King v. Emmons

1 Cite as: 603 U. S. ____ (2024)
J
ACKSON, J., dissenting
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
WARREN KING v. SHAWN EMMONS, WARDEN
ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED
STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 23–668. Decided July 2, 2024
The petition for a writ of certiorari is denied.
J
USTICE JACKSON, with whom JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR joins,
dissenting from the denial of certiorari.
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (AEDPA), federal habeas courts must give substan-
tial deference to factual determinations made by state
courts. See 28 U. S. C. §§2254(d)(2), (e)(1). But deference
is not a rubber stamp; it “does not imply abandonment or
abdication of judicial review.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537
U. S. 322, 340 (2003). “A federal court can disagree with a
state court’s [factual findings] and, when guided by
AEDPA, conclude the decision was unreasonable or that the
factual premise was incorrect by clear and convincing evi-
dence.” Ibid.
In this capital case, a Georgia prosecutor struck every
Black woman and all but two Black men from a jury pool
during voir dire. Responding to a challenge from the de-
fendant based on Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (1986),
the prosecutor protested, arguing that it was “improper” for
the court to inquire into his reasons for making the strikes.
4 App. in No. 20–12804 (CA11), p. 7. He then proceeded to
explain that one of his “main reason[s]” for a specific strike
was that “this lady is a black female.” Id., at 9.
The trial court determined that this racially discrimina-
tory strike violated Batson. In response, the prosecutor
erupted into a rant against Batson. He repeatedly asserted
that it was “improper for this [c]ourt to tell me . . . that’s not
a justifiable strike.” Id., at 43. And he concluded: “I take

2 KING v. EMMONS
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ACKSON, J., dissenting
issue with this entire whole process . . . . It’s improper and
it’s wrong.” Id., at 44.
On appeal, the Supreme Court of Georgia found that none
of the prosecutor’s other peremptory strikes were racially
discriminatory—but nowhere did that court acknowledge
the fact that one of the prosecutor’s strikes was explicitly
discriminatory, nor did the court even mention the prosec-
tor’s drawn-out rants against Batson. The Eleventh Circuit
then proceeded on federal habeas review to conclude that
the state court did not make “an unreasonable determina-
tion of the facts” under §2254(d)(2), despite its having com-
pletely ignored those highly salient facts.
That was error. The deference that AEDPA requires is
not boundless, and when a state court fails to engage with
critical evidence in rendering its factual findings, a federal
habeas court should not hesitate to deem those findings un-
reasonable. Because I would summarily reverse the Elev-
enth Circuit’s contrary decision, I respectfully dissent.
I
Petitioner Warren King was charged with malice murder
and other crimes for his involvement in the killing of a con-
venience store employee in the course of a robbery. During
jury selection for King’s trial, the prosecutor, Assistant Dis-
trict Attorney John Johnson, used 7 of his 10 allotted per-
emptory challenges to strike every Black woman and all but
two Black men. As a result of these strikes, Johnson struck
87.5% of the qualified Black jurors but only 8.8% of the
qualified White jurors. Statistically speaking, this meant
that Black jurors were about 10 times more likely to be
struck than White jurors. The resulting jury consisted of
seven White men, four White women, and one Black man.
The defense challenged Johnson’s strikes as discrimina-
tory in violation of Batson.
1
The trial court determined that
——————
1
Under this Court’s decision in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79

3 Cite as: 603 U. S. ____ (2024)
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ACKSON, J., dissenting
a prima facie case of discrimination had been made and di-
rected Johnson to explain his strikes, as Batson requires.
Before complying, however, Johnson made his objection to
Batson clear in a lengthy speech that included the following
assertions:
“I object to the [c]ourt’s finding based on the fact that
it’s simply on statistical analysis that the State struck
eight blacks and three whites, and that has no rational
basis to whether a prima facie case of discrimination
has been established in this particular case. I state
that for the record. I know the [c]ourt’s ruling, and I
know the issue that has been decided by the Supreme
Court of Georgia. I do state for the record that the Su-
preme Court of Georgia of course does not know how I
strike, and that it is improper for them to involve them-
selves in this unless defense counsel can point to a spe-
cific reason why some particular juror was qualified to
serve and that I struck them. . . . [S]tatistics can never
make a prima facie showing. The Supreme Court of
Georgia has said that it does, and I just take exception
to that, and I do so for the record.” 4 App. in No. 20–
12804, at 6–7.
Johnson capped off his objection by asserting his view
that a Batson-type analysis “becomes very unwieldy, and
that’s why neither this Court nor the Supreme Court nor
the defense should be involved in deciding whether or not
the State has accurately or effectively performed its
strikes.” Id., at 8. But then he proceeded to offer reasons
——————
(1986), analyzing a claim involving an allegedly discriminatory strike fol-
lows a three-step process. First, the defendant must establish “a prima
facie case” that the circumstances of the strike “giv[e] rise to an inference
of discriminatory purpose.” Id., at 93–94. Second, “the burden shifts to
the [prosecution] to explain adequately the racial exclusion.” Id., at 94.
Third and finally, the trial court must determine whether “the defendant
has established purposeful discrimination.” Id., at 98.

