Davis v. Smith

1 Cite as: 604 U. S. ____ (2025)
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
CYNTHIA DAVIS, WARDEN v. DAVID M. SMITH
ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED
STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
No. 24–421. Decided January 27, 2025
The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.
J
USTICE THOMAS, with whom JUSTICE ALITO joins, dis-
senting from the denial of certiorari.
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (AEDPA) sharply limits the power of federal habeas
courts to review state criminal convictions. The statute per-
mits relief only when there is “no possibility fairminded ju-
rists could disagree that the state court’s decision conflicts
with this Court’s precedents.” Harrington v. Richter, 562
U. S. 86, 102 (2011). Unfortunately, some Sixth Circuit
judges have “acquired a taste for disregarding AEDPA” and
our cases on how to apply it. Rapelje v. Blackston, 577 U. S.
1019, 1021 (2015) (Scalia, J., dissenting from denial of cer-
tiorari). The decision below is the latest example of this
practice. Because I would not overlook the Sixth Circuit’s
blatant and repeated disrespect for the rule of law, I re-
spectfully dissent.
I
Respondent David Smith met Quortney Tolliver in 2015,
a few weeks before she was brutally attacked inside her mo-
bile home. The two met through a mutual friend and took
an 80-mile road trip to Cleveland to purchase crack cocaine.
At some point after the trip, Smith asked Tolliver if he could
buy crack from her. Tolliver informed Smith that her sup-
ply had run out, but the pair later agreed that Smith would
drive Tolliver to Cleveland to restock in exchange for a dis-
count on the drugs.
On the day they were supposed to make the trip, Smith

2 DAVIS v. SMITH
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
called Tolliver to confirm that she was ready. Tolliver indi-
cated that she was, but Smith did not pick her up. Instead,
shortly after the phone call ended, someone entered Tol-
liver’s mobile home, brutally attacked her with a hammer,
and robbed her.
When Tolliver regained consciousness, she stumbled out-
side and screamed for help. Neighbors called an ambulance
to take her to the hospital. Due to the severity of her inju-
ries, which included skull and facial fractures, Tolliver was
placed in a medically induced coma for about two weeks.
As soon as Tolliver awoke from the coma, investigators
came to the hospital to interview her. Tolliver’s mother was
in the room during the interview. Still unable to speak, Tol-
liver communicated through writing and hand signals. In-
vestigators showed Tolliver photos of 24 individuals, none
of whom was Smith. Tolliver did not identify any of the
individuals as her attacker.
In the meantime, investigators continued to search for
Tolliver’s assailant. They determined that a phone number
connected to Smith had exchanged 85 texts or calls with
Tolliver’s phone number in the 24 hours before the attack.
Cell-location data also revealed that, on the day of the
crime, Smith had traveled near Tolliver’s home. And, DNA
evidence recovered from the scene was consistent with
Smith’s DNA.
A few weeks after the initial interview with Tolliver,
Lieutenant Greg Johnson visited her in a medical facility
where she was recovering. Her mother was once again pre-
sent. Johnson told Tolliver, “I think I found out who did
this to you,” adding that “[h]is name is David Smith” and
“he knows you.” State v. Smith, 2018-Ohio-4799, ¶¶13, 21
(App.) (internal quotation marks omitted). Johnson also
showed Tolliver a photo of Smith. At first, Tolliver asked,
“[W]ho is that?” Id., ¶21 (internal quotation marks omit-
ted). Seconds later, she said that she recognized Smith and
recalled that he was coming to her home on the day of the

3 Cite as: 604 U. S. ____ (2025)
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
attack. Johnson explained that Smith’s DNA was found in
Tolliver’s mobile home. He also said that Smith is “very
violent” and “hoping you’re dead.” Id., ¶100 (Grendell, J.,
dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted). At some
point during the interview, Tolliver told Johnson that she
either dreamt or remembered that Smith hit her with a
hammer.
A few weeks later, Tolliver was sentenced on unrelated
drug charges. She asked Johnson to meet with her after
the sentencing. During the meeting, she told him that she
remembered the incident and knew that Smith was her at-
tacker. Johnson asked whether Tolliver was sure this was
not a dream. She confirmed that she was “ ‘one hundred
percent sure.’” 2024 WL 3596872, *3 (CA6, July 31, 2024).
When asked why she had not previously revealed this in-
formation, Tolliver said that she did not want her mother
to know that she was selling drugs. She also did not want
her admission to affect her then-pending drug charges.
The State of Ohio charged Smith with attempted murder
and other related crimes. Before trial, Smith moved to sup-
press Tolliver’s identification on the ground that Johnson
was unnecessarily suggestive when interviewing her. The
trial court denied the motion, and a jury found Smith guilty
of attempted murder, felonious assault, aggravated rob-
bery, and aggravated burglary. The trial court sentenced
him to 22 years in prison. On direct appeal, Smith renewed
his argument for suppression of Tolliver’s identification.
The Ohio Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s deci-
sion to admit the identification. 2018-Ohio-4799. The court
acknowledged that Johnson’s identification procedure was
unnecessary and impermissibly suggestive. Id., ¶37. But,
the court correctly recognized that identifications tainted
by unduly suggestive police procedures are excludable un-
der the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause only
in exceedingly rare circumstances. See id., ¶¶36, 43. Un-
der this Court’s precedents, an identification is excludable

