A-1-CA-36190 | Omnilex

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Court of Appeals of New Mexico
Filed 9/24/2019 10:05 AM

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: Court of Appeals of New Mexico
Filed 9/24/2019 10:05 AM

Filing Date: September 24, 2019 A.
al
No. A-1-CA-36190 Fe
ark Reynolds

ANGELA RUSS,
Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

JEFFREY L. RUSS,
Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

and

NEW MEXICO HUMAN SERVICES
DEPARTMENT,

Intervenor.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Debra Ramirez, District Judge

New Mexico Family Law, PC
Amanda A. Aragon
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellee

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Michelle Cortez
Albuquerque, NM

L. Helen Bennett
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellant

OPINION

HANISEE, Judge.

{1}. Jeffrey Russ (Husband) appeals a district court order requiring reimbursement
to Angela Russ (Wife), along with continued payments to her, of half of Husband’s
military retirement pay (Retirement Pay), pursuant to their Marital Settlement
Agreement (MSA). At issue is what remains owed to Wife after Husband waived
his Retirement Pay in exchange for receiving disability-based Combat Related
Special Compensation (CRSC). Husband argues the United States Supreme Court’s
recent decision in Howell v. Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1400 (2017) preempts New Mexico
case law and prohibits the district court from ordering Husband to reimburse Wife
for waived Retirement Pay. Although we agree with Husband that our contrary
decision in Hadrych v. Hadrych, 2007-NMCA-001, 140 N.M. 829, 149 P.3d 593, is
no longer controlling precedent after Howell, we nonetheless conclude there to be
sufficient reason under still-applicable New Mexico precedent to deny retroactive
application of Howell. We therefore affirm on grounds different than those relied on
by the district court.

BACKGROUND

2} Husband and Wife married in 1993. Husband served in the military for the
duration of the thirteen-year marriage. Upon their divorce in 2006 the parties entered

into the MSA. Incorporated into the district court’s final decree, the MSA stated that

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“as a compromise division of community assets,” Husband and Wife agreed that
Wife “receive 50 [percent] of [Husband’s] disposable [R]etirement] [P]ay which was
earned during the term of [their] marriage.” Husband retired from the military and
began receiving Retirement Pay effective January 1, 2011. On April 6, 2011, Wife
filed a motion to amend the MSA to state instead that Wife would receive “50
[percent] of [Husband’s] disposable [R]etirement [P]ay from date of retirement” so
that the Defense Finance and Accounting Service would disperse her portion of the
Retirement Pay. Without a response from Husband, the district court entered an
order approving the change less than a week later.

{3} From January 2011 until May 2014, Husband received monthly Retirement
Pay varying in amount from $1,578 to $1,638. Wife received her portion of
Husband’s Retirement Pay from August 2011 until April 2014. On May 1, 2014,
Husband began receiving CRSC, as a consequence of his conversion of 100 percent
of his Retirement Pay to CRSC, eliminating altogether Wife’s monthly percentage
of Husband’s Retirement Pay under the MSA. On April 11, 2014, Wife filed an
emergency motion to enforce the MSA requesting that the district court compel
Husband to pay Wife the amount “she would be getting from her portion of
[Husband’s] [R]etirement [P]ay and to award her back pay from the time the
retirement benefits ceased.” On May 23, 2014, Husband also filed a motion to

enforce the MSA, arguing that the language of the MSA should not have been

modified, and that Wife is only entitled to half of Husband’s Retirement Pay during
the marriage, equaling 32.2 percent of Husband’s monthly Retirement Pay, and that
disbursements under Husband’s CRSC benefits are his “separate property.”

