State v. Johnalee A. Kawalec

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
July 24, 2019
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2017AP798-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2012CF64

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

JOHNALEE A. KAWALEC,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Walworth County: JOHN R. RACE and KRISTINE E. DRETTWAN, Judges.
Affirmed.

Before Neubauer, C.J., Gundrum and Hagedorn, JJ.

¶1 HAGEDORN, J. Johnalee A. Kawalec was a power of attorney for
a former family member with whom she later held a joint bank account. The
relationship soured, and Kawalec was accused of taking funds for her personal
No. 2017AP798-CR

use, leading to her conviction for theft by bailee under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b)
(2017-18).1 On appeal, Kawalec asserts that she received constitutionally
deficient legal assistance due to her trial counsel’s lack of knowledge of the
applicable legal standard for her prosecution. Kawalec raises a novel legal theory.
She argues that her counsel’s failure to defend the case based on this theory
constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. While Kawalec was entitled to
defend herself by offering new facts and elements to the crime charged, her theory
is far from clear or settled law. As such, her ineffective assistance of counsel
claim fails. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 In 2005, Henry Kawalec (H.K.) executed a power of attorney (POA)
naming Johnalee Kawalec (Kawalec) and Kawalec’s then-husband2 as his
attorneys in fact. The POA authorized Kawalec to conduct much of H.K.’s
financial and other affairs. The POA also granted Kawalec broad powers, with
some limits, to gift H.K.’s assets to others. However, Kawalec was explicitly
prohibited from making gifts to herself or members of her immediate family
unless she obtained written consent from all of H.K.’s heirs. The parties agree that
by virtue of this POA, Kawalec had a fiduciary obligation not to engage in self-
dealing.

¶3 In 2007, H.K. retitled his bank account with U.S. Bank to give
Kawalec authority to act as the POA on that account. In 2010, H.K. converted this

1
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version.
2
Kawalec and her husband were H.K.’s niece-in-law and nephew, respectively.

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into a joint account and named Kawalec as joint owner. The significance of this
new joint account status is hotly disputed; more on that soon. In any event, a year
later, Kawalec and H.K.’s relationship fell apart. H.K. revoked his POA and
contacted the police with accusations that Kawalec had stolen money from the
bank account.

¶4 Kawalec eventually was charged with two counts of theft by bailee
under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b). Each count alleged that Kawalec had embezzled
more than $10,000 by writing checks from the bank account—the first count
occurring between June 1, 2009, and June 30, 2010, and the second between
July 1, 2010, and August 8, 2011. A jury convicted her of the second count and
acquitted on the first. Kawalec was sentenced to two years of probation and
ordered to pay restitution. She later moved for a new trial on the basis of trial
counsel’s ineffective assistance. The circuit court denied the motion following a
Machner3 hearing, and she now appeals, reasserting her claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel.

DISCUSSION

¶5 Kawalec’s challenge centers on whether her trial counsel knew and
raised appropriate arguments based on the law governing a conviction of theft by
bailee under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b). Since (but not at) trial, Kawalec has
argued that her prosecution failed to properly account for her status as joint owner
of the bank account as defined by WIS. STAT. § 705.03. This argument supplies

3
State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).

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No. 2017AP798-CR

the framework for her specific challenges to the adequacy of trial counsel’s
performance, so there we begin.

¶6 WISCONSIN STAT. § 943.20(1)(b) provides that it is a crime if
someone does as follows:

By virtue of his or her office, business or employment, or
as trustee or bailee, having possession or custody of money
or of a negotiable security, instrument, paper or other
negotiable writing of another, intentionally uses, transfers,
conceals, or retains possession of such money, security,
instrument, paper or writing without the owner’s consent,
contrary to his or her authority, and with intent to convert
to his or her own use or to the use of any other person
except the owner….

The State prosecuted Kawalec under the theory that she was a bailee by virtue of
the POA and her attendant fiduciary obligation not to engage in self-dealing.
Thus, tracking the language of § 943.20(1)(b) (and following the standard jury
instruction), the State was required to prove these four elements beyond a
reasonable doubt:

1. The defendant had possession of money or negotiable
instruments belonging to another because of her status as a
bailee….

2. The defendant intentionally used the money or
negotiable instruments without the owner’s consent and
contrary to the defendant’s authority….

3. The defendant knew that the use of the money or
negotiable instruments was without the owner’s consent
and contrary to the defendant’s authority….

4. The defendant intended to convert the money or
negotiable instruments to her own use or the use of any
other person.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

See WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1444; see also State v. Doss, 2008 WI 93, ¶57, 312 Wis.
2d 570, 754 N.W.2d 150 (citing WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1444; State v. Blaisdell, 85
Wis. 2d 172, 176, 270 N.W.2d 69 (1978)).

