In the Matter of the Marriage of Rebecca Christine Liardon and Ronald Alfred Liardon and in the Interest of J.A.L., a Child v. the State of Texas

Court of Appeals
Tenth Appellate District of Texas

10-23-00428-CV

In the Matter of the Marriage of Rebecca Christine Liardon and Ronald
Alfred Liardon and In the Interest of J.A.L., a Child

On appeal from the
220th District Court of Bosque County, Texas
Judge Shaun D. Carpenter, presiding
Trial Court Cause No. CV22-254

JUSTICE SMITH delivered the opinion of the Court.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Ronald Alfred Liardon appeals from the trial court’s final divorce decree,

complaining in three issues of the division of property. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Ronald and Rebecca Liardon were married in 2006. Rebecca filed for

divorce in 2022, seeking orders regarding their minor son, division of property,

and reimbursement for funds expended by the community estate for the benefit

of Ronald’s separate estate, and reimbursement for funds expended by her

separate estate for the benefit of the community. In the final divorce decree,
the trial court included the appropriate provisions regarding their son, divided

the marital estate, and without specifically addressing Rebecca’s request for

reimbursement, denied all relief not expressly granted.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTY

In his first and second issues, Ronald contends the trial court abused its

discretion by characterizing certain property as community property when

part of it was his separate property and part of it belonged to his mother, Linda

Liardon. The alleged mischaracterization, he contends, resulted in an unfair

division of property.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s division of property under an abuse of discretion

standard. Kelly v. Kelly, 634 S.W.3d 335, 346 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2021, no pet.). Legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are relevant factors

in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. Id. We consider

whether the trial court had sufficient information upon which to exercise its

discretion and whether it erred in its application of that discretion. Id.

A party who seeks to assert the separate character of property must

prove that character by clear and convincing evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 3.003(b). Clear and convincing evidence is the measure or degree of proof

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 2
that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as

to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. Id. § 101.007.

In a legal sufficiency review of a finding concerning the separate

character of property, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to

the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed

a firm belief or conviction that the finding was true. Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 347.

We credit evidence favoring the finding if a reasonable factfinder could and

disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. City of

Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). We must indulge every

reasonable inference that would support the verdict. Id. at 822. As long as the

evidence falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we may not

substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 347.

In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due

consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be

clear and convincing. Id. We determine whether, based on the entire record,

a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the

allegations were proven. Id.

The factfinder is the only judge of testimonial weight. See Eckhardt v.

Eckhardt, 695 S.W.3d 883, 888 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2024, no pet.).

When the testimony of witnesses is conflicting, we will not disturb the

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 3
credibility determinations made by the factfinder, and we presume that the

factfinder resolved any conflicts in favor of the verdict. Id.

Applicable Law

A trial court is charged with dividing the community estate in a “just and

right” manner, considering the rights of both parties. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 7.001. Whether property is separate or community property is determined

by the facts that, according to rules of law, give character to the property at its

inception. Barnett v. Barnett, 67 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. 2001); Boyd v. Boyd,

131 S.W.3d 605, 612 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.). Inception of title

occurs when a party first has a right of claim to the property by virtue of which

title is finally vested. See Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 349.

Community property consists of the property, other than separate

property, acquired by either spouse during the marriage. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 3.002. A spouse’s separate property consists of (1) the property owned or

claimed by the spouse before marriage; (2) the property acquired by the spouse

during marriage by gift, devise, or descent; and (3) the recovery for personal

injuries sustained by the spouse during marriage, except any recovery for loss

of earning capacity during marriage. TEX. CONST. art. 16, § 15; TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 3.001.

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We presume property possessed by either spouse during or on dissolution

of the marriage is community property. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.003(a). The

burden of overcoming the community property presumption is on the party

asserting otherwise. See Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 348. The party contesting a

community property designation must trace and clearly identify the property

claimed to be separate. Tarver v. Tarver, 394 S.W.2d 780, 783 (Tex. 1965).

Tracing involves establishing the separate origin of the property through

evidence showing how the spouse originally obtained possession of the

property. Boyd, 131 S.W.3d at 612. Separate property will retain its character

through a series of exchanges so long as the party asserting separate

ownership can overcome the presumption of community property by tracing

the assets on hand during the marriage back to property that, because of its

time and manner of acquisition, is separate in character. Id. As a general rule,

mere testimony that property was purchased with separate funds, without any

tracing of the funds, is insufficient to rebut the community presumption. Id.

Any doubt as to the character of property should be resolved in favor of the

community estate. Id.

However, if the evidence shows that separate and community property

have been so commingled as to defy resegregation and identification, the

community presumption prevails. See Est. of Hanau v. Hanau, 730 S.W.2d

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 5
663, 667 (Tex. 1987). When separate property has not been commingled or its

identity as such can be traced, the statutory presumption is dispelled. Moroch

v. Collins, 174 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied). If the

trial court mischaracterizes a spouse’s separate property as community

property and awards some of the property to the other spouse, then the trial

court abuses its discretion and reversibly errs. Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 348.

