O’Donnell v. Town of East Greenwich Zoning Board of Review, et al.

STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
KENT, SC. SUPERIOR COURT
(FILED: October 17, 2023)
SETH O’DONNELL and SOPHIA O’DONNELL, :
Appellants, :
:
v. : C.A. No. KC-2022-0065
:
TOWN OF EAST GREENWICH ZONING BOARD :
OF REVIEW and RICHARD LAND, CHRISTOPHER :
MULHEARN, JODY SCEERY, MELODY ALGER, :
BARRY GOLDEN and DAVID COLLIER, in their :
capacities as Members of the Town of East Greenwich :
Zoning Board of Review; PATRICIA CARDI; :
and PAMELA UNWIN-BARKLEY :
Appellees. :
DECISION
REKAS SLOAN, J. Before this Court is the zoning appeal of Seth and Sophia O’Donnell
(Appellants) from the October 26, 2021 decision memorialized on January 11, 2022 (the Decision)
of the Town of East Greenwich Zoning Board of Review (the Zoning Board) approving two
dimensional variances for property owned by Appellee Patricia Cardi (Applicant).1 Jurisdiction is
pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 45-24-69.
I
Facts and Travel
Applicant owns real property located at 30 Rector Street, East Greenwich, Rhode Island
(recorded as Tax Assessor’s Map 085, Plat 001, Lot 414) (the Property). (Ex. 1; Ex. 2 at 3.) The
1 Applicant and the Town of East Greenwich Zoning Board of Review are collectively referred to
as the Appellees.

2
Property is located in a residential zone designated as R-10. (Ex. 1.) The Property also is located
in the Town of East Greenwich’s Historic District within the “Hill and Harbor area.” (Ex. 8 at 3.)
The structure on the Property is an early Victorian carriage barn which was originally an accessory
structure and part of a neighboring property, 27 Marion Street. (Ex. 8 at 3-4.) The original Marion
Street parcel was subdivided in 2006, thereby creating the Property which is a 17,759 square-foot
parcel with 120.98 feet of frontage on Rector Street. Id. at 3. The Property’s existing carriage
barn home is located one foot and one inch from its northern boundary which is also Appellants’
southern boundary. (Ex. 1; Ex. 2 at 3.) The Property is therefore nonconforming by dimension
for the R-10 zone, which requires a fifteen-foot side yard setback. See § 45-24-31(52); Town of
East Greenwich Zoning Ordinance § 260, Table 2.
A
Dimensional Variance Application
On June 28, 2021, Applicant filed a petition seeking two dimensional variances (the
Application) to construct an addition that would include a “first floor primary bedroom . . . with a
handicap-accessible bathroom.” (Ex. 1; Tr. 5:11-17, Aug. 24, 2021). The addition, as proposed,
would be located approximately five feet2 from the northern boundary. (Ex. 1.) Applicant
requested the following variances: (1) relief from the side yard setback requirements found in
Chapter 260 of the Code of the Town of East Greenwich, Rhode Island (Town Code); Zoning
Ordinance, Table 2 - Dimensional Regulations by Zone; and (2) relief from Town Code, Article
V, Section 260-14(B) Nonconforming by Dimension. (Ex. 8 at 2; see also Ex. 1.) Such variances,
if permitted, would allow Applicant to construct “a 24’ x 26.6’ one-story addition to the west side
2 More precisely, the addition is five feet from the northern boundary on its easterly side and six
feet from the northern boundary on its westerly side. (Ex. 2 at 3.)

3
of the existing house in the north side setback which constitutes . . . an intensification to the legal
nonconforming property.” See Ex. 8 at 2.
B
Historic District Commission
Prior to filing the Application with the Zoning Board, Applicant’s architect, Pamela
Unwin-Barkley (Ms. Unwin-Barkley), presented the design of the proposed addition (the Proposed
Design) at a hearing before the East Greenwich Historic District Commission (HDC) on June 9,
2021 for preliminary “conceptual[] approv[al].” (Tr. 5:7-13, Aug. 24, 2021; see generally HDC
Minutes3 at 4-6.)
At the HDC hearing, Ms. Unwin-Barkley explained that the Proposed Design was intended
to “match all the finishes, doors and windows to the existing conditions while also adding two (2)
sky lights to match the existing three (3) sky lights.” (HDC Minutes at 5.) She also stated that the
existing wooden fence would be removed and replaced with a “wrought iron fence to extend from
the new addition to the existing stone wall on the western edge of the property.” Id. Finally, she
noted that a dimensional variance would be required. Id. The Vice-Chairman of the HDC,
Gregory Maxwell (Vice-Chairman Maxwell), stated that he “liked the proposal as it was simple in
design[.]” Id. Vice-Chairman Maxwell further commented that the proposal “did not try to do
much coupled with preserving the location of the carriage house doors/French doors but [one
could] clearly see the original fabric of the carriage house” which he found to be “extremely
important.” Id. Vice-Chairman Maxwell pointed out that the Proposed Design is largely in the
3 Pursuant to the Court’s January 27, 2023 Order, the minutes of the HDC’s June 9, 2021 meeting
were allowed to be supplemented to the Certified Record and were filed in the docket on January
18, 2023. See Docket.

4
setback area, and “in his professional opinion[,] it would be horrible for the property [to build the
addition outside the setback area and within the building envelope], because it would take away
from the historic appearance of the carriage house as well as character defining elements of the
building.”4 Id. at 6. Lastly, Vice-Chairman Maxwell requested that the HDC’s statements be
passed along to the Zoning Board; specifically, that “the HDC prefers the addition takes place
where [Ms. Unwin-Barkley] has proposed it.” Id.
Also at the hearing, the Chairman of the HDC, Matthew McGeorge (Chairman McGeorge),
commented that the Proposed Design was “a relatively sensible evolution of the structure and
property.” See id. Chairman McGeorge found the addition to be “subservient to the primary
structure and appropriate in terms of massing and scale.” Id. Finally, Chairman McGeorge noted
that the Proposed Design “is clearly pulled back further from the existing house, . . . showing as
evidence [that] there was an attempt made to provide the least relief necessary.” Id.
C
Proceedings Before the Zoning Board
In response to the Application to the Zoning Board, Appellants submitted an initial Letter
of Objection on August 24, 2021 and a Further Letter of Objection on October 22, 2021.
Appellants’ Obj. Letter, Aug. 24, 2021 (Ex. 9); Appellants’ Obj. Letter, Oct. 22, 2021 (Ex. 11).
Appellants reside at 17 Marion Street, which abuts directly north of the Property. (Ex. 9 at 1.)
4 Appellants request that this Court take judicial notice that, at the HDC hearing, Vice-Chairman
Maxwell “observed that ‘there is clearly room on the property for adding an addition within the
building envelope.’” (Appellants’ Reply 10, n.3.) However, Appellants fail to include the context
of Vice-Chairman Maxwell’s statements where he completed the sentence by stating “in his
professional opinion it would be horrible for the property because it would take away from the
historic appearance of the carriage house as well as character defining elements of the building.”
(HDC Minutes at 6.) Appellants’ request ignores the HDC’s rationale for preferring the Proposed
Design, which is critical to their analysis.

5
Appellants object to the Application on several grounds. First, Appellants assert that the
proposed addition fails to meet the requirements of the East Greenwich Zoning Ordinance5
Section 260-14(B).6 Id. If constructed, “[the Proposed Design] would be situated within the 15’
required side yard setback area, coming to within 6’ of the north property line on the west side of
the addition and within 5’ on the east side[.]” Id. Second, Appellants argue that Applicant failed
to meet the requirements for a dimensional variance as defined under Section 260-67 and pursuant
to Section 260-91 of the Ordinance. They state the Proposed Design neither exhibits a genuine
hardship nor is it the least relief necessary, but rather, is merely a design preference. Id. at 2.
Finally, the Appellants object on the ground that it would require “dramatic – and harmful – re-
routing of the long-standing pole-to-house aerial electric service configuration” and thus
impermissibly “alter the general character of the surrounding area.” Id. at 3.
5 Chapter 260 is hereinafter referred to as the “Ordinance.”
6 Section 260-14. Nonconforming by dimension.
“(B) Any extension, addition or enlargement of a nonconforming structure shall comply
with the dimensional regulations … of this chapter.”
7 Section 260-6 Terms Defined.
“VARIANCE – Permission to depart from the literal requirements of this chapter as
granted by the Zoning Board of Review. An authorization for the construction or
maintenance of a building or structure or for the establishment or maintenance of a use of
land which is prohibited by this chapter.
“A. There shall be only two categories of variance: a use variance or a
dimensional variance.
“. . .
“(2) DIMENSIONAL VARIANCE – Permission to depart from the
dimensional requirements of this chapter where the applicant for the
requested relief has shown by evidence upon the record that there is no
other reasonable alternative way to enjoy a legally permitted beneficial
use of the subject property unless granted the requested relief from the
dimensional regulations.”

