State v. David William Krumm

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
May 5, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2019AP243-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2014CT295

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

DAVID WILLIAM KRUMM,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for St. Croix County:
EDWARD F. VLACK III, Judge. Affirmed.

¶1 HRUZ, J.1 David Krumm appeals a judgment, entered upon his
no-contest plea, convicting him of second-offense operating a motor vehicle with a
prohibited alcohol concentration (PAC). Krumm argues the circuit court erred by

1
This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2) (2017-18). All
references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2019AP243-CR

denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a traffic stop, specifically
contending that the law enforcement officer lacked probable cause to request that
he submit to a preliminary breath test (PBT). We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 In November 2014, sergeant Mark Volz of the North Hudson Police
Department observed Krumm’s vehicle traveling at a rate of 46 miles per
hour (mph) in a 25 mph zone at 2:40 a.m. on a Saturday. Volz initiated a traffic
stop. After Volz identified Krumm as the driver, Volz smelled a “strong” odor of
intoxicants on Krumm’s breath. Krumm stated that he had consumed three beers
prior to driving and that his last beer had been “a couple” hours prior. Krumm
also “seemed confused” about what town he was coming from and where he was
going. Volz eventually requested that Krumm perform field sobriety tests, and
Krumm agreed to do so.

¶3 Volz first administered the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test.
Volz observed four out of six clues of impairment. Volz then administered the
walk-and-turn test. On that test, he observed Krumm stumble once while walking
and “stumble[] a little bit when he turned around.” The third test Krumm
performed was the one-leg-stand test, during which he swayed twice. The final
field sobriety test Krumm performed was the alphabet test, in which Volz asked
Krumm to recite the alphabet beginning with the letter “C” and to the letter “X.”
Krumm did so, but he stated incorrectly the last three letters in the sequence as
“W, Y, X.”2

2
On appeal, Krumm disputes the number of impairment clues he exhibited on the
walk-and-turn and one-leg-stand field sobriety tests.

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No. 2019AP243-CR

¶4 After the field sobriety tests, Volz again questioned Krumm
regarding the length of time since his last beer. This time, Krumm responded that
his last drink was an hour prior.

¶5 Krumm then submitted to a PBT, which indicated a 0.147
blood-alcohol content. Krumm was arrested and charged with operating a motor
vehicle while intoxicated (OWI) and PAC, both as second offenses. Krumm
subsequently moved to suppress evidence on the grounds that Volz lacked
probable cause under WIS. STAT. § 343.303 to request the PBT. The circuit court
held a hearing on the motion, at which Volz testified. At a later hearing following
written submissions from both parties, the court denied Krumm’s motion. Relying
upon Volz’s testimony, video of the traffic stop, and our supreme court’s decision
in County of Jefferson v. Renz, 231 Wis. 2d 293, 603 N.W.2d 541 (1999), the
circuit court concluded Volz “had the required degree of probable cause” to
request that Krumm submit to a PBT.

¶6 Following the denial of his suppression motion, Krumm pleaded no
contest to second-offense PAC, and the circuit court found him guilty of that
offense. The parties appear to have agreed to a deferred entry of Krumm’s
conviction, although the specifics of that agreement are not in the appellate record.
Following Krumm’s alleged breach of the parties’ agreement, the court entered
Krumm’s judgment of conviction in January 2019. Krumm now appeals.3

3
A circuit court’s order denying a motion to suppress evidence may be reviewed on
appeal from a judgment of conviction notwithstanding a defendant’s no-contest plea. See WIS.
STAT. § 971.31(10).

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No. 2019AP243-CR

DISCUSSION

¶7 The sole issue Krumm raises on appeal is whether Volz had probable
cause to extend the traffic stop in order to administer a PBT. Whether probable
cause existed in a particular circumstance presents a question of law that we
review independent of the circuit court. See State v. Goss, 2011 WI 104, ¶9, 338
Wis. 2d 72, 806 N.W.2d 918 (quoting Renz, 231 Wis. 2d at 316). We uphold any
factual findings underlying the circuit court’s probable cause determination,
however, unless they are clearly erroneous. Id.

¶8 WISCONSIN STAT. § 343.303 authorizes law enforcement officers to
request a PBT of drivers under certain circumstances. As relevant to Krumm’s
case, an officer may request a PBT if the officer “has probable cause to believe”
that the driver is violating or has violated WIS. STAT. § 346.63(1), which prohibits
driving or operating a motor vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant or with a
prohibited alcohol concentration. See § 343.303. “‘[P]robable cause to believe’
refers to a quantum of proof greater than the reasonable suspicion necessary to
justify an investigative stop … but less than the level of proof required to establish
probable cause for arrest.” Renz, 231 Wis. 2d at 316. We assess the totality of the
circumstances in determining whether probable cause existed to administer a PBT.
See Goss, 338 Wis. 2d 72, ¶9.

¶9 Here, the totality of the circumstances supports Volz’s request for
Krumm to submit to a PBT. We find Renz instructive because of its factual
similarities to this case.

¶10 In Renz, our supreme court concluded that a law enforcement officer
had “the required degree of probable cause to request the defendant to submit to a
PBT.” Renz, 232 Wis. 2d at 317. The defendant “smelled strongly of intoxicants”

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No. 2019AP243-CR

and admitted to “drinking three beers earlier in the evening.” Id. The defendant
displayed two out of eight clues of impairment on the walk-and-turn test, and only
one out of four clues on the one-leg-stand test. Id. at 297-98, 316-17. In addition,
the defendant’s “speech was not slurred, and he was able to substantially complete
all of the tests.” Id. at 317.