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
for the particular strikes he had made in this case. The trial
court accepted those explanations until Johnson reached
prospective juror Jacqueline Alderman, a Black woman.
Johnson explained, “My main reason [for the strike] is that
this lady is a black female, she is from Surrency, [and] she
knows the defendant and his family.” Id., at 9. The trial
court, however, noted that Alderman had testified that she
did not know King or his family. The trial court accordingly
found that the strike violated Batson and ordered Alderman
seated on the jury.
Johnson then made a second oral statement protesting
against Batson. As before, Johnson’s tirade is too long to
reproduce fully here, but the following excerpt is emblem-
atic of the position he forcefully maintained:
“If this lady were a white lady there would not be a
reason—there would not be a question in this case.
And that’s the problem I have with all of this is that it’s
not racially neutral. There was a time when it was ra-
cially neutral and that was before Batson. Because I
had to act that way when I was in Brunswick because
it was a physical impossibility if you wanted to strike
every black off a jury for you to do that. And we had an
issue just—you had to reform your whole ideas and
then Batson came out. And Batson now makes us look
whether people are black or not. Not whether they’re
black or white, but black or not.” Id., at 43–44.
Johnson concluded by emphasizing that, in his view, “it
[was] uncalled for to require people to be reseated on a jury
that [he] ha[d] a problem with in this case.” Id., at 44.
After his speech concluded, Johnson emphasized that he
was “very angry right now,” ibid., but suggested that the
trial court place Alderman on the jury while leaving his
other strikes untouched. The trial court and King’s attor-
neys eventually accepted this compromise, and the court
did not revisit its prior conclusions regarding Johnson’s