6
Appellants’ initial Letter of Objection included two alternative designs (Sketch(es)) to
demonstrate a “plethora of less offensive alternative[] [designs]” than the Proposed Design. (Ex.
9 at 3; see also Ex. 9 at 4-5.) “Each [Sketch] display[ed] two separate alternative locations for the
[p]roposed [a]ddition on the . . . Property such that it could be located entirely outside the side-
yard setback while retaining the dimensions of 24’ x 26.6’ specified in the Application.”
(Appellants’ Brief 3; see also Tr. 8:18-20, Oct. 26, 2021.) Appellants’ first Sketch (First Sketch)
suggestion was to build the addition on the southwest corner of the existing structure. (Tr. 8:18-
19, Oct. 26, 2021.) The second Sketch (Second Sketch) would overlap the footprint of the house.
See Tr. 9:10-12, Oct. 26, 2021.
The Zoning Board heard testimony and legal arguments relating to the Application on
August 24, 2021 and October 26, 2021. See Tr. Aug. 24, 2021 and Oct. 26, 2021.
1
August 24, 2021 Hearing
The Zoning Board initially considered Applicant’s requests for dimensional relief at an
August 24, 2021 hearing.8 See generally Tr. Aug. 24, 2021. Ms. Unwin-Barkley, in reliance on
her prior experience as an architectural designer and a professor of design who works on historic
properties, testified on Applicant’s behalf regarding the Proposed Design, which was conceptually
approved by the HDC. See Tr. 6:1-3, 16-21, Aug. 24, 2021. She stated that, to construct the
addition with the intended primary bedroom and a handicap-accessible bathroom, “[t]he current
tight floor plan [did] not afford the opportunity to modify within the existing footprint.” (Tr. 5:18-
19, Aug. 24, 2021.) She further testified that the Proposed Design would be “stepping back five
8 The Transcript of the August 24, 2021 Zoning Board’s meeting was supplemented to the
Certified Record on January 27, 2023. See Docket.

7
feet on the north side on the existing design, which helps emphasize or at least note the difference
between what is historic and what is new, which is a standard for historic preservation.” (Tr. 6:3-
9, Aug. 24, 2021.)
Ms. Unwin-Barkley concluded that the Proposed Design “preserves the character of the
carriage house” and “fits the character of the neighborhood and enhances the value of the
surrounding properties.” See Tr. 6:1-3, 16-21, Aug. 24, 2021. She opined that there are “no other
reasonable alternatives to address the program needs while [Applicant] maintains the historic
character of the home.” (Tr. 6:21-24, Aug. 24, 2021.)
In support of Applicant, the Lowes, Applicant’s abutting neighbors, introduced a letter into
the record for the Zoning Board’s consideration.9 See Ex. 13. Chairman Land read the Lowes’
letter which stated that any other alternative design would likely require the removal of “mature
trees,” and “compet[e] with [the] clean lines and proportion of the carriage house[.]” See Tr. 11:1-
12:10, Aug. 24, 2021. Also, Michael Gagne, the owner of abutting 27 Marion Street, which is the
original parcel from which the Property was subdivided, testified in favor of Applicant, stating, “I
reviewed the architecture plans. Love them. I think it stays within the character of that property,
which unfortunately is not still the carriage house of my property, but . . . I share a boundary line
[thus], I certainly have a vested interest in how that whole property looks. I think it’s been
tastefully done.” See Tr. 12:20-13:2, Aug. 24, 2021.
9 Neither party objected to entering the Lowes’ letter into the record, even though the Lowes were
not present at the August 2021 hearing. (Tr. 11:10-13, Aug. 24, 2021.)

8
Next, Appellants’ counsel argued that their two Sketches10 evidenced that the Applicant
failed to show a genuine hardship and that the relief sought was not the least relief necessary. See
Tr. 15:12-21, Aug. 24, 2021; see also Ex. 9.
The Zoning Board continued the matter to allow the parties an opportunity to discuss issues
regarding the electric lines, reasoning that such issues could be dispositive of Appellants’
objection.11 See Tr. 21:16-24:20, Aug. 24, 2021. The Zoning Board next12 considered the
Application on October 26, 2021. See Ex. 17; see also Tr. 3:20-22, Oct. 26, 2021.
2
October 26, 2021 Hearing
The Zoning Board reconvened on October 26, 2021. See generally Tr. Oct. 26, 2021. Ms.
Unwin-Barkley reiterated two points about the Proposed Design previously presented to and
conceptually approved by the HDC, stating that: (1) it “preserves the original carriage house design
and fabric,” and (2) that the HDC “appreciated how . . . moving the addition 5 feet away or inside
the north property line from the existing footprint of the carriage house helped differentiate old
versus new in the construction. And that is a significant objective when . . . working in a historic
context.” (Tr. 6:22-24, 7:2-10, Oct. 26, 2021.) She further testified that the HDC found the overall
10 Counsel for Appellants concede the two Sketches are not surveys. (Tr. 15:13-14, Aug. 24,
2021.)
11 Applicant references an underlying issue regarding National Grid’s placement of a utility pole
as possibly being Appellants’ true motivation in opposing the Application. See Ex. 9. The record
contains statements suggesting that Appellants may withdraw their objection to the Application if
the issue of electric line placement were resolved to their satisfaction. (Tr. 21:16-25, Aug. 24,
2021.)
12 The August 24, 2021 meeting was continued to September 28, 2021; however, due to a lack of
quorum at that September meeting, the next Zoning Board hearing was held on October 26, 2021.

9
design and layout to be a “sensible solution to the scope of work and the overall site.” (Tr. 7:10-
12, Oct. 26, 2021.)
In response to Appellants’ objections, Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that neither of
Appellants’ proposed alternative placements were reasonable and, based on her experience and
education, “the HDC would not approve either one of the footprints.” See Tr. 8:11-9:14, Oct. 26,
2021. Ms. Unwin-Barkley then cited several reasons as to why neither of Appellants’ suggested
Sketches were feasible. See Tr. 8-10, Oct. 26, 2021.
Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that even though the First Sketch would fall “just inside the
zoning setbacks,” it would compete with the hierarchy of the austere 1830s carriage house. See
Tr. 8:18-9:1, Oct. 26, 2021. She further testified that if the First Sketch were adopted, the
“mechanical plumbing or vertical circulation, any of the circulation of the house, would be an
unreasonable challenge.” (Tr. 9:3-5, Oct. 26, 2021.) Further, constructing an addition in that
location would not be a matter of simply “adding or extending to the footprint of the house, but it
basically requires a whole secondary structure” that would, again, compete with the characteristics
of the carriage house. (Tr. 9:5-9, Oct. 26, 2021.)
As to Appellants’ Second Sketch, Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that it would “really
undermine the significance of the historic features of this carriage house.” (Tr. 9:10-14, Oct. 26,
2021.) She testified that her Proposed Design intended to have nine-foot custom doors to match
the dwelling’s existing characteristics and that simply “covering or removing any of those doors
[as in the Second Sketch] was never an option because it basically pulls all the historic significance
away from the house.” (Tr. 9:15-20, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Based upon Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s experience and expertise as an architect, designer, and
as a professor of design “who lives in the neighborhood and who does a lot of work [in the area],”

