White Star Energy, Inc and County Royalty Acquisition Program, Inc. D/B/A Reagan County Royalty Company, Inc. v. Ridgefield Permian Minerals, LLC.

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

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No. 08-24-00063-CV

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White Star Energy, Inc and County Royalty Acquisition Program, Inc.
d/b/a Reagan County Royalty Company, Inc., Appellant

v.

Ridgefield Permian Minerals, LLC., Appellee

On Appeal from the 112th District Court
Reagan County, Texas
Trial Court No. CV02505

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
I write separately to explain my view of the governing rule on remand, as reflected in recent

U.S. Supreme Court and Texas Supreme Court precedent. In Mitchell, I authored an opinion for

this Court concluding that deed records alone could not prove a due process violation in the

absence of evidence that the owner still used the address years later. Mitchell v. MAP Res., Inc.,

615 S.W.3d 212, 222 n.6 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020), rev’d and remanded, 649 S.W.3d 180

(Tex. 2022). The Texas Supreme Court reversed, declining to impose that requirement and held

that the deeds and the clerk’s record of service conclusively established a due process violation
and defeated the statute of limitations. Mitchell v. MAP Res., Inc., 649 S.W.3d 180, 191–92

(Tex. 2022). In Gill, the Court did not overrule that holding but only clarified that a nonmovant-

plaintiff asserting a similar due-process violation must attach the pertinent records to a response

or cross-motion for summary judgment. Gill v. Hill, 688 S.W.3d 863, 871–72 (Tex. 2024), cert.

denied, 145 S. Ct. 274 (2024). It bears noting here that this case concerns cross-motions for

summary judgment, not a singular motion as was addressed in Gill. Thus, following Mitchell and

our well-established standard of review, I would consider the parties’ motions and evidence

together, not treat them as having been filed separately. To explain, I begin with the applicable

standard of review.

A. Standard of review

The standard of review in cases of cross-motions for summary judgment requires that we

consider both sides’ evidence. Mitchell, 649 S.W.3d at 188. Because this case has been remanded,

I do not reach a conclusion on the sufficiency of the evidence attached to either motion.1 To the

extent the Court reached a conclusion relying heavily on Gill, yet still remanded the case for further

development, I disagree with that approach. Before reaching conclusions, I would instead consider

both sides’ evidence and address all questions together as done in Mitchell.

B. The Mitchell holding

In my view, Mitchell provides controlling authority on remand because the facts in that

case closely mirror those alleged here. The heirs of Elizabeth Mitchell collaterally attacked a 1999

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Distinguishable from Gill, Ridgefield attached 13 documents to its cross-motion—but did not attach the complete
foreclosure record including the statement of evidence, which the Supreme Court found particularly relevant in
Mitchell. See Mitchell, 649 S.W. 3d at 186. Ridgefield did include what appears to be images of two pages of a tax
roll containing an address for Bradford which it attached to an unsworn declaration by an individual who does not
purport to be a custodian of records. Objections about authenticity were raised but not ruled on by the trial court.
Ridgefield also attached a request for admission that the record contained a “property description” (not Bradford’s
address), to which White Star replied, “the document speaks for itself.” On remand, the parties’ positions on these
records could be clarified with further development.

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default judgment that had foreclosed a tax lien on their predecessor’s property. Id. at 185. Elizabeth

died in 2009, and her heirs sued in 2015 to declare the foreclosure judgment void for lack of proper

service. Id. at 183–84. The summary-judgment record included (1) the clerk’s record from the

foreclosure suit, which contained no citations or returns reflecting attempted personal service on

Elizabeth, and (2) eight publicly recorded warranty deeds listing Elizabeth’s mailing address (P.O.

Box 428, Van Horn, TX 79855). Id. at 184, 186 n.4. The Texas Supreme Court, citing both Texas

and federal law, held those two categories of summary-judgment evidence conclusively proved a

due-process violation. Id. at 196–97.

Mitchell supplies two controlling principles for establishing that a tax judgment is void for

lack of due process. First, the absence of citations and returns of service in the clerk’s record

conclusively proves that personal service was not attempted. Id. at 192 n.12 (citing McKanna v.