5 Cite as: 603 U. S. ____ (2024)
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ACKSON, J., dissenting
other strikes. The newly empaneled jury, consisting of 10
White and 2 Black jurors, ultimately convicted King on all
charges and sentenced him to death.
On appeal, the Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed King’s
conviction and sentence. King v. State, 273 Ga. 258, 539
S. E. 2d 783 (2000). The state court did not, however, even
mention Johnson’s repeated, indignant diatribes against
Batson. Nor did it recognize that Johnson’s reason for strik-
ing Alderman was explicitly based on race, obliquely refer-
ring to that strike only to say that “[t]he trial court found
the State’s reason for striking juror Alderman to be insuffi-
cient to rebut the prima facie showing of discrimination.”
273 Ga., at 268, 539 S. E. 2d, at 795.
King filed a petition for habeas corpus in federal court,
again pressing his Batson claim. The District Court denied
relief, and a divided panel of the Eleventh Circuit affirmed.
King v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 69 F. 4th 856
(2023). The court acknowledged that King’s case “presents
a troubling record and a prosecutor who exercised one ra-
cially discriminatory strike and ranted against precedents
of the Supreme Court of the United States.” Id., at 868. It
concluded, however, that the state court’s findings were not
unreasonable under AEDPA. Judge Wilson dissented. In
his view, “even deferentially reviewing the Supreme Court
of Georgia’s opinion, no reasonable jurist could have re-
viewed this record—replete with evidence of racial discrim-
ination—and not found a Batson violation.” Id., at 881.
II
A
Under AEDPA, a federal court may not grant habeas re-
lief to a state prisoner based on a state court’s factual find-
ings “unless the adjudication of the claim . . . resulted in a
decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
court proceeding.” §2254(d)(2). “A determination of a fac-
tual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be
correct”; this “presumption of correctness” must be “re-
butt[ed] . . . by clear and convincing evidence.” §2254(e)(1).
Only after a state court’s factual determination is found to
be unreasonable can a federal court then assess the merits
of a habeas petitioner’s claim “without the deference
AEDPA otherwise requires.” Panetti v. Quarterman, 551
U. S. 930, 953 (2007). Clearly, this standard incorporates a
significant amount of deference to a state court’s prior fac-
tual findings. “A state-court factual determination is not
unreasonable merely because the federal court would have
reached a different conclusion in the first instance.” Wood
v. Allen, 558 U. S. 290, 301 (2010).
Equally clear, however, is that “[e]ven in the context of
federal habeas, deference does not imply abandonment or
abdication of judicial review, and does not by definition pre-
clude relief.” Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U. S. 305, 314 (2015)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Put another way,
AEDPA’s “standard is demanding but not insatiable.” Mil-
ler-El v. Dretke, 545 U. S. 231, 240 (2005).
For that reason, this Court has not hesitated to find
AEDPA’s standard satisfied when a state court’s factfind-
ing process disregards information that is highly relevant
to a court’s factual determination. See, e.g., Brumfield, 576
U. S., at 314–316; Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U. S. 510, 528
(2003); Dretke, 545 U. S., at 265–266; see also 2 R. Hertz &
J. Liebman, Federal Habeas Corpus Practice and Procedure
§32.4, p. 2002, and n. 12 (7th ed. 2023) (collecting lower
court cases in which “[t]he state court . . . overlooked or mis-
construed evidence”). To be sure, “a state court need not
make detailed findings addressing all the evidence before
it.” Cockrell, 537 U. S., at 347. But a state court’s disregard
for highly salient facts casts serious doubt on the reasona-
bleness of the state court’s determination.

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
B
The Georgia Supreme Court’s blinkered assessment of
each of prosecutor Johnson’s strikes—divorced from con-
text—ignored highly relevant facts and circumstances in
three critical areas, each of which should have informed the
Eleventh Circuit’s AEDPA determination.
First, the Georgia Supreme Court ignored the flagrant
nature of the Batson violation the trial court had already
recognized—the discriminatory strike of Jacqueline Alder-
man. In the state court’s telling, this earlier violation was
simply one for which the prosecution’s “reason for striking
juror Alderman” was “insufficient to rebut the prima facie
showing of discrimination.” King, 273 Ga., at 268, 539 S. E.
2d, at 795. But that sugarcoated version of events failed to
acknowledge that one of Johnson’s “main reason[s]” for the
strike was that Alderman “is a black female,” 4 App. in
No. 20–12804, at 9, and that Johnson’s nonracial reason for
the strike—that Alderman knew King and his family—was
in fact false, as the trial court found. We have emphasized
that “historical evidence of the State’s discriminatory per-
emptory strikes from past trials” are highly probative of a
prosecutor’s discriminatory intent. Flowers v. Mississippi,
588 U. S. 284, 304 (2019); see also Dretke, 545 U. S., at 253–
254. All the more, then, when—as in this case—a discrim-
inatory strike had occurred earlier during the same trial.
Second, the Georgia Supreme Court said absolutely noth-
ing about Johnson’s multiple heated outbursts, all of which
made his hostility to Batson patently obvious. This Court
has recognized that “‘the best evidence of discriminatory in-
tent often will be the demeanor of the attorney who exer-
cises the challenge.’” Flowers, 588 U. S., at 302–303 (quot-
ing Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U. S. 472, 477 (2008)). Here,
that demeanor provided highly probative evidence that
Johnson’s use of peremptory strikes was suspect. Johnson
repeatedly made clear that he disagreed with this Court’s
decision in Batson and believed that courts had no business