10
including work for the objecting Appellants, she testified that she tries to “create compatible design
features that relate to the scale, the orientation, and the overall style of existing conditions.” (Tr.
9:22-10:4, Oct. 26, 2021.) Significantly, she testified that she did “many studies to make this
work,” and that the “footprint [of the Proposed Design] was very carefully considered” and that
its design sought to connect the addition’s wiring to the existing utilities, circulation, and overall
aesthetic approach of the house. (Tr. 10:10-16, Oct. 26, 2021.)
In contrast, Appellants’ counsel argued that no alternative design was presented to the HDC
and that Appellants’ Sketches demonstrated that Applicant’s Proposed Design was merely a design
preference. See Tr. 12:21-14:20, Oct. 26, 2021. Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that she “provided
all the abutters the designs way before [she] presented it to HDC. So they all had these in hand.
So there was no big surprise. They’ve always been able to comment, but they never did.” (Tr.
21:12-16, Oct. 26, 2021.)
The Zoning Board then discussed the Application on the record. Chairman Richard Land
(Chairman Land) stated that he found Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony sufficient and that she
adequately addressed the issues Appellants raised despite the fact that she had not been qualified
as an expert at the hearings.13 See Tr. 30:20-31:6, Oct. 26, 2021; see Ex. 17 at 13-14. He further
stated that, based on Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s past designation as an expert before the Zoning Board,
including with respect to Appellants’ prior application, the Zoning Board equated her testimony
to that by an expert witness. See id.
13 Appellants did not contest at any of the Zoning Board hearings, nor do they contest in this
appeal, that the Zoning Board’s consideration of Ms. Unwin-Barkley as an expert was in error.
(Appellants’ Br. 4; see Ex. 17 at 3.) Rather, Appellants argue there was no factual basis for her
expert opinion. (Appellants’ Reply at 3 and 5.)

11
Chairman Land stated that he believed Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony indicated that she
had considered other alternatives and that she “presented what she believed was the most
appropriate design to the HDC . . . .” (Tr. 31:7-10, Oct. 26, 2021.) Chairman Land further noted
that “applicants are [not] required to turn over every . . . single possible stone in designing or
seeking relief before this board.” (Tr. 31:10-13, Oct. 26, 2021.) Instead, he found that Applicant
had presented testimonial evidence from Ms. Unwin-Barkley that provided a sufficient factual
basis for the Zoning Board to conclude that Applicant would suffer a genuine hardship and that
“the hardship from which the Applicant seeks relief is due to the unique characteristics of the
subject land and not the general characteristics of the surrounding area.” See Tr. 33:10-13, Oct.
26, 2021. Chairman Land continued, “[t]he hardship is not the result of any prior action by the
[A]pplicant and does not result primarily from the desire to realize greater financial gain.” See Tr.
33:20-23, Oct. 26, 2021; see also Ex. 17 at 14.
Moreover, Chairman Land stated Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony supported a finding that
“granting the relief will not alter the general character of the surrounding area or impair the purpose
or intent of the zoning ordinance or the comprehensive plan.” (Tr. 34:5-8, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Procedurally, Chairman Land recognized that Applicant had satisfied this requirement by
obtaining HDC approval of the Proposed Design. (Tr. 34:9-11, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Chairman Land determined that, again, based on Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony,
Applicant “satisfied [her] requirement, . . . [that] [t]he relief to be granted is the least relief
necessary,” “notwithstanding the suggestion that an alternative location” of the Proposed Design
might be acceptable as well. (Tr. 34:12-18, Oct. 26, 2021.) Chairman Land concluded that, based
on the testimony presented by Ms. Unwin-Barkley, Applicant satisfied the requirement that, if her

12
requested relief were denied, the hardship suffered would amount to more than a mere
inconvenience. (Tr. 33:3-7; 34:19-23, Oct. 26, 2021.)
The Zoning Board announced its decision at the October 26, 2021 hearing, voting 4-1 in
favor of the Application. (Ex. 14.) Thereafter, the Zoning Board recorded its written Decision
reflecting the above findings and conclusions on January 11, 2022. See generally Ex.17.
II
Standard of Review
The Superior Court’s review of a zoning board decision is governed by § 45-24-69(d),
which provides:
“The court shall not substitute its judgment for that of the zoning
board of review as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact.
The court may affirm the decision of the zoning board of review or
remand the case for further proceedings, or may reverse or modify
the decision if substantial rights of the appellant have been
prejudiced because of findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions
which are:
“(1) In violation of constitutional, statutory, or ordinance
provisions;
“(2) In excess of the authority granted to the zoning board of
review by statute or ordinance;
“(3) Made upon unlawful procedure;
“(4) Affected by other error of law;
“(5) Clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative, and
substantial evidence of the whole record; or
“(6) Arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of
discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.”
Section 45-24-69(d).
This Court must “‘examine the whole record to determine whether the findings of the
zoning board were supported by substantial evidence.’” Lloyd v. Zoning Board of Review for the

13
City of Newport, 62 A.3d 1078, 1083 (R.I. 2013) (quoting Apostolou v. Genovesi, 120 R.I. 501,
507, 388 A.2d 821, 824 (1978)). Substantial evidence is defined as ‘“such relevant evidence that
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion, and means an amount more
than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.”’ New Castle Realty Co. v. Dreczko (New Castle),
248 A.3d 638, 643 (R.I. 2021) (quoting Iadevaia v. Town of Scituate Zoning Board of Review, 80
A.3d 864, 870 (R.I. 2013)).
This Court may not “substitute its judgment for that of the zoning board if it can
conscientiously find that the board’s decision was supported by substantial evidence in the whole
record.” Apostolou, 120 R.I. at 509, 388 A.2d at 825. If the Court finds that the zoning “board’s
decision was supported by substantial evidence in the whole record[,]” then the zoning board’s
decision must be affirmed. Lloyd, 62 A.3d at 1083. This deference to a zoning board’s factual
determinations “is due, in part, to the principle that ‘a zoning board of review is presumed to have
knowledge concerning those matters which are related to an effective administration of the zoning
ordinance.’” Pawtucket Transfer Operations, LLC v. City of Pawtucket, 944 A.2d 855, 859 (R.I.
2008) (quoting Monforte v. Zoning Board of Review of City of East Providence, 93 R.I. 447, 449,
176 A.2d 726, 728 (1962)).
If the board’s decision does not contain sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law
to permit judicial review, the Court will remand the matter to the board so that the board may issue
a ruling that is complete and susceptible to judicial review. See Irish Partnership v. Rommel, 518
A.2d 356, 359 (R.I. 1986).
Where a challenge to a board decision rests on an issue of law, the Superior Court conducts
a de novo review. Tanner v. Town Council of Town of East Greenwich, 880 A.2d 784, 791 (R.I.
2005).

14
III
Analysis14
A
Dimensional Variance Standard
An applicant for a dimensional variance must satisfy five elements. First, the applicant
must satisfy the requirements under § 45-24-41(d).
“(1) That the hardship from which the applicant seeks relief is
due to the unique characteristics of the subject land or
structure and not to the general characteristics of the
surrounding area; and is not due to a physical or economic
disability of the applicant, excepting those physical
disabilities addressed in § 45-24-30(a)(16);
“(2) That the hardship is not the result of any prior action of the
applicant and does not result primarily from the desire of the
applicant to realize greater financial gain;
“(3) That the granting of the requested variance will not alter the
general character of the surrounding area or impair the intent
or purpose of the zoning ordinance or the comprehensive
plan upon which the ordinance is based; and
“(4) That the relief to be granted is the least relief necessary.”
Section 45-24-41(d).
14 On appeal, Appellants assert that the Zoning Board erred in finding that Applicant had satisfied
the requirements for a dimensional variance as set forth in the Ordinance. However, the “power
to grant variances is a direct grant of authority from the legislature to boards of review and can be
neither enlarged nor restricted by provisions contained in local ordinances.” Gardiner v. Zoning
Board of Review of the City of Warwick, 101 R.I. 681, 703-04, 226 A.2d 698 (1967); see also
Watch Hill Fire District v. Westerly Zoning Board of Review, Nos. WC-2021-0195, WC-2021-
0199, 2022 WL 14676055, at *8 (R.I. Super. Oct. 20, 2022.) While Ordinance §§ 260-91(A) and
(C) are substantially similar to § 45-24-41(d)-(e), this Court’s review of the record evidence is
restricted to the statutory requirements of § 45-24-41(d)-(e) in determining whether the Zoning
Board erred in granting Applicant’s request for dimensional variances. See id. Thus, to avoid
duplicative analyses, this Court has consolidated the parties’ arguments, as both § 45-24-41(d)-(e)
and Ordinance §§ 260-91(A) and (C) contain essentially the same language. See § 45-24-41(d)-
(e); see also Ordinance §§ 260-91(A) and (C).