4} After a hearing on January 4, 2016, the district court determined that the issue
of whether, under the MSA, Husband’s CRSC benefits “converted from Retirement
[Pay] to CRSC post-retirement[, remain] a community asset and [are] divisible”
would be resolved following a trial on the merits. A bench trial took place on
November 21, 2016, after which the district court entered its findings of fact,
conclusions of law, and order of judgment (Order) on December 19, 2016. The
district court found: (1) “[Wife] began receiving her vested portion of the
[R]etirement [Pay]” in August 2011, Husband “cannot escape the responsibility of
paying [Wife] what the parties agreed she earned during the time that he served in
the military, no matter what name is attributed to that compensation or the source
from which [Husband] pays [Wife]”; (3) principles of equity required that Wife
receive 32.3 percent of the Retirement Pay in accordance with the amount she
“earned for the term of the marriage”; (4) Husband owes Wife $22,243.09 in

military retirement arrears,’ and; (5) Wife owes Husband $8,738 in overpaid child

'The total amount of arrears includes $5,841.92 for Retirement Pay not paid
to Wife before conversion from January 2011 to March 2014, along with $16,401.17
for April 2014 until December 2016 for amounts of Retirement Pay Wife would
have received if Husband had not converted his Retirement Pay. Only the portion of
the arrears involving payment not received after the conversion is at issue on appeal.

support, which was used by the district court to offset the overall judgment against
Husband. The district court then ordered Husband to pay Wife $529.07 a month—
the sum of 32.3 percent of Husband’s Retirement Pay—for as long as allowed by
the Department of Defenses’ Military Retirement Regulations, and an additional
$500 a month to be paid toward the overall $13,505.09 judgment owed to Wife.
Husband timely appealed the district court’s order.

DISCUSSION

{5} On appeal, Husband argues that the United States Supreme Court decision in
Howell abrogates this Court’s past decisions in Hadrych, 2007-NMCA-001, and
Scheidel v. Scheidel, 2000-NMCA-059, 129 N.M. 223, 4 P.3d 670. Both opinions
held, in differing circumstances, that a court can order a military spouse to indemnify
a non-military spouse for post-divorce decree military waivers of military retirement
pay. Husband also argues that Howell should be applied retroactively in this case in
accordance with the factors in Beavers v. Johnson Controls World Services, Inc.,
1994-NMSC-094, § 23, 118 N.M. 391, 881 P.2d 1376, because (1) Howell did not
create a new principle of law as federal statute and the United States Supreme
Court’s decision in Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581 (1989) prohibited waived
military retirement pay from categorization as community property by family courts;
(2) limiting application of Howe// would frustrate congressional intent as manifested

within the Uniformed Services Former Spouses’ Protection Act (USFSPA)

10 U.S.C. § 1408 (2018); and (3) equity favors retroactive application since hardship
endured by non-military spouses is outweighed by hardship endured by military
veterans receiving disability due to their own inability to support themselves.

{6} Wife answers that Howell does not abrogate Scheidel because Scheidel
addressed a contractual provision of indemnification; and the MSA contains a
release clause analogous to an indemnity provision which protects Wife’s
contractual interest in Husband’s Retirement Pay and bars Husband from seeking
application of Howell because to do so would deprive Wife of her share of the
Retirement Pay. Wife further contends that Howell should not be applied
retroactively because it applies a new principle of law by overruling past precedent
and because retroactivity would burden the judicial system, economically devastate
non-military spouses receiving military retirement payments, and unfairly reduce
Wife’s share of community property originally agreed to in the MSA. Wife does not
rebut Husband’s argument that Howell abrogated Hadrych.

Standard of Review

(7) “[T]his Court has applied a de novo standard to questions of federal
preemption.” Humphries v. Pay & Save, Inc., 2011-NMCA-035, 7 6, 150 N.M. 444,
261 P.3d 592. In addition, we affirm for reasons different than those relied on by the
district court only in circumstances that are not unfair to the appellant. Meiboom v.

Watson, 2000-NMSC-004, § 20, 128 N.M. 536, 994 P.2d 1154 (“This Court may

affirm a district court ruling on a ground not relied upon by the district court, but
will not do so if reliance on the new ground would be unfair to appellant.” (alteration,
internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).