¶11 Renz teaches that, here, Volz had the required degree of probable
cause to request of Krumm that he submit to a PBT. The totality of circumstances
illustrates that, notwithstanding Krumm’s “passing” grades on his field sobriety
tests, Krumm exhibited several indicators of intoxication, similar to the defendant
in Renz, to wit: driving at a rate of 46 mph in a 25 mph zone4 at 2:40 a.m. on a
Saturday; smelling strongly of intoxicants; admission to alcohol consumption;
confusion over his comings and goings; and inconsistent answers as to when he
had last consumed an alcoholic beverage. Volz had probable cause to believe that
Krumm had violated or was violating Wisconsin’s OWI laws based upon these
indicators, along with Krumm’s performance on the field sobriety tests. Similar to
the officer in Renz, Volz “was faced with exactly the sort of situation in which a
PBT proves extremely useful in determining whether there is probable cause for
an OWI arrest.” See id.

4
Krumm argues that his driving over 20 mph in excess of the speed limit is actually
“de minimus or counterintuitive to evidence of impairment.” He reasons: “Operating a vehicle at
a speed in excess of the maximum safe speed posted for a highway requires a person to exercise
greater control over the vehicle given the shortened reaction time at higher rates of speed.”
While this assertion is a clever spin of the facts, Krumm’s position lacks support from our case
law, whereas the contrary position does not. See, e.g., State v. Waldner, 206 Wis. 2d 51, 57-58,
556 N.W.2d 681 (1996); City of West Bend v. Wilkens, 2005 WI App 36, ¶19, 278 Wis. 2d 643,
693 N.W.2d 324.

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No. 2019AP243-CR

¶12 Krumm’s arguments for why Volz lacked the required degree of
probable cause to request a PBT are unpersuasive. To begin, he fails to
distinguish his case from the circumstances in Renz. This omission is particularly
noteworthy given that he acknowledges Renz as stating the correct probable cause
standard for challenges to administering a PBT. Moreover, both the circuit court
in its decision and the State in its response brief asserted that the facts and law in
Renz are controlling here. Krumm’s failure to address Renz exacerbates the
shortcomings of his remaining appellate arguments.

¶13 Next, Krumm generally fails to assess the traffic stop in its totality.
Instead, Krumm focuses on facts or circumstances that were absent, such as Volz
not observing Krumm weave from within his lane of travel, have “poor finger
dexterity or lack of coordination,” speak abnormally, or have “glossy or bloodshot
eyes.”

¶14 To use Krumm’s critique of the State’s arguments against him now,
he “ignores and overlooks the actual facts of the instant case by misdirecting the
Court’s attention with blue smoke and mirrors.” We assess the totality of the
circumstances based upon the facts that actually occurred. See State v. Mueller,
No. 2018AP44-CR, unpublished slip op. ¶17 (WI App Feb. 12, 2019); see also
State v. Post, 2007 WI 60, ¶37, 301 Wis. 2d 1, 733 N.W.2d 634 (observing that
when analyzing the totality of the circumstances, individual facts “standing alone,
might well be insufficient,” but when such facts “accumulate,” reasonable
inferences can be drawn based on those facts’ cumulative effect). Krumm’s
totality of the circumstances analysis—in which he omits the plainly relevant facts
described above—is therefore unpersuasive.

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No. 2019AP243-CR

¶15 Finally, Krumm improperly minimizes the probative value of the
results of his field sobriety tests. Krumm’s totality of the circumstances analysis
seemingly disregards his performance on these tests due to his assertion that Volz
improperly administered the HGN test and miscounted impairment clues for the
others. In Krumm’s view, Volz could not have had the requisite degree of
probable cause to request a PBT under the totality of the circumstances when
omitting Krumm’s “invalid” HGN test performance and considering his “passing”
performance on the one-leg-stand and walk-and-turn tests.

¶16 In response, the State concedes that the HGN test was not
administered as set forth by national standards. The State argues, however, that
Krumm’s HGN test results were nonetheless probative pursuant to our decision in
City of West Bend v. Wilkens, 2005 WI App 36, 278 Wis. 2d 643, 693 N.W.2d
324—a case which Krumm again failed to address.

¶17 We agree with the State that, under Wilkens, Krumm’s HGN test
results are probative in the totality of the circumstances analysis notwithstanding
that test’s deficient administration. Wilkens argued the field sobriety tests he
submitted to “were unreliable” and that the police officer’s “observations of and
conclusions … from Wilkens’ performance on the tests should be excluded from
the probable cause analysis.” Id., ¶12 (emphasis omitted). We disagreed, noting
that field sobriety tests “are merely observational tools that law enforcement
officers commonly use to assist them in discerning various indicia of intoxication,
the perception of which is necessarily subjective.” Id., ¶1. Consequently, we held
that “the procedures the officer employed go to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility.” Id.

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No. 2019AP243-CR

¶18 We are not persuaded that the deficient administration of the HGN
test in this case renders the test results so devoid of probative value that they
cannot be considered within the totality of the circumstances analysis. As Wilkens
clearly indicates, the deficient administration of an HGN test goes to the test
results’ weight and probative value within the totality of the circumstances
analysis.

¶19 Here, the circuit court implicitly found Volz a credible witness when
it denied Krumm’s suppression motion. See State v. Quarzenski, 2007 WI App
212, ¶19, 305 Wis. 2d 525, 739 N.W.2d 844. The extent to which the court found
that Krumm exhibited four out of six clues of impairment on the HGN test is
rooted in Volz’s credibility. We defer to the court’s credibility finding in that
regard because it is not clearly erroneous. See id. Moreover, even if we ignored
Krumm’s HGN test results, we have no difficulty in concluding that Volz obtained
the required degree of probable cause to request a PBT when considering the
remaining facts and circumstances for the reasons previously set forth.

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)4.

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