Discussion

The divorce decree does not identify any separate property owned by

either party, or Linda Liardon, Ronald’s mother. All property addressed in the

decree is identified in a section entitled “Division of Marital Estate.” We

therefore imply findings that the assets were community property. See

Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam); Eggemeyer

v. Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d 137, 139 (Tex. 1977) (per curiam) (holding the

“estate” of the parties subject to division includes only the community property

of the parties).

In his second issue, Ronald asserts that he possessed separate property

in the form of bank accounts, his farming operation and associated equipment,

and his 50% ownership in the cattle operation, along with its associated

equipment. He contends his separate property was mischaracterized as

community property, causing a substantial disparity in the resulting division

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 6
of the marital estate, making it manifestly unjust and unfair. Ronald

repeatedly argues that the evidence does not support an inference that any of

the property is community property. He appears to misconstrue the standard

and fails to appreciate his burden to overcome the community property

presumption.

The trial testimony is cryptic, and the exhibits are incomplete. The

record shows that, since before the marriage, Ronald and his mother ran a

cattle operation, and Ronald farmed on the property. Rebecca testified that

the following items were acquired during the marriage: a planter, grain drill,

combine, cotton stripper, John Deere 7220, dozer, shredder, plow, trailers, and

grain cart. She considers those items to be community property. She testified

that there were roughly the same number of cattle before they married as there

are now. They currently have fifty cows and two bulls that she claims are

community property.

Ronald testified that he purchased a flatbed trailer before the marriage.

During the marriage, he traded a previously purchased cattle trailer for a

different one of equal value. Also, he testified that he traded a disc plow for a

different disc plow of equal value. He does not have any documents to support

his testimony. This evidence did not adequately trace these assets back to

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their origin and did not overcome the community property presumption

regarding these items. See Boyd, 131 S.W.3d at 612.

Ronald testified that his mother owns half of the dozer and the John

Deere 7220 but provided no documentation. He explained that he used USDA

money to buy the tractor, but that money had been deposited in his farm

account. Although he made a vague reference to “the partnership on the cattle

with [his] mother,” Ronald did not offer any testimony about the livestock. He

did not testify as to the other items awarded to him as personal property that

he now contends are his separate property used in the farming and cattle

operations. Where a spouse owns a business, business equipment, furnishings

or other items on hand at the time of the divorce are presumptively community

property. Hopf v. Hopf, 841 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1992, no writ). Ronald did not present sufficient evidence for the trial court to

form a firm belief that the livestock and equipment used in the farming and

cattle operations were separate property. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.003(b);

Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 349.

Rebecca testified that the two National Life Group accounts and the

Sunflower Bank CD are community property. Ronald explained that the

National Life Group accounts began as one policy and had been in existence

for over thirty years, having been rolled over from one account to another. He

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also testified that he added money to those accounts from 2006 through 2015,

during the marriage. Thus, even assuming they were separate property, there

was comingling of community and separate funds in the National Life Group

accounts. See Est. of Hanau, 730 S.W.2d at 667. Additionally, Ronald

produced no tracing evidence to show the origin of these accounts, or how much

of the money in the accounts is separate or community funds. See Osorno v.

Osorno, 76 S.W.3d 509, 512 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.)

(holding husband’s testimony insufficient to overcome the community

presumption in the absence of deposit slips or bank records tracing the source

of the funds). Therefore, Ronald did not overcome the presumption that the

National Life group accounts were community property. See Tarver, 394

S.W.2d at 783.

Ronald did not agree that the Sunflower Bank CD is community

property, stating that it was opened maybe forty years ago. However, he had

no documentation showing the account’s origin. Further, that CD had been at

two different banks before moving it to the current Sunflower Bank location,

none of which is documented. Ronald also testified that a money market

account, which he described as a savings account, is his separate property, but

he had no documentation to support the claim. He testified that he has not put

any money in the money market account or the CD since they were married.

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But his testimony seemed contradictory. He explained that the money market

account was at Bank of America, but now “most of it” is in a bank in Cranfills

Gap. When he moved it, he “upped the CD about 25 and deposited the rest in

money market.” There is no tracing evidence for either the Sunflower Bank

CD or the money market account, and Ronald has not rebutted the community

property presumption as to these two accounts. See Osorno, 76 S.W.3d at 512.

