id. at 615; see also Wickstrom, 118 Wis. 2d at 348-49
(an amendment increasing the maximum penalty was not prejudicial when the
defendant had adequate notice and the ability to defend).

¶14 In sum, for the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of
conviction against Trevino.

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5. (2017-18)

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