¶7 Kawalec argues that WIS. STAT. § 705.03 and her status as joint
owner of the bank account functionally changes the nature of an otherwise
straightforward prosecution under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b). Found within the
civil law statutes related to multiple-party accounts, § 705.03(1) provides that an
owner of a joint account can make withdrawals without being subject to inquiry by
any person “[u]nless there is clear and convincing evidence of a different intent.”
Therefore, the statute serves as codified protection for joint owners to freely
withdraw sums from a joint account. See Lloyd v. Lloyd, 170 Wis. 2d 240, 269,
487 N.W.2d 647 (Ct. App. 1992) (citing Wachniak v. Frank, 140 Wis. 2d 429,
431-32, 410 N.W.2d 621 (Ct. App. 1987)). With its conditional language, the
statute also creates a presumption that depositing funds into a joint account is done
with donative intent—that is, the funds were intended to be available for personal
use by all joint owners. See Russ ex rel. Schwartz v. Russ, 2007 WI 83, ¶31, 302
Wis. 2d 264, 734 N.W.2d 874.

¶8 Kawalec contends that this presumption—that H.K. intended the
funds to be jointly owned and therefore available for Kawalec’s personal use—
should have applied in her case. Even more, she argues that WIS. STAT.
§ 705.03(1) effectively adds another hurdle to a conviction for theft by bailee
under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b)—a hurdle not set forth in the crime’s definition.
The State, she maintains, could only overcome the presumption that she could
spend the money as she wished by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that H.K.
lacked donative intent (i.e., a different intent than the presumed free use by joint
owners) when he converted his bank account into a joint account.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

¶9 As noted above, one of the elements of the State’s burden under
WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b) was Kawalec’s “possession of money or negotiable
instruments belonging to another” due to her status as a bailee. Kawalec
essentially argues that the money she used was not property of another because of
the presumption in WIS. STAT. § 705.03(1). But the statute Kawalec was charged
with violating defines “property of another” as “includ[ing] property in which the
actor is a co-owner and property of a partnership of which the actor is a member,
unless the actor and the victim are husband and wife.” Sec. 943.20(2)(c)
(emphasis added). Therefore, it seems straightforward that property in a jointly
owned bank account is “property of another” under the criminal statute unless the
co-owners are married, which was not the case here. Kawalec offers no credible
response to this.4

¶10 In addition, Kawalec is proposing that the State had the burden to
prove an additional element to convict her of theft by bailee, an element not set
forth in the specific and directly applicable criminal statute. Doss, 312 Wis. 2d
570, ¶57 (reciting the elements required to obtain a conviction for theft under WIS.
STAT. § 943.20(1)(b)). “If two statutes that apply to the same subject are in
conflict, the more specific controls.” State v. Anthony D.B., 2000 WI 94, ¶11,
237 Wis. 2d 1, 614 N.W.2d 435. Under well-settled principles of statutory
interpretation, even though WIS. STAT. § 705.03 protects joint-account owners

4
Kawalec argues that this definition does not apply because “property of another”
appears only in WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(a), not (1)(b). But as the State points out, para. (1)(b)
prohibits conversion of “money,” and “money” clearly falls within the common sense and
statutory definition of property under § 943.20(2)(b) (“‘Property’ means all forms of tangible
property ….”). We also note that the penalties under § 943.20(3) all hinge on the “value of the
property.” Thus, the only reasonable reading is that any theft under § 943.20 is theft of
“property.”

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No. 2017AP798-CR

from civil liability, the natural reading would not require adding to or modifying
the elements amounting to criminal liability established by the legislature in
§ 943.20(1)(b).5

¶11 Because this case is before us under the rubric of ineffective
assistance of counsel, we need not authoritatively decide whether the legal theory
underlying Kawalec’s claim is correct. Given that, at best, her claim is based on
an unsettled theory and a suggested change to the legal elements of the underlying
crime—a theory without any supporting authority to back it up—Kawalec’s
ineffective assistance of counsel challenges fall short.

¶12 Whether a defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel is a
mixed question of law and fact. State v. Villegas, 2018 WI App 9, ¶23, 380 Wis.
2d 246, 908 N.W.2d 198. Unless they are clearly erroneous, we will uphold the
circuit court’s findings of fact, which include the circumstances of the case and
counsel’s conduct and strategy. State v. Domke, 2011 WI 95, ¶33, 337 Wis. 2d
268, 805 N.W.2d 364. Whether those facts establish that counsel provided
ineffective assistance presents a question of law that we review de novo. Villegas,
380 Wis. 2d 246, ¶23.