15
Finally, the applicant must show that “the hardship suffered by the owner of the subject
property if the dimensional variance is not granted amounts to more than a mere inconvenience.”
Section 45-24-41(e)(2).
B
Hardship Due to Unique Characteristics of the Land
Section 45-24-41(d)(1) (and Ordinance § 260-91(A)(1))
To obtain a dimensional variance, an applicant first must demonstrate “[t]hat the hardship
from which the applicant seeks relief is due to the unique characteristics of the subject land or
structure and not to the general characteristics of the surrounding area; and is not due to a physical
or economic disability of the applicant, excepting those physical disabilities addressed in § 45-24-
30(a)(16).” Section 45-24-41(d)(1).
In Cassese v. Zoning Board of Review for the Town of Middletown, No. NC-2010-0293,
2012 WL 115456 (R.I. Super. Jan. 11, 2012), the court upheld the zoning board’s grant of
dimensional relief when the applicant’s alleged hardship was partially due to their own personal
circumstances. Cassese, 2012 WL 115456, at *6 n.2. The applicant sought dimensional relief to
“construct a second floor addition to the[ir] dwelling” while “maintain[ing] the setbacks in their
current state[.]” See id. at *1. Originally, the applicant’s dwelling was nonconforming due to its
“lack of setback on both the east and west borders.” Id. The appellees argued that, although the
applicant indicated that “[she] would enjoy a handicapped-accessible bathroom if the proposed
variances were granted,” the court nonetheless concluded that “the [a]pplica[nt] included . . . valid
grounds—such as . . . need for additional space, functionality, and betterment of the
neighborhood.” Id. at *6. Thus, the Cassese court concluded that the applicant had met her burden

16
showing that there was “[a] hardship . . . attributed to the unique characteristics of the lot and the
house that sits on it; [and that] it [was] not due to any physical disability.” Id.
Similarly, in Hayes v. Charlestown Zoning Board of Review, No. WC-2020-528, 2022 WL
16559085 (R.I. Super. Oct. 26, 2022), the petitioner applied for dimensional relief seeking to
demolish her existing one-story vacation home, a nonconforming structure, and to rebuild a three-
story, full-time residence. See Hayes, 2022 WL 16559085, at *1, 2. Petitioner’s property was
located within a flood zone, triggering Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
requirements. Id. at *1. To comply with FEMA regulations, petitioner was required to fill her
existing basement, resulting in a loss of 1,500 square feet. Id. Thus, petitioner sought to build a
three-story residence to compensate for the lost basement space. Id. Additionally, petitioner’s
property was located within fifty feet of coastal wetlands, triggering Coastal Resources
Management Council (CRMC) regulations. Id. at *2. CRMC “expressed a preference for using
the existing foundation and remaining further away from the coastal feature.” Id. at *3. In
compliance, petitioner’s proposed plan used her existing footprint as “the most feasible and
practical way to place the house and [have] the least environmental impact.” Id.
The trial justice in Hayes concluded that, based on the “substantial additional evidence in
the record establishing [the p]etitioner’s unique hardship,” . . . “[the court would] not substitute
its judgment for that of the [z]oning [b]oard.” Id. at *12; see also Rathkopf’s The Law of Zoning
and Planning, § 58:20 at 58-129 (2003) (“Hardship must relate to some characteristic of the land
for which the variance is requested, and must not be solely based on the needs of the owner.”)
(emphasis added). The trial justice noted that petitioner’s hardship did not relate solely to
petitioner’s needs. Id. at *12. Indeed, petitioner’s personal circumstances changed, “and the
property [would] no longer be used as a vacation home, but as her primary residence. Id. (citing

17
to Cassese, 2012 WL 115456, at *6 n.2 (observing prior case law has not foreclosed consideration
of personal circumstances as a factor in a hardship analysis)). Petitioner “desire[d] more space to
accommodate her evolving use of the structure” and sought to “make the structure more amenable
to full-time use and more resilient.” Id. at *12. However, the trial justice continued,
“[p]etitioner . . . wishe[d] to avoid further encroachment on her immediate neighbors and the
coastal feature by utilizing the existing foundation.” Id. Therefore, the trial court was satisfied
that the zoning board’s analysis of § 45-24-41(d)(1) was correct. Id.
This court previously has opined that § 45-24-41(d)(1) “strictly limits what types of
disabilities may be considered in determining whether a variance is appropriate. Old age and
speculative disabilities are not included.” Alpert v. Middletown Zoning Board of Review, No.
2003-0436, 2004 WL 1542238, at *5 (R.I. Super. June 28, 2004). The Alpert court concluded that,
to justify dimensional relief, a hardship must “relate to some characteristic of the land for which
the variance is requested, and must not be solely based on the needs of the owner.” Id. (emphasis
added).
In the instant appeal, the Property is a prior nonconforming structure that currently sits one
foot - one inch from the northern property line. See Ex. 1. It is also a historic property within the
“Hill and Harbor area” of East Greenwich. See Ex. 8 at 3.
At the outset, Appellants assert that any hardship the Applicant claims is “illusory,” stating
that “the Proposed Addition could have been constructed outside the 15’ side-yard setback, in
compliance with the [Ordinance].” (Appellants’ Br. 9; see also Appellants’ Reply 7.) In summary,
Appellants argue that Applicant’s hardship is due to her “preference for maintaining the historical
features,” not due to the “unique characteristics of the subject land.” (Appellants’ Br. 9;
Appellants’ Reply 9; see § 260-91(A)(1).) Appellants ignore other provisions of the Ordinance

18
which mandate that any property within a historic district obtain approval from the HDC before
any “construction, alteration, repair, relocation, removal or demolition of new or proposed
structures and accessories[.]” See Ordinance § 260-59.
Appellants also argue that, because Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that the purpose of the
Proposed Design is to aid Applicant with her physical disability due to old age, Applicant’s alleged
hardship is rooted in the very type of hardship § 45-24-41(d)(1) prohibits—“physical . . . disability
of the applicant.” (Appellants’ Br. 10; Appellants’ Reply 8; see § 260-91(A)(1); see also Tr. 7:1-
3, Oct. 26, 2021; § 45-24-41(d)(1) (requiring “[t]hat the hardship from which the applicant seeks
relief is due to the unique characteristics of the subject land or structure . . . and is not due to a
physical . . . disability of the applicant, excepting those physical disabilities addressed in § 45-24-
30(a)(16)15 (emphasis added))). This argument ignores that “‘it is well recognized that the
irregular shape or other peculiar characteristics of a parcel may constitute a hardship unique to the
property which justifies the granting of a variance.’” Cassese, 2012 WL 115456, at *6 (quoting 3
Rathkopf’s The Law of Zoning & Planning § 58:11, at 58-68 to 58-69 (4th ed., rev. 2006)).
While Appellants cite to Alpert in support of their arguments, such reliance is misguided
because there is substantial record evidence that Applicant’s physical disability was not the sole
factor the Zoning Board relied upon in reaching its conclusion. (Appellants’ Br. 10; see Ex. 17 at
14.) The Zoning Board acknowledged that Applicant’s Proposed Design was made to
accommodate her physical disability associated with old age. (Ex. 17 at 2; Tr. 5:11-17, Aug. 24,
2021.) However, like Cassese, the Zoning Board, here, correctly determined that Applicant’s
15 Section 45-24-30(a)(16) requires zoning ordinances to address providing opportunities for
reasonable accommodations in order to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,
42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., which protects individuals who develop disabilities because of aging.
The record does not provide details about Applicant’s disability other than references to aging and
a need for a handicap accessible bathroom. See Ex. 17 at 14.