Federal Preemption

{8} Both parties address Scheidel and Hadrych in light of their factual similarity
to the instant case. Husband argues that both cases are abrogated by Howell, whereas
Wife argues that Scheidel is factually distinct from Howell thereby avoiding
abrogation. Federal preemption only applies “in situations where Congress has
announced a ‘clear and manifest purpose’ ” for state application since New Mexico
courts “maintain a strong preference against the doctrine.” Humphries, 2011-
NMCA-035, 9 7; Lohman v. Daimler-Chrysler Corp., 2007-NMCA-100, § 15, 142
N.M. 437, 166 P.3d 1091 (“Courts apply a strong presumption against preemption,
particularly in areas of law that are traditionally left to state regulation.”). Federal
law preempts “the application of state community property law to [RJetirement
[P]ay.” Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1403 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The USFSPA states that a state “may treat [veterans’] disposable retired pay[,]”
§ 1408(c)(1), as divisible property upon divorce, but expressly excludes from the
definition of disposable retired pay any amount “deducted from the retired pay ...
as a result of a waiver ... required by law in order to receive [disability benefits].”

§ 1408(a)(4)(A)(ii). As such, and based upon our thorough review of Howell, we

have determined only the holding in Hadrych must be considered incongruent with
the holding in Howell. We explain.

493 During the pendency of this appeal, the United States Supreme Court issued
Howell. In Howell, a veteran husband “waived a share of the retirement pay in order
to receive nontaxable disability benefits from the Federal Government[,]” resulting
in a reduction in his ex-spouse’s share of his retirement payment. 137 S. Ct. at 1402,
1404. The parties were divorced before the husband’s retirement, at which time the
non-veteran wife was awarded 50 percent of the husband’s military retirement as her
sole and separate property in the divorce decree. /d. at 1404. Thirteen years after
retirement, the husband was found to be 20 percent disabled and elected to receive
disability benefits, consequently waiving approximately $250 per month of his
military retirement pay. Jd. The husband’s waiver resulted in the wife receiving $125
less per month from his retirement pay. /d. Upon a motion to enforce the preexisting
judgment by the wife, the lower state court “held that the original divorce decree had
given [the wife] a vested interest in the prewaiver amount of that pay, and ordered
[the husband] to ensure [the wife] receive her full 50 [percent] of the military
retirement without regard for the disability.” /d. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). The Supreme Court reversed, holding that a state court cannot
“subsequently increase, pro rata, the amount the divorced spouse receives each

month from the veteran’s retirement pay in order to indemnify the divorced spouse

for the loss caused by the veteran’s waiver[.]” /d. at 1402. The Court concluded that
its previous decision in Mansell, holding that “federal law completely pre[]empts the
[s]tates from treating waived military retirement pay as divisible community
property[,]” determined the outcome of the case. Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1405. The
Court noted the rationale of the lower court, observing that “like several other state
courts, [the lower court] emphasized the fact that the veteran’s waiver in Mansell
took place before the divorce proceeding[,]” whereas the waiver in Howell took
place “several years after the divorce proceedings.” Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1405.
Nonetheless, the Supreme Court determined that factual difference does not render
Mansell inapplicable. Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1405. It reasoned that the state court did
not (and most likely legally could not) control the “future contingency” of the wife’s
share of the military retirement pay, and stated “[t]he existence of that contingency
meant that the value of [the wife’s] share of military retirement pay was possibly
worth less—perhaps less than [the wife] and others thought—at the time of the
divorce.” /d. The Court also reasoned that the state court did not have the authority
to “vest” the wife with interest in the waivable portion under 38 USC § 5301(a)(1)
(2018), because disability benefits are not assignable. The Court further clarified that
even if the wife was “vested” with a right to half of the husband’s retirement pay,
such an interest is at most “contingent, depending for its amount on a subsequent

condition: [the husband]’s possible waiver of that pay.” Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1406.

The Court also held “[rjegardless of their form . . . reimbursement and
indemnification orders displace the federal rule and stand as an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of the purposes and objections of Congress. All such
orders are thus pre-empted.” Jd. While the Court recognized “the hardship that
congressional pre-emption can sometimes work on divorcing spouses[,]” it stated
that a state court may take into account the contingency of Retirement Pay and
consider potential reductions in value when determining a family’s assets. Id.