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
inquiring into the reasons for his strikes. As the dissent
below noted, Johnson’s outbursts “demonstrated, at a min-
imum, that he was reluctant to abide by the requirements
of Batson.” 69 F. 4th, at 882 (opinion of Wilson, J.).
Third, racial disparities in a prosecutor’s exercise of per-
emptory strikes are highly probative of discriminatory in-
tent, and here, “[t]he numbers speak loudly.” Flowers, 588
U. S., at 305. Again, Johnson struck 87.5% of the qualified
Black jurors while striking only 8.8% of the qualified White
jurors. In a prior case, we have described this kind of dis-
parity—there, the striking of 10 out of 11 Black jurors—as
“remarkable.” Dretke, 545 U. S., at 240–241. With such
stark numbers, “[h]appenstance is unlikely.” Cockrell, 537
U. S., at 342. This fact, too, does not appear anywhere in
the Georgia Supreme Court’s opinion.
The Eleventh Circuit should have been attentive to the
fact that the Georgia Supreme Court’s Batson determina-
tion exhibited such critical flaws born out of its abject fail-
ure to grapple with what actually happened at trial. The
state court’s watered-down description of Johnson’s initial
Batson violation should have raised alarm bells as the Cir-
cuit evaluated the reasonableness of the state court’s fac-
tual findings under AEDPA. The Court of Appeals also
should have had grave doubts about the reasonableness of
the state court’s factual findings due to its failure to
acknowledge the prosecutor’s pertinent and disturbing
anti-Batson rants. And the stark statistical evidence of the
prosecutor’s discriminatory strike behavior—again, un-
mentioned by the State Supreme Court—should have
served as further confirmation that AEDPA deference to
that court’s factual findings was not warranted.
In short, the Eleventh Circuit failed to faithfully apply
AEDPA’s review standard here. Given that the Georgia Su-
preme Court did not address, or even mention, the prosecu-
tor’s expressed antipathy toward Batson, the Eleventh Cir-
cuit should have deemed AEDPA’s unreasonable-

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
determination standard satisfied and proceeded to review
the merits of King’s claim without the deference that
AEDPA usually requires. See Panetti, 551 U. S., at 953.
Such a nondeferential review of the strikes at issue here
might well have made a difference—as Judge Wilson noted
in dissent, there is good reason to believe that King’s Batson
claim would otherwise have prevailed.
2
But the Court of
Appeals reflexively deferred to the Georgia Supreme Court,
notwithstanding glaring flaws in the state court’s factual
findings. Even under AEDPA’s deferential standard, fed-
eral courts play an important role in “‘guard[ing] against
extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice sys-
tems.’” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U. S. 86, 102 (2011). The
Eleventh Circuit’s failure to do so here is deeply unfortu-
nate, and it reflects a neglectful response to the apparent
trend of disturbingly lax Batson enforcement on the part of
Georgia’s high court.
3
* * *
Batson’s third step requires courts to consider a prosecu-
——————
2
Even setting aside the highly relevant evidence that the Georgia Su-
preme Court ignored, there is ample evidence that the state court’s anal-
ysis of each of these strikes was flawed. “[O]f the potential jurors who
knew of King or his family, only black potential jurors were struck,” even
though “[t]hree white potential jurors . . . discussed their familiarity with
King or his family.” King v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 69 F. 4th
856, 884 (2023) (Wilson, J., dissenting). And Johnson’s other “proffered
neutral reasons for striking black jurors”—such as views about the death
penalty or involvement in church—“are not supported by the record.” Id.,
at 884–885.
3
We are told that, since this Court decided Batson in 1986, the Georgia
Supreme Court has found a prosecutor’s strikes to violate Batson only
five times, despite having considered the issue in 127 published opinions,
and it has not found a Batson violation for the past 27 years (since 1997).
Brief for Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as Amicus
Curiae 6. In 12 of the cases in which it reviewed Batson challenges, the
court upheld the prosecution’s decision to strike every single Black juror.
Id., at 6–7.

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ACKSON, J., dissenting
tor’s “strike in the context of all the facts and circum-
stances.” Flowers, 588 U. S., at 315. Here, the Georgia Su-
preme Court ignored highly salient facts about the prosecu-
tor’s admittedly discriminatory strike behavior and
antipathy toward the legal standards that address such
conduct. Instead, the state court made a narrow assess-
ment of the prosecutor’s strikes that lacked important con-
text. Therefore, the state court’s denial of King’s Batson
claim was “based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” §2254(d)(2). Accordingly, I would summarily
reverse the Court of Appeals’ erroneous application of def-
erence in upholding the state court’s decision and remand
for reconsideration of King’s Batson claim “without the def-
erence AEDPA otherwise requires.” Panetti, 551 U. S., at
953.