Edgar, 388 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. 1965)); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 25 (“Each clerk shall keep a file

docket which shall show . . . the officer’s return on the process[.]”); Tex. R. Civ. P. 99 (“The clerk

must retain a copy of the citation in the court’s file.”); Tex. R. Civ. P. 107(g), (h) (stating that the

return of service “and any document to which it is attached must be filed with the court” and that

default judgment cannot be granted “until proof of service . . . shall have been on file with the clerk

of the court ten days”); Tex. R. Civ. P. 244 (stating rules for service by publication and that “in

every such case a statement of the evidence, approved and signed by the judge, shall be filed with

the papers of the cause as a part of the record”). Second, publicly recorded deeds and tax records

are conclusive evidence of an address—a known address, not necessarily a correct address—where

service should have been attempted. Mitchell, 649 S.W.3d at 190. As Mitchell explained, the U.S.

Supreme Court has consistently held that tax authorities must attempt service at the owner’s “last

known available address.” Id. (quoting Mennonite Bd. of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S. 791, 798

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(1983)); see also Walker v. City of Hutchinson, 352 U.S. 112, 116 n.5 (1956) (stating “the city

must give notice to property owners by mailing a copy of the newspaper notice to their last known

resident”); Schroeder v. City of New York, 371 U.S. 208, 210–11, 214 (1962) (requiring a good-

faith effort to make service at last known address in deed records and tax rolls).2

Applying that standard, Mitchell held that the deeds which listed a post office box and the

absence of a record of service attempts in the foreclosure file conclusively established that the

foreclosure judgment was void for lack of service and subject to collateral attack, notwithstanding

statutory limitations under §§ 33.54(a)(1) and 34.08(a) of the Texas Tax Code. Mitchell, 649

S.W.3d at 193–94 (citing PNS Stores, Inc. v. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d 267, 273 (Tex. 2012)).

C. The Gill decision

Unlike Mitchell, the procedural posture of Gill is distinguishable from this case. In Gill,

successors to tax-foreclosed property filed suit to void a twenty-year-old judgment for lack of due

process. Gill, 688 S.W.3d at 865–67. Unlike in Mitchell, only the purchaser (Hill) moved for

summary judgment and attached the sheriff’s deed to establish the one-year limitations bar in §

33.54(a)(1) of the Tax Code. Id. at 867. Clarifying the burden framework under Draughon v.

Johnson, 631 S.W.3d 81 (Tex. 2021), the Court held that while the defendant must prove the

running of limitations, a plaintiff invoking a due-process violation must raise a fact issue with

evidence to avoid limitations, and that the Gill parties had failed to meet that burden because they

responded without evidence. Gill, 688 S.W.3d at 868–69. The Court rejected a request to judicially

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Moreover, the Supreme Court has extended the last-known-address rule by holding that proof of attempted service
by certified letter to the address on record was insufficient when the letter was returned unclaimed. Jones v. Flowers,
547 U.S. 220, 232 (2006) (applying Due Process Clause to state-law summary judgment). In such cases, the tax
authority was required to take additional steps such as posting a notice on the property or at the property owner’s last
known address—or, as some states require, searching for the property owner’s “correct” address. Id. at 228 n.2. The
Court clarified that searching for a new address was not constitutionally required; rather, the tax authority’s burden
was to produce record evidence that it followed traditional methods of posting or left a notice of attempted delivery at
the property or address on record. Id. at 233–36.

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notice Mitchell’s facts, emphasizing that whether due process was satisfied is an individualized

inquiry. Id. at 871. Hill thus met his limitations burden; but because neither Mitchell nor Draughon

governed at the time of the trial-court proceedings, the case was remanded for further proceedings.

Id. at 871–72.