4 DAVIS v. SMITH
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HOMAS, J., dissenting
only if the testimony poses “‘a very substantial likelihood of
irreparable misidentification.’” Perry v. New Hampshire,
565 U. S. 228, 232 (2012). In other words, an identification
that has “sufficient aspects of reliability” is admissible.
Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U. S. 98, 106 (1977). And, to
determine whether an identification is sufficiently reliable,
courts examine the totality of the circumstances. See Neil
v. Biggers, 409 U. S. 188, 199 (1972). This Court has offered
five factors, known as the Biggers factors, to guide that in-
quiry. See id., at 199–200.
The Ohio Court of Appeals applied Biggers and held that
Tolliver’s identification was sufficiently reliable. See 2018-
Ohio-4799, ¶¶38–49 (citing Biggers, 409 U. S., at 198–200).
The Ohio Supreme Court denied review. State v. Smith,
156 Ohio St. 3d 1452, 2019-Ohio-2780, 125 N. E. 3d 947.
Smith then filed a federal habeas petition raising the
same claim. The District Court determined that the state
court’s analysis was reasonable and denied relief. But,
when Smith appealed to the Sixth Circuit, a divided panel
reversed and directed the District Court to issue the writ,
unless the State could hold a new trial within 180 days.
2024 WL 3596872.
II
Judge Thapar’s dissent offers a detailed account of the
Sixth Circuit panel majority’s errors. Two of those errors
are particularly egregious.
First, the panel majority refused to apply AEDPA’s
highly deferential standard of review. Because the Ohio
Court of Appeals rejected Smith’s claim on the merits,
AEDPA bars federal habeas relief unless the state court’s
decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable ap-
plication of, clearly established Federal law, as determined
by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U. S. C.
§2254(d)(1). We have made unmistakably clear that a re-
viewing court may not “‘essentially evaluat[e] the merits de

5 Cite as: 604 U. S. ____ (2025)
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
novo, only tacking on a perfunctory statement at the end of
its analysis asserting that the state court’s decision was un-
reasonable.’” Shinn v. Kayer, 592 U. S. 111, 119 (2020) (per
curiam). Yet, the panel majority did just that.
The panel majority began its analysis by applying the
Biggers factors in the first instance. 2024 WL 3596872, *9.
It then appended a single-sentence assertion that “no fair-
minded jurist could possibly” disagree with its analysis.
Ibid. The panel majority’s exercise in de novo review side-
stepped the operative legal question under AEDPA—
whether there is “no possibility fairminded jurists could dis-
agree that the state court’s decision conflicts with this
Court’s precedents.” Harrington, 562 U. S., at 102 (empha-
sis added). That inquiry requires substantial deference to
the state court’s determinations. Ibid.
To be sure, the panel majority acknowledged in passing
its obligation to “examine all theories that could have sup-
ported the state court’s conclusion.” 2024 WL 3596872, *9.
But, rather than perform that task, the panel majority
faulted the state court for a supposed error that is not
clearly established under this Court’s precedents. See ibid.
Specifically, it took issue with the state court’s heavy reli-
ance “upon the fact that Tolliver knew Smith before the
crime” when assessing the reliability of Tolliver’s identifi-
cation under the totality of the circumstances. Ibid. Ac-
cording to the panel majority, the fact that a victim knows
a suspect is relevant only if the court first determines that
“a majority of the Biggers factors cut in favor of a finding of
reliability.” Ibid. This Court has never identified such a
limitation. Without a Supreme Court decision that
“squarely establishe[s]” the “specific legal rule” invoked by
the prisoner, the state court’s decision could not have in-
volved “an unreasonable application of clearly established