10} In Hadrych, decided long before Howell, we found it equitable to “require [the
h]usband to be responsible for the reduction in [the w]ife’s benefits” since “although
[the hJusband is deemed disabled by the military,” he was employed and earning
additional income each month. Hadrych, 2007-NMCA-001, 4 15. The final decree
awarded the wife 50 percent of the husband’s retirement pay “attributable to the
period of time the parties were married.” Jd. § 10 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). There was no marital settlement agreement and therefore “no
indemnity provision or non-alteration provision[,]” thereby distinguishing the case

from Scheidel.?, Haydrych, 2007-NMCA-001, 4 9. We held that “the [district] court

*In Scheidel, this Court held that “federal law does not prohibit state courts
from enforcing indemnity provisions which ensure the payment of a minimum sum
to a non-military spouse as his or her share of a community pension, provided that
veterans’ disability benefits are not specified as the source of such payments.” 2000-
NMCA-059, § 12. The marital settlement agreement in Scheidel stated the husband
could not “voluntarily modify his military retirement pay in such a manner as to
cause [the w]ife’s share to be diminished or reduced,” and if such a reduction occurs,

could act to enforce and preserve [the w]ife’s right to benefits established by the
final decree” because “we cannot accept the inequity and unfairness that results
when one party is allowed to unilaterally reduce the other’s benefits established
either under an agreement or a final decree.” Id. J 11. We also interpreted Mansell
to “only appl[y] to the division of payments at the time of divorce and [to] not
preclude a court from ordering the spouse who has adversely impacted the other
spouse, by converting retirement benefits to disability benefits, to pay the other
spouse directly.” Haydrych, 2007-NMCA-001, { 13.

(113. In light of Howell, relief under Hadrych is no longer proper. A state court’s
capacity to order reimbursement or indemnification of post-divorce waived
retirement pay in an effort to restore past marital settlement agreements or its own
past order dividing marital assets is expressly preempted under Howell, and

therefore, impermissible in New Mexico. See Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1406.

that the husband would be responsible for paying the wife the difference in payment.
Id. | 2 (internal quotation marks omitted). The husband was 30 percent disabled at
the time of the divorce, and eventually received a 100 percent disability rating as a
result of worsening health conditions. Jd. | 3. Then, upon the wife’s motion, the
district court “determined that [the h]usband had violated the terms of the MSA by
applying for and receiving a higher disability rating, and required [the hJusband to
indemnify [the wl]ife for her losses.” Jd. J 4. We disagreed with the husband’s
argument that payment to the wife would amount to “an impermissible distribution
of disability benefits to [the w]ife” under Mansell, and explained that because the
husband was “free to satisfy an indemnity obligation from any source,” that
“enforcement of indemnity provisions does not result in the impermissible division
of disability benefits.” Scheidel, 2000-NMCA-059, {ff 7, 8-9.

The District Court’s Relief Was Improper Under Howell

{123 Howell disallows the relief ordered by the district court—by application of
Hadrych—providing Wife with indemnity for the waived amounts of Retirement
Pay. The facts in this case are analogous to the facts in both Howell and Hadrych:
(1) Retirement Pay was awarded to Wife as a form of divisible community property;
(2) the divorce decree was entered, and then years later, Husband converted his
Retirement Pay to CRSC; (3) Wife stopped receiving monthly payments of
Retirement Pay after Husband began receiving CRSC; and (4) at trial, Wife claimed
she was entitled to continue receiving the original amount of Retirement Pay agreed
to by both parties in the MSA despite the waiver. Wife attempts to distinguish her
case from Hadrych and Howell by stating that the MSA contains a release clause
that functions as an indemnification provision, much like the indemnity provision in

Scheidel.* However, the clause in the MSA cited by Wife is not an indemnity

3 Whereas the military spouses in Howell and Hadrych both waived
Retirement Pay in order to receive disability benefits and Husband here converted
his Retirement Pay to CRSC, we treat both circumstances the same. See In re
Marriage of Cassinelli, 229 Cal. Rptr. 3d 801, 808 (2018) (“Because CRSC is not
retired pay—just as veteran’s disability benefits are not retired pay—under
FUSFSPA as construed in Mansell, a state court does not have jurisdiction to treat
CRSC as community property.”).