¶13 The right to counsel is guaranteed by the United States and
Wisconsin Constitutions. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; WIS. CONST. art. I, § 7; see
also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984) (“[T]he right to counsel
is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.” (emphasis added; citation
omitted)). To determine whether a convicted defendant received constitutionally

5
This conclusion also undermines Kawalec’s reliance on Russ ex rel. Schwartz v. Russ,
2007 WI 83, 302 Wis. 2d 264, 734 N.W.2d 874, a civil case not involving WIS. STAT. § 943.20.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

ineffective assistance requires the defendant to establish that counsel’s
performance was deficient and that this deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. Villegas, 380 Wis. 2d 246, ¶23. The defendant must satisfy both prongs
to be entitled to relief. Id.

¶14 To establish deficient performance, the defendant must show that
counsel’s representation fell below the objective standard of “reasonably effective
assistance.” Domke, 337 Wis. 2d 268, ¶36 (citation omitted). “[F]ailure to raise
arguments that require the resolution of unsettled legal questions generally does
not render a lawyer’s services ‘outside the wide range of professionally competent
assistance’ sufficient to satisfy the Sixth Amendment.” State v. Breitzman, 2017
WI 100, ¶49, 378 Wis. 2d 431, 904 NW.2d 93 (citation omitted). “Rather,
‘ineffective assistance of counsel cases should be limited to situations where the
law or duty is clear ….’” Id. (citation omitted).

¶15 To establish prejudice, the defendant must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. Villegas, 380 Wis. 2d 246, ¶24. “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Domke, 337 Wis. 2d 268, ¶54 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
The likelihood of a different result must be substantial: “It is not sufficient for the
defendant to show that his counsel’s errors ‘had some conceivable effect on the
outcome of the proceeding.’” Id. (citation omitted). In considering this prong, we
examine the totality of the circumstances to determine whether counsel’s
performance, in the context of the entire case, deprived the defendant of a fair
trial. Id.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

¶16 Kawalec asserts that she was prejudiced by her trial counsel’s
failures to (1) present testimony of two bankers from U.S. Bank regarding H.K.’s
donative intent in creating the joint account, and (2) object to jury instructions
related to her alleged statuses as a bailee and a joint-account owner. Each of
Kawalec’s claims is founded at least in part on her theory that, due to WIS. STAT.
§ 705.03, a presumption of H.K.’s donative intent should have factored into her
prosecution.

¶17 With her first claim, Kawalec contends that the bankers would have
provided “crucial evidence” that H.K. created and funded the joint account with
the intent to give her the funds.6 She states that counsel’s failure to present this
evidence was prejudicial because such testimony “would have added a great deal
of substance and credibility to her joint ownership defense.”

¶18 As explained above, Kawalec’s theory that the State had the burden
to prove H.K.’s donative intent as an additional element of the crime has never
been previously stated in our cases nor is it present in the criminal statute itself.
Kawalec’s counsel was not deficient for failing to defend the case under this
theory. We are also unpersuaded that it was deficient for Kawalec’s counsel to
believe that a person can be prosecuted under WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b) for
stealing property he or she co-owns as the statute plainly suggests. In short,

6
One of the bankers, H.K.’s financial advisor, testified at trial, while the other banker,
H.K.’s personal banker, was presented at the posttrial evidentiary hearing. At trial, the former
testified to joint accounts generally, as well as U.S. Bank’s recognition of the joint account owned
by H.K. and Kawalec; however, only the latter was present when H.K. converted his bank
account to a joint account.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

failing to offer witnesses to support Kawalec’s novel theory was not deficient
performance.7

¶19 Kawalec’s second claim centers on two jury instructions that were
not objected to by counsel. She contends that in each instance counsel’s lack of
knowledge as to the applicable legal standard was prejudicial.

¶20 The first disputed instruction dealt with the issue of joint ownership:

You have heard testimony from [H.K.] that the funds in the
US Bank account were the property of [H.K.] You have
also heard testimony of the US Bank financial advisor that
the bank recognized Johnalee Kawalec as a joint owner of
the account. You are to determine what effect, if any, the
bank’s designation of the defendant as a “[Joint Owner
Other]” has on this case when considering whether the
defendant is guilty or not guilty of these offenses.