6 DAVIS v. SMITH
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
Federal law.” Harrington, 562 U. S., at 101 (internal quo-
tation marks omitted).*
To the extent that the panel majority disagreed with the
degree to which the state court’s analysis relied on Tol-
liver’s prior interactions with Smith, it was left with a mere
“disagreement . . . about how to weigh evidence.” 2024 WL
3596872, *15 (Thapar, J., dissenting). In that instance, as
Judge Thapar well explained, AEDPA requires a federal
court to defer to the state court, unless “clearly established
Supreme Court precedent stands in the way.” Ibid. The
panel majority flouted AEDPA’s command.
The panel majority also erred by critiquing the Ohio
court’s opinion-writing style rather than its judgment. The
panel majority faulted the Ohio Court of Appeals for
“largely fail[ing]” to apply Biggers and “halfheartedly devot-
ing a couple sentences to its analysis.” 2024 WL 3596872,
*7, *9. But, a state court need not explain its reasoning at
all. See Harrington, 562 U. S., at 98 (“There is no text in
[§§2254(d)(1)–(d)(2)] requiring a statement of reasons”).
Federal courts “have no authority to impose mandatory
opinion-writing standards on state courts.” Johnson v. Wil-
liams, 568 U. S. 289, 300 (2013). And, in any event, the
Ohio Court of Appeals cited and quoted directly from Big-
gers, listed its factors, and analyzed the correct legal ques-
tion—that is, whether Tolliver’s identification was reliable
under the totality of the circumstances. See 2018-Ohio-
4799, ¶¶37–49. As Judge Thapar explained, the majority
implausibly assumed that the state court “refused to apply
a test it had taken the trouble to recite,” and then it mis-
takenly focused on the state court’s “reasoning rather than
its bottom-line decision.” 2024 WL 3596872, *14 (dissenting
——————
* I doubt that the panel majority’s analysis could pass muster even un-
der de novo review. It strains credulity to think that previous interac-
tions with a suspect would not bear on a totality-of-the-circumstances
assessment of reliability.

7 Cite as: 604 U. S. ____ (2025)
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
opinion) (internal quotation marks omitted). “‘[M]ischarac-
terization of the state-court opinion’ ” is a “path that we
have long foreclosed.” Dunn v. Reeves, 594 U. S. 731, 742
(2021) (per curiam) (quoting Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U. S.
19, 22 (2002) (per curiam)).
The panel majority’s errors have real consequences. The
State of Ohio must retry Smith for a crime committed
nearly a decade ago. That result comes at a steep cost for
both society and the victim. Retrial diverts significant time
and resources away from other law enforcement activities,
and it is often “more difficult” because of “the ‘erosion of
memory’ and ‘dispersion of witnesses’ that accompany the
passage of time.” Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U. S. 619, 637
(1993). Moreover, retrials “inflic[t] substantial pain on
crime victims who must testify again and endure new tri-
als.” Edwards v. Vannoy, 593 U. S. 255, 263 (2021). And,
there is always a risk that retrial is unsuccessful. “When
previously convicted perpetrators of violent crimes go free
merely because the evidence needed to conduct a retrial has
become stale or is no longer available, the public suffers, as
do the victims.” Ibid.
I would have granted certiorari and summarily reversed.
Smith did not make the required showing for habeas relief,
and the Sixth Circuit’s analysis blatantly disregards both
AEDPA and this Court’s precedents in order to give Smith
a regrettable windfall.
III
The decision below is the latest in a long line of Sixth Cir-
cuit AEDPA errors. This Court has reversed the Sixth Cir-
cuit at least two dozen times for misapplying AEDPA. See
Shoop v. Twyford, 596 U. S. 811 (2022); Brown v. Daven-
port, 596 U. S. 118 (2022); Cassano v. Shoop, 10 F. 4th 695,
696–697 (CA6 2021) (Griffin, J., dissenting from denial of
rehearing en banc) (collecting 22 earlier cases in which this

8 DAVIS v. SMITH
T
HOMAS, J., dissenting
Court reversed the Sixth Circuit “for not applying the def-
erence to state-court decisions mandated by AEDPA”).
And, these reversals only scratch the surface of the Sixth
Circuit’s defiance. See, e.g., Shoop v. Cunningham, 598
U. S. ___ (2022) (T
HOMAS, J., dissenting from denial of cer-
tiorari); Shoop v. Cassano, 596 U. S. ___ (2022) (T
HOMAS,
J., dissenting from denial of certiorari); Blackston, 577 U. S.
1019 (opinion of Scalia, J.). “That court’s record of ‘plain
and repetitive’ AEDPA error is an insult to Congress and a
disservice to the people of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and
Tennessee.” Cunningham, 598 U. S., at ___ (opinion of
T
HOMAS, J.) (slip op., at 13) (citation omitted). The Sixth
Circuit can and must do more to correct its own errors. See
ibid.
Some “reluctance in deploying en banc review is under-
standable,” but “only to a point.” Id., at ___ (slip op., at 14).
“The Sixth Circuit’s habeas problems are well past that
point—as evidenced by the depressing regularity with
which petitions like this one reach us.” Ibid. When way-
ward panels refuse to apply AEDPA, hopefully, the Sixth
Circuit will correct its errors by rehearing the case en banc.
See 28 U. S. C. §46(c); Fed. Rule App. Proc. 40(c).
This Court also has a job to do. While “primary responsi-
bility for the Sixth Circuit’s errors rests with the Sixth Cir-
cuit,” we too must “correct classic AEDPA abuses, especially
when a lower court brazenly commits errors for which we
have repeatedly reversed it.” Cunningham, 598 U. S., at
___ (opinion of T
HOMAS, J.) (slip op., at 13). I would have
summarily reversed the judgment below to ensure that fed-
eral courts do not exceed their very limited role in collateral
review of state criminal convictions. I respectfully dissent
from the denial of certiorari.