“Were Wife’s argument correct and such a provision present in the MSA, we
would have to resolve Scheidel’s remaining applicability post-Howell. Because such
a circumstance is not here the case, we decline to address Scheidel’s remaining place
in our jurisprudence. See Insure N.M., LLC v. McGonigle, 2000-NMCA-018, 4 27,

provision because it contains no language requiring Husband to reimburse wife in
any fashion. Wife’s attempts to analogize to Scheidel are therefore unconvincing.
This case is not factually similar to Scheidel because in Scheidel there was a clear
provision in the MSA requiring husband to reimburse wife for any underpayment of
funds as agreed upon by the parties. Scheidel does not apply.

{133} Because of the close similarity between the facts of this case, Howell, and
Hadrych, the district court’s ruling is inconsistent with the holding of Howell. First,
the district court found that Wife’s interest in the Retirement Pay was “vested” after
Husband retired. Even if Wife’s interest in the Retirement Pay “vested” when
Husband retired, her interest was contingent and dependent upon Husband’s possible
waiver of Retirement Pay in exchange for disability benefits. See Howell, 137 S. Ct.
at 1405-06 (“State Courts cannot ‘vest’ that which (under governing federal law)
they lack the authority to give.”). Second, the district court ordered Husband pay
Wife what they agreed “she earned during the time that he served in the military, no
matter what name is attributed to that compensation or the source from which he
pays her.” The Court in Howell, however, made clear that state court orders of

reimbursement or indemnification for waived Retirement Pay are preempted. 137 S.

Ct. at 1406.

128 N.M. 611, 995 P.2d 1053 (“We will not issue an advisory opinion in the absence
of a justiciable issue.”).

Howell Does Not Apply Retroactively in New Mexico

{14 Because Howell was decided a year after the district court entered its order in
2016, we next consider whether Howell should apply retroactively under New
Mexico law. The United States Supreme Court did not explicitly state whether its
opinion in Howell should apply retroactively or prospectively. See Howell 137 S. Ct.
1400. “When such a statement is lacking, there is a presumption of retroactivity for
a new rule imposed by a judicial decision in a civil case.” Edenburn v. N.M. Dep’t
of Health, 2013-NMCA-045, § 27, 299 P.3d 424 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). “This presumption, however, may be overcome by a sufficiently
weighty combination of one or more factors.” Jd. (omission, internal quotation
marks, and citation omitted). These factors, adopted from Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson,
404 U.S. 97 (1971), include: (1) whether a new principle of law is established “either
by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, or by deciding
an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed”; (2)
whether “retrospective operation will further or retard its operation” when
“weigh[ing] the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of
the rule in question, its purpose and effect,” and; (3) whether “substantial inequitable
results” could occur if retroactivity is applied given that “there is ample basis in our
cases for avoiding the injustice or hardship by a holding of nonretroactivity.”

Beavers, 1994-NMSC-094, § 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

{15} New Mexico precedents addressing closely-related retroactivity questions
guide our analysis. In Whenry v. Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, 98 N.M. 737, 652 P.2d
1188, at issue was whether to retroactively apply McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U.S. 210
(1981), superceded in statute as stated in Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1400, in which the
United States Supreme Court held that federal law precludes state courts from
treating military retirement pay as community property. Applying the three-factor
Beavers test, our Supreme Court held that McCarty did not apply retroactively. The
Court concluded first that McCarty “clearly establish[ed] a new principle of law”
because it overruled New Mexico precedent. Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, 8. The
Court reasoned that “[p]roperty settlements have been agreed upon based on [the
overruled New Mexico] precedent[,]” and that in light of this “extensive reliance,”
retroactive application of McCarty would have been “unjust and inequitable.”
Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, 7 8. Turning to the second factor, the Court recognized
that the federal interest at stake in not reducing retirement benefits was to maintain
the incentive for enlistment and re-enlistment. /d. § 9. Because prospective
application of McCarty would “guarantee them full entitlement of retirement
benefits[,]” prospective application of McCarty would not reduce “the incentive to
enlist or re-enlist.” Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, J 9. Addressing the third factor, the
Court observed that “in no other area of law is the need for stability and finality

greater than in marriage and family law,” and the Court concluded that “there is

ample basis for avoiding the injustice and hardships which would result in applying
a rule of retroactive application.” /d. JF 10, 11.