19
alleged hardship was, in fact, due to the unique characteristics of the subject land, and not solely
based on Applicant’s physical disability from aging. See Ex. 17 at 14; see also Cassese, 2012 WL
115456, at *6. Chairman Land specifically noted that “while [Appellants’ counsel] pointed out
the subject property is 125 feet wide, the existing structure is one foot from the property line.
Requesting relief that maintains consistency with the existing structure and the existing nature of
the property satisfies this particular condition.” (Ex. 17 at 14.)
Furthermore, Ms. Unwin-Barkley stated that “[t]he current tight floor plan does not afford
the opportunity to modify within the existing footprint.” (Tr. 5:18-19, Aug. 24, 2021.) As to the
historic preservation restrictions on the Property, she testified that the HDC “appreciated . . . the
fact that [the Proposed Design would] move[] the addition [five] feet away or inside the north
property line from the existing footprint . . . help[ing] differentiate old versus new . . . construction
. . . a significant [historical] objective.” (Tr. 7:4-9, Oct. 26, 2021.) Ms. Unwin-Barkley further
testified that the Application “is very consistent with a typical situation of most homes of the
[historic] district that [were] all built prior to today’s building codes.” (Tr. 8:4-7, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Additionally, at the HDC meeting, Vice-Chairman Maxwell requested that the HDC staff “pass
along his comments to the ZBR that the HDC prefers the addition takes place where the designer
has proposed it.” (HDC Minutes at 6.)
This Court’s review of the record reveals that, in assessing the element of “hardship due to
unique characteristics of the land,” the Zoning Board considered several factors—(1) the historical
nature of the Property, that being an accessory structure built in the 1880s that was once part of a
main house; (2) the comments made by Vice-Chairman Maxwell at the HDC hearing; (3) the fact
that the existing historic structure is located one foot from the northern property line; and (4)
Applicant’s wish to construct a first-floor primary bedroom with a handicap-accessible bathroom

20
to accommodate her personal circumstances. (Tr. 15:25-16:2, Aug. 24, 2021; HDC Minutes at 5-
6; Ex. 17 at 8, 14; Tr. 5:14-17, Aug. 24, 2021.) Accordingly, this Court is satisfied that the Zoning
Board’s decision, in concluding that Applicant sufficiently alleged a hardship based on the unique
characteristics of the land and not solely based on physical disability, was supported by substantial
evidence—that is, more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance—and thus, satisfied her
burden under § 45-24-41(d)(1). Lischio v. Zoning Board of Review of Town of North Kingstown,
818 A.2d 685, 690 (R.I. 2003); Cassese, 2012 WL 115456, at *6 n.2; see also § 45-24-41(d)(1).
C
Nature of the Hardship
Section 45-24-41(d)(2) (and Ordinance § 260-91(A)(2))
On appeal, Appellants do not challenge the Zoning Board’s finding that Applicant met her
burden under § 45-24-41(d)(2). See § 45-24-41(d)(2) (“That the hardship is not the result of any
prior action of the applicant and does not result primarily from the desire of the applicant to realize
greater financial gain[.]”).
Indeed, the record reflects that the Zoning Board properly addressed this requirement in
granting Applicant’s requested relief. Specifically, Chairman Land noted in the Decision that
Applicant satisfied the requirement under § 45-24-41(d)(2) because “[she] did not place her home
on the property line”; “[the] [P]roperty has been there a lot longer than [Applicant] ha[s] lived
there and perhaps any of us have lived on the earth”; and “there [was] certainly no evidence that
[Applicant sought the requested relief] for financial gain.” See Ex. 17 at 14.
Therefore, this Court need not address Applicant’s burden under § 45-24-41(d)(2) any
further because Appellants do not raise this issue on appeal and the record reflects that the findings
of the Zoning Board are supported by substantial evidence.

21
D
General Character of the Surrounding Area and Intent of the Ordinance
Section 45-24-41(d)(3) (and Ordinance § 260-91(A)(3))
Appellants next argue that the Zoning Board erred in finding that granting the variance
would neither alter the general character of the surrounding area nor impair the purpose of the
zoning ordinance or comprehensive plan on which it is based, in violation of § 45-24-41(d)(3) and
Ordinance § 260-91(A)(3). See Appellants’ Br. 11. Pursuant to § 45-24-41(d)(3), an applicant
seeking a dimensional variance must present evidence sufficient to support a finding “[t]hat the
granting of the requested variance will not alter the general character of the surrounding area or
impair the intent or purpose of the zoning ordinance or the comprehensive plan upon which the
ordinance is based.” Section 45-24-41(d)(3). For example, proposed designs involving “massive
or out of place [structures]” or “eliminat[ion] [of] the front yard or sidewalk in a residential
neighborhood” would alter the general character of the surrounding area. Lischio, 818 A.2d at
693.
At the outset, the Court notes that Appellants previously cited concerns about National
Grid’s electric lines that service the homes of Applicant, Appellants, and other abutting neighbors.
(Ex. 9 at 3.) Specifically, Appellants argued that the construction of the Proposed Design would
require relocation of the electric lines and therefore alter the general character of the surrounding
area. Id. However, both parties acknowledged at the October 2021 Zoning Board hearing that the
issue was no longer a concern for the Application; instead, the electric lines issue was solely the
responsibility of National Grid. See Tr. 25:12-17; 26:2-4, Oct. 26, 2021. Based upon counsels’
representations before the Zoning Board, this Court will not further address the electric lines as
this issue is not within the purview of the instant appeal. See id.

22
In the instant appeal, Appellants argue that the HDC’s conceptual approval and Ms. Unwin-
Barkley’s testimony were insufficient to demonstrate that Applicant’s Proposed Design would not
“alter the general character of the surrounding area” or “impair the purpose or intent of the zoning
ordinance or the comprehensive plan” as required by § 45-24-41(d)(3) and Ordinance § 260-
91(A)(3). (Appellants’ Br. 11; see also § 45-24-41(d)(3); Ordinance 260-91(A)(3).) In support,
Appellants assert that HDC’s approval of the Proposed Design “is not a substitute for substantial
evidence that could support such a finding.” (Appellants’ Reply 12.) Moreover, Appellants
maintain that, even if the Zoning Board were permitted to rely on the HDC’s conceptual approval,
the record lacks guidelines or criteria in which the HDC relied upon in granting the conceptual
approval of the Proposed Design. Id.
Contrary to Appellants’ argument, this Court’s review of the HDC Minutes reveals
evidence of the standards the HDC applied in reaching its decision granting conceptual approval.
See HDC Minutes at 2 and 5. At the beginning of the June 9, 2021 HDC meeting, Chairman
McGeorge stated, “the HDC considers local standards as well as Federal guidelines. . . . The Board
members identify properties and character defining features and historical and architecturally
significant to the district that are taken into consideration . . . The Board determines the standards
that apply[.]” Id. at 2. The record reflects that the HDC applied two standards in reviewing the
Proposed Design:
“Mr. McGeorge stated Commission standards 4 and 5 apply to the
application. Standard 4 states that proposals for architectural
changes or alterations shall be appropriate to the original design of
the building or to later changes that have acquired significance of
their own. Standard 5 states new construction includes substantial
additions or modifications to the exterior of existing buildings. The
design of new construction need not be an exact or modified copy
of historic styles and could be totally different in concept. However,
all proposals for new construction shall be compatible with the

23
surrounding buildings in size, scale, materials and siting, as well as
with the general character of the historic district.” Id. at 5.
As this Court mentioned above, and upon the HDC’s application of Standards 4 and 5,
Vice-Chairman Maxwell expressed his support for the Proposed Design’s simplicity as it “did not
try to do much coupled with preserving the location of the carriage house doors/French doors,”
while keeping the original fabric of the carriage house visible. Id. Also, at the HDC hearing,
Chairman McGeorge praised the Proposed Design to be “a relatively sensible evolution of the
structure and property” and “subservient to the primary structure and appropriate in terms of
massing and scale.” Id. at 6. At the October 2021 hearing, Chairman Land stated that the Zoning
Board could conclude Applicant satisfied the requirement that the Proposed Design “[would] not
alter the general character of the surrounding area or impair the purpose or intent of the zoning
ordinance or the comprehensive plan” because “Applicant went to the HDC first.” (Tr. 34:5-11,
Oct. 26, 2021.)
Appellants argue that the Zoning Board erred in accepting the HDC’s conceptual approval
as substantial evidence, where it ultimately found that the Proposed Design did not violate
Ordinance § 260-91(A)(3). (Appellants’ Br. 13.) In New Castle, the Supreme Court addressed the
level of deference a zoning board may afford another agency’s conclusions regarding topics within
that agency’s purview. New Castle, 248 A.3d at 645-46. In that case, the applicant requested a
special use-permit and a dimensional variance to construct a house and install a septic system on
a pre-existing nonconforming lot. Id. at 640. Although the Department of Environmental
Management (DEM) already approved the project, id. at 641, the zoning board rejected the
application, opining that the project would have a negative impact on the wetlands. Id. at 646.
However, there was no expert testimony to support this conclusion and the members of “the zoning
board lacked the specialized knowledge necessary to refute DEM’s decision itself.” Id. at 645. On