¶21 Kawalec argues that the instruction misstated the proper legal
standard because it was not focused on H.K.’s alleged donative intent, which in
turn left the effect of Kawalec’s joint ownership in doubt. She also contends that
the jury was falsely instructed that H.K. clearly testified that the joint-account
funds were his property, which undercut other evidence showing he expressed
donative intent that the funds were joint property. As already noted, not pursuing
an amended instruction to address Kawalec’s legal theory centered on donative
intent was not deficient performance.8 Moreover, the instruction correctly
7
To the extent Kawalec argues that counsel’s performance was deficient because the
witnesses’ testimony would have been useful for her defense beyond her theory based on WIS.
STAT. § 705.03, we do not find such arguments developed and need not address them further.
State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (rejecting undeveloped
arguments).
8
As with our conclusion on the first ineffective assistance challenge, Kawalec has not
sufficiently developed any arguments for our review of this challenge beyond her theory based on
WIS. STAT. § 705.03. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d at 646-47.

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informed the jury of factual evidence presented at trial, and therefore we find
nothing wrong with counsel’s decision not to object.

¶22 The other disputed instruction involved the recitation of the elements
of WIS. STAT. § 943.20(1)(b), the first of which read: “The defendant had
possession of money or negotiable instruments belonging to another because of
her status as a bailee. A person who acts as a power of attorney is a bailee.”
Kawalec asserts that the State was unfairly advantaged because the second
sentence—which was added to the standard jury instruction without objection—
made it seem as though her status as a bailee was proven as a matter of law by
virtue of H.K.’s POA. She also argues that the instruction misstates the law
because whether she was a bailee as opposed to a joint owner was dependent on
H.K.’s intent.9

¶23 We once more reject the argument based on Kawalec’s novel theory;
however, we agree with her claim insofar as the instruction lowered, if not
relieved, the State’s burden of proving an element of the offense charged beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Harvey, 2002 WI 93, ¶23, 254 Wis. 2d 442, 647
N.W.2d 189. By informing the jury that Kawalec was a bailee if she was an

9
We conducted supplemental briefing in this case, throughout which Kawalec’s
argument continued to evolve. In her first briefs, she argued that her attorney was ineffective for
not indicating her status as a bailee depended on H.K.’s intent when creating the joint account.
Her argument in supplemental briefing is essentially that when Kawalec became a joint owner of
the bank account, the agency relationship was severed, and that a joint-account owner cannot be
prosecuted for embezzlement unless the State proved by clear and convincing evidence that H.K.
had a different intent in adding Kawalec as a joint owner to the account.

This newer argument is problematic in part because it is new on supplemental briefing,
and also because the criminal statute defines “property of another” to include a co-owner, as
explained above. Her only reply is to resort to WIS. STAT. § 705.03, but that civil statute does not
change the criminal statute’s clear terms. And again, Kawalec has no credible response to this.

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No. 2017AP798-CR

attorney in fact, the instruction presumptively answered a question of fact as to
whether Kawalec was acting as a bailee. See State v. Dohn, 216 Wis. 367, 368-
69, 257 N.W. 21 (1934) (“The case will be properly disposed of by determining
whether the evidence supports the conclusion that the defendant was in fact a
bailee ….”); Burns v. State, 145 Wis. 373, 380, 128 N.W. 987 (1910) (“It is
suggested that the court should have defined the term ‘bailee,’ as used in the
statute and left it to the jury to find the fact as to whether the circumstances
satisfied such statute or not.”).

¶24 Even so, Kawalec was not prejudiced by this error because the
record clearly establishes that Kawalec was acting as a bailee during the relevant
period. A bailment is defined by a person’s lawful possession of and duty to
account for the property of another. See Yao v. Chapman, 2005 WI App 200, ¶19,
287 Wis. 2d 445, 705 N.W.2d 272 (quoting Burns, 145 Wis. at 380). H.K.’s POA
authorized Kawalec to handle his financial affairs by using funds in his bank
account. In conjunction with that authority, however, Kawalec had a fiduciary
obligation to not engage in self-dealing. Thus, Kawalec was a bailee because she
could lawfully possess H.K.’s money as long as she accounted for such funds in
compliance with the POA. Accordingly, Kawalec has not established a reasonable
probability that the jury’s verdict would have been different had counsel
objected.10

10
In response to this court’s request for additional briefing on the matter, Kawalec
contends that we should exercise our discretionary reversal authority under WIS. STAT. § 752.35
because the issue of H.K.’s intent was not fully tried. Kawalec’s argument is premised on the
same challenges underlying her assistance of counsel claims that we reject above. Accordingly,
we decline to exercise our authority to order a new trial here. State v. Jones, 2010 WI App 133,
¶43, 329 Wis. 2d 498, 791 N.W.2d 390 (rejecting call for reversal based on already rejected
contentions).

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No. 2017AP798-CR

CONCLUSION

¶25 Because we conclude that Kawalec failed to establish she received
ineffective assistance of counsel, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed

Not recommended for publication in the official reports.

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