The record shows a checking account in Ronald’s name, designated

“Farm Account.” This account is presumptively community property. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 3.003(a). Ronald asserts the farm account is separate

property apparently because he has been a farmer since he was three, the farm

is a business, the farm account is specifically for the farm, the farm’s income

was used to improve the farm, essentially no income is reported and taxed as

it is all put toward capital improvements, and the farm has been in operation

since before the marriage. The record includes two farm account statements,

January 2021, showing a balance of $174,914.93, and May 2023, showing a

balance of $96,495.47. Neither statement reflects any deposits. Ronald agreed

with counsel that there is always money coming in and coming out. There is

no explanation for the origin of the funds in the farm account and no showing

that it is separate property. See Tarver, 394 S.W.2d at 783. Thus, Ronald did

not overcome the presumption that the farm account is community property.

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See Boyd, 131 S.W.3d at 612. Further, to the extent the account may reflect

business income, any income earned during the marriage is presumed to be

community property. See In re Tyeskie, 558 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2018, pet. denied); Hopf, 841 S.W.2d at 900 (earnings during

marriage from business that existed before the marriage and business

accounts receivable were community property).

Ronald seems to complain that the trial court erred in categorizing the

“cattle account” as community property. The trial court sent a letter to the

parties asking Rebecca’s attorney to draft a final judgment in accordance with

rulings contained in the letter. Although a table labeled Exhibit 1, attached to

the letter, lists the “FSSB CGAP Joint w/Linda Acct #420” in Ronald’s column,

that account is not listed in the final decree. The final decree awards to Ronald

sums on deposit in accounts in his sole name, or from which he has the sole

right to withdraw funds, or which are subject to his sole control. Thus, the

trial court did not categorize the cattle account as community property or

award it in the divorce decree.

Ronald did not discharge his burden to rebut the community

presumption by clear and convincing evidence with regard to any of the

property he claims as his separate property. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 3.003(b); Boyd, 131 S.W.3d at 612. Thus, the evidence presented is not such

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 11
that the trial court could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction

that any of the items alleged to be Ronald’s separate property are his separate

property. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007. The trial court did not abuse

its discretion by its characterization of the parties’ property. See Kelly, 634

S.W.3d at 346. We overrule Ronald’s second issue.

In his first issue, Ronald asserts the trial court committed legal error in

characterizing Linda Liardon’s 50% ownership in certain equipment, the

cattle, and the cattle account as community property, resulting in a divestiture

of her ownership in her separate property. He argues this is an abuse of

discretion requiring reversal for a new trial on the division of the marital

estate.

We agree that assets belonging to a third party are not part of the

marital estate and therefore not subject to division by the trial court. Collins

v. Collins, 345 S.W.3d 644, 650-51 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

Mischaracterization of a third party’s property as a part of the community

estate is error affecting the trial court’s “just and right” division. Sheshtawy v.

Sheshtawy, 150 S.W.3d 772, 780 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. denied).

In this issue, Ronald appears to be attempting to assert Linda Liardon’s

claim to the property. Linda Liardon was not a party to these proceedings, and

Ronald does not have standing to complain on her behalf. See Paul v. Merrill

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 12
Lynch Trust Co. of Tex., 183 S.W.3d 805, 811-12 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no

pet.). Any interest Linda Liardon may claim does not deprive the trial court of

jurisdiction to divide between Ronald and Rebecca whatever interests they

may have in the property. K.B. v. K.B., 811 S.W.2d 634, 641 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1991, writ denied). To the extent Ronald may be attempting to

complain in this issue that inclusion of property allegedly owned by Linda

Liardon led to an erroneous division of the community estate, he has not

provided sufficient documentation or evidence tracing the cattle operation

equipment or cattle back to its origin. See Boyd, 131 S.W.3d at 612. Ronald

has not overcome the community property presumption regarding these items.

See Kelly, 634 S.W.3d at 348. Contrary to Ronald’s assertion, the divorce

decree does not award the cattle account to either spouse. We overrule issue

one.

REBECCA’S REIMBURSEMENT CLAIMS

Ronald lists his third issue as a complaint regarding the trial court’s

disposition of Rebecca’s claims for reimbursement. However, he included no

argument or authority in support of this issue in the body of the brief. Texas

Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i) requires that an appellant’s brief “contain

a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate

citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). The failure

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to provide substantive analysis of an issue or cite appropriate authority waives

a complaint on appeal. Taylor v. Meador, 326 S.W.3d 682, 684 (Tex. App.—El

Paso 2010, no pet.). Ronald waived his third issue because it is inadequately

briefed. We therefore overrule Ronald’s third issue.

CONCLUSION

Ronald did not meet his burden to overcome the community property

presumption or show the trial court abused its discretion. Accordingly, we

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

STEVE SMITH
Justice

OPINION DELIVERED and FILED: May 29, 2025
Before Justice Smith,
Justice Harris, and
Senior Chief Justice Wright 1
Affirm
CV06

1
The Honorable Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired) of the Eleventh Court of Appeals, sitting
by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas.

In re Marriage of Liardon Page 14