Gill clarified that posting at the courthouse might suffice if record evidence shows the

property owner could not be located after a diligent inquiry. Id. at 871. But the Court did not qualify

or limit in any way Mitchell’s holding as to what evidence does suffice to establish lack of

diligence. See id. at 871–72 (citing Mitchell for “discussing what distinguishes the adequacy of

notice by posting versus notice by service” and noting that Mitchell “substantially clarified the

law”). The Court explained, “[u]nlike the petitioners in Mitchell, the Gill Parties adduced no

individualized proof regarding the ease or difficulty with which Gill could have been located and

served.” Id. at 871. The Court specified that sufficient individualized proof in Mitchell consisted

of “‘warranty deeds on file in the public records at the time of the foreclosure suit’ . . . show[ing]

an address at which the former property owner, their predecessor in interest, could have been

reached.” Id. at 868–69.

In short, Gill cannot be read to require evidence of a current address beyond the evidence

it expressly identified as sufficient—decade-old deed records. Unlike tax rolls, which are updated

annually, deed records are never required to be updated. The tax authority’s burden is simply to

show service attempts at the “last known” address. Mitchell, 649 S.W.3d at 190 (quoting

Mennonite, 462 U.S. at 798).

D. Ridgefield must produce competent summary judgment evidence under
Mitchell

In sum, Ridgefield’s claim turns on whether it can produce evidence, as required by

Mitchell, showing that the 1999 foreclosure judgment was obtained after service by posting despite

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the availability of Bradford’s address in public records. On remand, the parties should fully

develop the summary-judgment record to address that issue, including the complete foreclosure

file and any tax or property records bearing on diligence in service. Based on that record, the trial

court can apply the Mitchell standard to determine whether the judgment is void and subject to

collateral attack notwithstanding the statute of limitations.3 Having addressed these points, I

respectfully concur with the remand though I disagree with certain aspects of the analysis.

GINA M. PALAFOX, Justice

November 18, 2025

Before Palafox and Soto, JJ., and Rodriguez, C.J. (Ret.)
Rodriguez, C.J. (Ret.) (sitting by assignment)
Palafox, J., concurring and dissenting

3
Ridgefield raised an additional argument not ruled upon that its trespass-to-try-title claim is not subject to limitations
based on Ridgefield Permian, LLC v. Diamondback E&P, LLC, 626 S.W.3d 357 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, pet
denied). Oddly, the Court omits this case from its discussion and instead mentions cases cited by White Star—Haynes
v. DOH Oil Co., 647 S.W.3d 793, 800 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022, no pet.) (not followed by Bush v. Yarborough Oil
& Gas, LP, 705 S.W.3d 451, 467–68 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2024, pet. denied)); Roberts v. T.P. Three Enterprises, Inc.,
321 S.W.3d 674, 679 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (implicitly overruled by Mitchell, 649
S.W.3d at 195 n.14). As Ridgefield notes, we held in Diamondback that the statute of limitations did not apply to a
title suit alleging that a tax judgment did not foreclose its interest, but instead “present[ed] a question of proper
interpretation of the Tax Judgment and Sheriff’s Deed in accord with Texas Law and the plain language of the
documents, as opposed to a collateral attack on the validity of these instruments[.]” 626 S.W.3d at 371. We reaffirmed
that holding in Bush. See Bush, 705 S.W.3d at 467–68 (noting that we held in Diamondback that “§ 33.54 did not
apply to suits to determine the scope of a foreclosure” and reiterating that “we do not believe § 33.54 was intended to
limit ‘scope’ suits”). Ridgefield understandably asks that we apply Diamondback because we ruled in its favor that a
similar tax judgment from the same mass foreclosure at issue in Mitchell did not foreclose its interest. In Bush, for
instance, we determined a 1948 tax judgment did not foreclose the interest of an unnamed defendant who was not
named, cited, or served. Id. at 465. As we explained, there is no time limit under the trespass-to-try-title statute or the
Declaratory Judgments Act for seeking a judicial interpretation of deeds and judgments, although the Legislature has
set forth a series of limitation periods for real property actions based on adverse possession. Id. at 469; see also
Tex. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ch.16. Otherwise, no judgment and no chain of title would be truly final. Bush, 705
S.W.3d at 469.

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