24
review, the Supreme Court concluded that “an applicant for zoning relief ought to be able to rely
on permits granted by DEM with respect to those matters uniquely within DEM’s expertise.” Id.
at 646. The Court noted that, although the DEM permit did not constitute “conclusive evidence,”
it was “entitled to deference” in the absence of competent evidence to the contrary. Id.
Accordingly, the Zoning Board was permitted to consider the HDC’s conceptual approval of the
Proposed Design for, among other things, preservation of the historic aspects of the Property and
the surrounding area.
Regardless, Applicant did not merely rest on the HDC’s conceptual approval but also
introduced uncontradicted expert testimony from Ms. Unwin-Barkley. See generally Trs. Aug.
24, 2021, Oct. 26, 2021. Our Supreme Court has stated that:
‘“[w]hile it is generally true that ‘there is no talismanic significance
to expert testimony and it may be accepted or rejected by the trier of
fact,’ . . . it is also true that, if expert testimony before a zoning board
is competent, uncontradicted, and unimpeached, it would be an
abuse of discretion for a zoning board to reject such testimony.”’
New Castle, 248 A.3d at 645 (citing Murphy v. Zoning Board of
Review of Town of South Kingstown, 959 A.2d 535, 542 (R.I. 2008)
(brackets omitted) (quoting Restivo v. Lynch, 707 A.2d 663, 671
(R.I. 1998)).
Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that the Proposed Design “preserves the character of the
carriage house” and “fits the character of the neighborhood and enhances the value of the
surrounding properties.” See Tr. 6:1-3, 16-21, Aug. 24, 2021. She also testified that the Proposed
Design “[was] very consistent with a typical situation of most homes of the district that [were] all
built prior to today’s building codes. And the HDC staff saw no significant [objections] to
[Applicant’s] request, and they seemed to think that it was . . . matching past practices.” (Tr. 8:4-
10, Oct. 26, 2021.) Her testimony was uncontroverted. Although the burden is not on Appellants
to present an expert witness, it would have been an abuse of discretion for the Zoning Board to

25
have rejected Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony regarding the shortcomings of Appellants’ Sketches
because her testimony was competent, uncontradicted, and unimpeached. See New Castle, 248
A.3d at 645 (citation omitted). Additionally, the Zoning Board considered the supporting letter
from Applicant’s abutting neighbors, the Lowes, and the supporting testimony from the owner of
abutting 27 Marion Street, Michael Gagne. See Tr. 11:1-13:2, Aug. 24, 2021.
Therefore, this Court is satisfied that the “competent, uncontradicted, and unimpeached”
testimony from Ms. Unwin-Barkley, the supportive letter from the Lowes, and the testimony of
Mr. Gagne was substantial record evidence the Zoning Board considered in concluding that “the
[Proposed Design] . . . [does] not alter the general character of the surrounding area.” See New
Castle, 248 A.3d at 644, 645 (citation omitted). Thus, Applicant met her burden on this element
under § 45-24-41(d)(3).
Appellants next argue that Applicant has failed to provide evidence that “the granting of
the requested variance will not . . . impair the intent or purpose of the . . . [O]rdinance or the
comprehensive plan.” (Appellants’ Br. 14; see § 45-24-41(d)(3).) A comprehensive plan acts as
a strategic planning document, “identify[ing] the goals and policies of the municipality for its
future growth and development[.]” G.L. 1956 § 45-22.2-6(b)(1). The plan provides municipal
governments with a “rational basis for the long-term physical development of [the] municipality,”
in addition to assisting the municipality “avoid conflicting requirements and reactive land use
regulations and decisions.” Section 45-22.2-3(a)(1). East Greenwich’s Comprehensive Plan16 (EG
Plan) details “goals, objectives, and policies of the Town of East Greenwich for its future growth
and development[.]” EG Plan at 1.
16 Comprehensive Plans And State Approval Status | Rhode Island Division of Statewide Planning,
(ri.gov)

26
Chapter Five of the EG Plan, “Historic and Cultural Resources,” emphasizes the
municipality’s goals to preserve historic resources and cultural heritage. See EG Plan at 59. It
stresses the importance of evaluating new developments for their impact on historic features. See
id. Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony that the Proposed Plan “preserves the character of the carriage
house,” “fits the character of the neighborhood[,] and enhances the value of the surrounding
properties” is strong support for this plan’s compliance with EG Plan’s goals. See Tr. 6:1-3, 16-
21, Aug. 24, 2021. Further, Vice-Chairman Maxwell’s conclusion that an addition other than the
Proposed Plan “would take away from the historic appearance of the carriage house as well as
character defining elements of the building” provides additional support. HDC Minutes at 6.
Accordingly, this Court is satisfied that the Proposed Design complies with EG Plan’s goals to
preserve historical features and characteristics, and thus, is satisfied that the Proposed Design will
not “impair the intent or purpose of the . . . comprehensive plan[.]” See EG Plan at 59; see also
§ 45-24-41(d)(3).
Appellants assert that Ordinance §§ 260-13 and 14 express an intent to eliminate
dimensional nonconformances. (Appellants’ Br. 11; Appellants’ Reply 14; see also Ordinance
§ 260-13, 14.) However, the Ordinance also includes a definition of “variance” as “[p]ermission
to depart from the literal requirements of this chapter as granted by the Zoning Board of Review.”
See Ordinance § 260-6. This is similar to the statutory definition under § 45-24-31(66). Clearly,
the language in the Ordinance itself grants the Zoning Board authority to vary from the policies
stated in §§ 260-13 and 14, “where the applicant … has shown by evidence upon the record that
there is no other reasonable alternative way to enjoy a legally permitted beneficial use of the
subject property unless granted the requested relief from the dimensional regulations.” See
Ordinance § 260-6. Chairman Land noted that the Application “fits right in with a standard type

27
of request that [the Zoning Board] receive[s].” Tr. 24:22-24, Oct. 26, 2021. Most importantly,
Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that there are “no other reasonable alternatives to address the program
needs while [Applicant] maintains the historic character of the home.” (Tr. 6:21-24, Aug. 24,
2021.)
Based on the record from Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony at the HDC Meeting and the
two Zoning Board hearings, as well as the findings of the HDC, the Zoning Board’s decision that
Applicant met her burden under § 45-24-41(d)(3) was supported by substantial evidence in the
record.
E
Least Relief Necessary
Section 45-24-41(d)(4) (and Ordinance § 260-91(A)(4))
Appellants argue that the requested variances were not the least relief necessary in light of
their proposed Sketches. (Appellants’ Br. 17; Appellants’ Reply 10-11; see also § 45-24-41(d)(4);
Ordinance § 260-91(A)(4); see also New Castle, 248 A.3d at 648). They further maintain that Ms.
Unwin-Barkley’s testimony anticipating the HDC’s rejection of alternatives was speculative and
lacked factual foundation. (Appellees’ Br. 18; Appellants’ Reply 10-11; Appellants’ Sur-Reply
3.)
In New Castle, our Supreme Court held that ‘“an applicant seeking a dimensional variance
has the burden before the zoning board of showing that a factual basis appears in the record to
support the proposition that there is ‘no other reasonable alternative’ that would allow the applicant
to enjoy a legally permitted beneficial use of the property.”’ New Castle, 248 A.3d at 647 (quoting
Bernuth v. Zoning Board of Review of Town of New Shoreham, 770 A.2d 396, 401 (R.I. 2001)).
The Court declared that a zoning board’s “failure to consider reasonable alternatives or proposals