416} Similarly, in Toupal v. Toupal, 1990-NMCA-027, 109 N.M. 774, 790 P.2d
1055, this Court held that Mansell, on which Howell relies, should not apply
retroactively. Mansell held that “the USFSPA preempts states from treating military
disability retirement benefits as community property.” Toupal, 1990-NMCA-027,
4 1. In Toupal, a husband moved to modify and, under Rule 1-060(B), to reopen a
district court’s judgment dividing his disability retirement benefits as community
property based on Mansell. Toupal, 1990-NMCA-027, ¥ 1. Following the lead of
our Supreme Court in Whenry, we applied the three Beavers factors and determined:
(1) “Mansell created new law by overruling prior New Mexico cases holding that
disability retirement pay may be treated as community property”; (2) “the Mansell
decision did not espouse any legitimate governmental interest to be served by
preventing states from treating disability retirement as community property, so
refusal to give the decision retroactive effect will not impinge on any important
purpose furthered by the decision”[;] and (3) if applied retroactively, the judicial
system could be inundated with Rule 1-060(B) petitions from military retirees and
“fe]x-spouses who have been receiving such payments, in reliance on established
New Mexico case law, will face the prospect of repaying those amounts with

diminished resources.” Toupal, 1990-NMCA-027, { 6.

{17}. Our analysis is similar to the analyses in both Whenry and Toupal. First,
Howell establishes a new principle of law by abrogating established New Mexico
precedent that protects a wife’s interest, awarded by decree, in her husband’s
military retirement benefits such that the husband was responsible for indemnifying
the wife upon his elected reduction in those benefits. See Hadrych, 2007-NMCA-
001, { 10, 15. Even though Howell states its reliance on Mansell (which predates
Hadrych) in reaching its holding, see Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1405, Howell cautioned
that it is improper for state courts to distinguish Mansell by “emphasiz[ing] the fact
that the veteran’s waiver in Mansell took place before the divorce proceeding;
[whereas] the waiver [in the state cases] took place several years after the divorce
proceedings.” Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1405. This Court made that very distinction in
Hadrych. 2007-NMCA-001, 4 13 (“We join other jurisdictions that have held that
Mansell only applies to the division of payments at the time of divorce and does not
preclude a court from ordering the spouse who has adversely impacted the other
spouse, by converting retirement benefits to disability benefits, to pay the other
spouse directly.”). Just as retroactive application of McCarty would have been

9 66

“unjust and inequitable” because of litigants’ “extensive reliance on that prior
precedent,” Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, § 8, retroactive application of Howell would

unjustly and inequitably undo significant provisions of marital settlement

agreements that were based on New Mexico precedent, including the MSA in this
case.

183 Second, the congressional purposes of Retirement Pay as an “inducement for
enlistment or re-enlistment,” McCarty, 453 U.S. at 234, will not be substantially
harmed if Howell is not applied retroactively since future enlistees or re-enlistees
will still benefit from prospective application of the rule as established in Howell.
Our analysis of the second factor mirrors our Supreme Court’s analysis of this factor
in Whenry,1982-NMSC-067, 4 9.

{19} Third, retroactive application could produce inequitable results for ex-spouses
who rely upon the amount of Retirement Pay agreed to by both parties and relied on
by the district court in approving the MSA’s division of community assets, as a
source of income. See Toupal, 1990-NMCA-027, § 6. In addition, New Mexico’s
Judicial system could experience an influx of petitions to re-open divorce cases that
have long since been settled if retroactivity is applied. See id. Reopening this
category of cases abruptly in response to a change in law could disturb “the need for
stability and finality” in marriage and family law, of which “the relitigation of
property interests long after the issues were supposedly settled would merely serve
to reopen old wounds and create new ones.” Whenry, 1982-NMSC-067, J 10

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

10
1]

12
13

{20} Weighing the inequities that result from retroactive application in light of the
Beavers factors, we conclude that the presumption of retroactive application is here

overcome. We hold that Howell does not apply retroactively in New Mexico.

CONCLUSION
21} Based upon the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.
22} ITISSO ORDERED.
2. LUA
J. MILES HANISEE, Judge

WE CONCUR:

hiastrra- Gores Mab.
KRISTINA BOGARDUS, Judge

ZACHARAN a) , Judge

September 24, 2019- Angela Russ v. Jeffrey L. Russ, No. A-1-CA-36190

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