28
is substantial evidence that an applicant has not satisfied the requirements of § 45-24-41(d)(4).”
RH McLeod Family LLC et al. v. Westerly Zoning Board of Review, Nos. WC-2021-0495, WC-
2021-496, WC-2021-497, 2023 WL 2486928, at *9 (R.I. Super. Mar. 9, 2023) (citing New Castle,
248 A.3d at 648) (emphasis added). In addition, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has held that
zoning boards are not required to consider other permitted uses, including uses that require no
relief whatsoever, when ruling on a request for a variance. See Westminster Corp. v. Zoning Board
of Review of City of Providence, 103 R.I. 381, 389-90, 238 A.2d 353, 358 (1968) (concluding that
“[applicants] are entitled to relief upon the establishment of the necessary ground therefor, . . .
whether or not the ordinance provides for other permitted uses”). In other words, just because an
alternative proposal is possible to implement does not make it reasonable. “It is not necessary that
the Zoning Board precisely identify the point of impossibility and only approve a request that falls
just on the side of possible—the standard is whether there exists a “reasonable alternative,” not a
speculatively “possible” alternative.” RH McLeod Family LLC, 2023 WL 2486928, at *10.
Here, the Zoning Board did, in fact, consider alternative designs, particularly the two
Sketches created by Appellants, but determined that they were unreasonable. See Ex. 17 at 8-11.
Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified before the Zoning Board that the HDC would not have approved
either alternative for several reasons. See supra I.C.2.; Tr. 8:13-15, Oct. 26, 2021. Significantly,
Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that there are “no other reasonable alternatives to address the program
needs while [Applicant] maintains the historic character of the home.” (Tr. 6:21-24, Aug. 24,
2021.) The Decision acknowledged this testimony. See Ex. 17 at 13.
As to the First Sketch—which suggested construction on the southwest corner of the
existing structure—Ms. Unwin-Barkley conceded that it would fall “just inside the zoning
setbacks.” See Tr. 8:18-21, Oct. 26, 2021. However, Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that this

29
alternative “would really compete with the hierarchy of the [pretty] austere c. 1830s carriage
house[,]” and the mechanical and plumbing circulation would become an “unreasonable
challenge.” (Ex. 17 at 7; see Tr. 8:23-9:9, Oct. 26, 2021.)
The Zoning Board further relied on Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s conclusion that the Second
Sketch’s plan to construct the addition in a manner that would overlap the footprint of the house
would “undermine the significance of the historic features of the [Property.]” See Ex. 17 at 7; Tr.
9:10-14, Oct. 26, 2021. Finally, Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified that the Proposed Design “[was]
very consistent with a typical situation of most homes of the district that [were] all built prior to
today’s building codes. And the HDC staff saw no significant [objections] to [Applicant’s]
request, and they seemed to think that it was . . . matching past practices.” (Tr. 8:4-10, Oct. 26,
2021.) She concluded by stating that, based on “[her] experience and education . . . the HDC
would not [have] approve[d] either one of the [suggested alternative] footprints.” (Tr. 8:11-15,
Oct. 26, 2021.) In addition, at the HDC hearing, Chairman McGeorge noted that the Proposed
Design “is clearly pulled back further from the existing house, . . . showing as evidence [that] there
was an attempt made to provide the least relief necessary.” (HDC Minutes at 6.)
The Zoning Board correctly found that both Sketches were unreasonable based on Ms.
Unwin-Barkley’s testimony that they would compromise the existing structure’s historic nature
and internal circulation systems. See Ex. 17 at 13-14. This Court has stated, “[i]t would be a futile
endeavor if the Zoning Board required evidence of lesser alternatives that would violate other
elements of the dimensional variance standard.” RH McLeod Family LLC, 2023 WL 2486928, at
*10 (internal citation omitted). Moreover, the Court may not “substitute its judgment for that of
the zoning board of review as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact.” Section 45-24-
69(d). The record shows that the Sketches were submitted by Appellants’ counsel prior to the

30
hearing and were thus part of the record before the Zoning Board at the hearing. See Ex. 9 at 3-5.
Not only did Applicant’s expert explicitly testify that the Sketches were not viable options, the
Zoning Board could also reasonably draw that inference from the expert’s proffered opinion. See
Tr. 6:19-22, Aug. 24, 2021. Consequently, the record is comprised of Applicant’s requested
variance with concern for compliance with the requirements of the historic “Hill and Harbor area”
of East Greenwich. See generally Ex. 8 at 3.
Although the record shows that the Sketches were considered by the Zoning Board,
Appellants’ counsel concedes that the Sketches were not professional surveys. (Tr. 15:12-14, Aug.
24, 2021.) No expert testified in support of the Sketches, but Ms. Unwin-Barkley, the only expert,
testified that the Sketches were unreasonable and would impose conditions that would diminish
the historic nature of the carriage house and disrupt the Property’s existing structure as a whole.
See generally Trs. Aug. 24, 2021, Oct. 26, 2021.
Notwithstanding Appellants’ assertion that the Zoning Board’s reliance on Ms. Unwin-
Barkley’s testimony was insufficient, it is well settled that “if expert testimony before a zoning
board is competent, uncontradicted, and unimpeached, it would be an abuse of discretion for a
zoning board to reject such testimony.” (Appellants’ Br. 15; Murphy v. Zoning Board of Review
of Town of South Kingstown, 959 A.2d 535, 542 (R.I. 2008).) The Zoning Board considered Ms.
Unwin-Barkley as an expert and weighed her testimony. See Ex. 17 at 13. In sum, Applicant
presented expert testimony that the requested variances represented the least relief necessary.
For these reasons, this Court finds the Zoning Board’s conclusion that Applicant met her
burden in showing that the Proposed Design is the least relief necessary under § 45-24-41(d)(4)
was based upon substantial evidence.

31
F
Hardship Amounting to More than Mere Inconvenience
Section 45-24-41(e)(2) (and Ordinance § 260-91(C))
Pursuant to § 45-24-41(e)(2), an applicant must show that “the hardship suffered by the
owner of the subject property if the dimensional variance is not granted amounts to more than a
mere inconvenience.” Section 45-24-41(e)(2). In proving that the hardship would be “more than
mere inconvenience,” an applicant must show that the relief she is seeking is reasonably necessary
for the full enjoyment of her permitted use. H. J. Bernard Realty Co. v. Zoning Board of Review
of Town of Coventry, 96 R.I. 390, 394, 192 A.2d 8, 11 (1963). In Alpert, this court reversed the
zoning board’s decision on the ground that the applicants failed to present evidence “probative on
the issue of whether a conforming home was objectively unreasonable[,] whether or not taking
into account the surrounding properties.” Alpert, 2004 WL 1542238, at *7. The Alpert court stated
that, although the applicants had an expert testify, the record nonetheless failed to show “actual
proof of objective unreasonableness [and] would require more than th[e] expert[’s] bare statements
of opinion.” See id. Our Supreme Court has stated that the mere inconvenience test “must be
applied reasonably and realistically.” Travers v. Zoning Board of Review of Town of Bristol, 101
R.I. 510, 514, 225 A.2d 222, 224 (1967); see Alpert, 2004 WL 1542238, at *5 (quoting Travers,
101 R.I. at 514, 225 A.2d at 224).
Here, Appellants argue that the Zoning Board’s finding that Applicant satisfied § 45-24-
41(e)(2) was erroneous for two reasons. (Appellants’ Br. 20-23.) First, Appellants assert that
under Alpert, the Proposed Design was a design preference and that it did not amount to the
requisite hardship as required under § 45-24-41(e)(2). Id. at 21; see also § 45-24-41(e)(2). In fact,
Appellants maintain that their Sketches demonstrate that it is possible for Applicant to build an

32
addition that “could comply with the side-yard setback requirement, be located on
the . . . Property . . . and not be any smaller than the proposed dimensions of 24’ x 26.6’.”
(Appellants’ Br. 22; see Ex. 9 at 4-5.) In Appellants’ view, Applicant could construct an addition
that connects directly to the residence in a way that complies with the Ordinance. (Appellants’
Reply 5-10.) However, as noted above, these Sketches were not surveys, nor testified to by an
expert proffered by Appellants. See id.; see also Tr. 15:12-14, Aug. 24, 2021. Instead, it is clear
from the record that the Zoning Board considered Appellants’ Sketches and remained unconvinced
that both the First Sketch and Second Sketch were feasible proposals based on Ms. Unwin-
Barkley’s testimony.
It appears that Appellants are requesting this Court to review the Sketches de novo rather
than applying the proper standard pursuant to § 45-24-69(d). See § 45-24-69(d) (“[t]he court shall
not substitute its judgment for that of the zoning board of review as to the weight of the evidence
on questions of fact”). This Court must not conduct a separate factual inquiry but must, instead,
evaluate whether the Zoning Board relied upon substantial evidence in reaching its conclusion that
Applicant met her burden under § 45-24-41(e)(2).
Second, Appellants argue that the Zoning Board should not have accepted Ms. Unwin-
Barkley’s testimony as to the hardship requirements of the dimensional variance based on her
opinion as to what the HDC would or would not approve—without any factual basis to support it.
See Appellants’ Reply 5. In support, Appellants cite to Perry v. Town of Burrillville Zoning Board
of Review, No. PC-2007-3323, 2012 WL 6215595 (R.I. Super. Dec. 6, 2012) for the proposition
that, “[i]f the expert fails specifically to set forth the factual basis for his conclusion, the court must
disregard his testimony.” (Appellants’ Reply 5; see also Perry, 2012 WL 6215595, at *8.)
Appellants contend that had Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony included or addressed the standard

33
the HDC had relied on in its evaluation of Applicant’s request, her testimony would have
sufficiently established a factual basis for finding substantial evidence of hardship under § 45-24-
41(e). (Appellants’ Reply 5-6.)
This Court notes that Appellants have conflated their arguments regarding whether the
Zoning Board erred in finding that Applicant met her burden under § 45-24-41(d)(1) with § 45-
24-41(e)(2).17 See Appellants’ Reply 3-10; see also § 45-24-41(e)(2). However, Appellants’
argument that the Decision is not supported by substantial record evidence is meritless because the
record reveals that the Zoning Board relied on both Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony and the HDC
Minutes in reaching its Decision granting the requested relief. See Appellants’ Br. 23; Ex. 17.
The alleged hardship here is distinguishable from the hardship addressed in Alpert—where
that applicant’s hardship did not amount to more than mere inconvenience. See Appellees’ Br. 19-
20; see contra Alpert, 2004 WL 1542238, at *8. Unlike Alpert, here, the Zoning Board had
substantial evidence before it, in the form of Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony and the HDC
Minutes, to decide that there was no other reasonable design. (Tr. 8:11-10:16; Oct. 26, 2021; Ex.
17 at 13-14; see contra Alpert, 2004 WL 1542238, at *7-8.) The Zoning Board found Ms. Unwin-
Barkley’s testimony was “actual proof” that Applicant would suffer an “objectively unreasonable”
hardship if she were forced to apply either Sketch as proposed by Appellants. See Ex. 17 at 14;
see contra Alpert, 2004 WL 1542238, at *7-8.
For example, at the Zoning Board’s October 2021 hearing, Ms. Unwin-Barkley testified
that Applicant’s requested variances were “very consistent with a typical situation of most homes
17 Specifically, Appellants conflate their arguments, particularly in their Reply, by arguing both
§§ 45-24-41(d)(1) and 45-24-41(e)(2) together, asserting that the Zoning Board incorrectly found
Applicant met her burden on both elements in seeking dimensional relief. (Appellants’ Br. at 20-
23; Appellants’ Reply 3-10.)

34
of the district that [were] all built prior to today’s building codes.” (Tr. 8:4-7, Oct. 26, 2021; see
generally Tr. 5-6, Aug. 24, 2021.) In her professional opinion, Ms. Unwin-Barkley opined that
both of Appellants’ suggested alternatives were unreasonable and that, contrary to Appellants’
claim that the alternatives were only a matter of “shifting” the Proposed Design, the alternatives
would diminish the historic characteristics of the existing structure or require constructing a
secondary structure making the “mechanical plumbing or vertical circulation, [or] any of the
circulation of the house, . . . an unreasonable challenge.” (Tr. 8:18-20, 9:2-14, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Accordingly, the Zoning Board concluded that, if Applicant’s request were denied, she would not
have access to the full enjoyment of the permitted residential use and it would force her to apply
for a variance that could disrupt the integrity of the historic carriage house. Id.; see generally Tr.
8:11-10:16, Oct. 26, 2021.
Appellants argue that the Zoning Board failed to consider their Sketches. (Appellants’ Br.
23.) However, during Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s testimony, the Zoning Board specifically asked her
why the HDC would not have accepted the Sketches had they been presented to the HDC. (Tr.
20:10-24, Oct. 26, 2021.) The Zoning Board further asked Ms. Unwin-Barkley what hardships
Applicant would suffer if Appellants’ Sketches were adopted. (Tr. 20:10-21:16, Oct. 26, 2021.)
Ms. Unwin-Barkley explained at length why the Sketches were unreasonable. See Tr. 5:18-19;
6:1-22, Aug. 24, 2021; Tr. 30:21-24, Oct. 26, 2021.
Appellants characterize the alternative Sketches as a “smoking gun” that reveals the Zoning
Board’s “least relief necessary” finding was “[c]learly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative,
and substantial evidence of the whole record[.]” (Appellants’ Br. 17-20; Section 45-24-69(d)(5).)
However, this Court cannot agree with Appellants’ characterization because the Sketches were
simply one piece of evidence that the Zoning Board was entitled to weigh and reject in favor of

35
Applicant’s evidence. See Lloyd, 62 A.3d at 1089. This Court further disagrees with Appellants’
assertion that the Zoning Board “disregard[ed] th[e] evidence in the record [of the alternative
Sketches], without sufficient explanation, [and that it] was an unwarranted exercise and abuse of
discretion sufficient for the Court to overturn the Zoning Board’s Decision.” See Appellants’
Reply 7. It is clear from the record that the Zoning Board did not disregard the alternative
Sketches, but, instead, inquired about them and elicited extensive testimony explaining their lack
of feasibility. (Tr. 8:11-10:16, Oct. 26, 2021.) Again, zoning boards are not required to consider
other permitted uses, including uses that require no relief whatsoever, when ruling on a request
for a variance. See Westminster Corp., 103 R.I. at 389-390, 238 A.2d at 358 (emphasis added).
Just because an alternative proposal is possible to implement does not make it reasonable. “It is
not necessary that the Zoning Board precisely identify the point of impossibility and only approve
a request that falls just on the side of possible—the standard is whether there exists a “reasonable
alternative,” not a speculatively “possible” alternative.” RH McLeod Family LLC, 2023 WL
2486928, at *10.
After examining the record, this Court is satisfied that the Zoning Board’s Decision was
supported by substantial evidence based on Ms. Unwin-Barkley’s uncontested testimony, the HDC
Minutes, and all other relevant filings that were part of the record thereof in deciding whether
Applicant met her burden under § 45-24-41(e)(2).

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IV
Conclusion
After reviewing the entire record, for the reasons stated above, this Court finds that the
Zoning Board applied the proper legal standard for a dimensional variance in accordance with
§ 45-24-41(d)-(e) and Ordinance § 260-91 and also finds that its Decision is supported by
substantial evidence in the record. This Court therefore affirms the Decision of the Zoning Board
granting Applicant’s request for dimensional relief. Counsel for the Appellees shall prepare the
appropriate order in accordance with this Decision.

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RHODE ISLAND SUPERIOR COURT
Decision Addendum Sheet
TITLE OF CASE: O’Donnell v. Town of East Greenwich Zoning Board of
Review, et al.
CASE NO: KC-2022-0065
COURT: Kent County Superior Court
DATE DECISION FILED: October 17, 2023
JUSTICE/MAGISTRATE: Rekas Sloan, J.
ATTORNEYS:
For Plaintiff: William R. Landry, Esq.
For Defendant: James Moretti, Esq.
Amy Hall Goins, Esq.